Sedimentological and provenance analysis of the Cretaceous Moro formation Rakhi Gorge, Eastern Sulaiman Range, Pakistan

الموضوعات :

Muhammad Khan ¹ , Shahid Ghazi ² , Mubashir Mehmood ³ , Abdollah Yazdi ⁴ , Abbas Ali Naseem ⁵ , Umair Serwar ⁶ , Arsalan Zaheer ⁷ , Hadayat Ullah ⁸

1 - Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
2 - Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
3 - Department of Geology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan|Department of Earth Science, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islambad, Pakistan
4 - Department of Geology, Kahnooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kahnooj, Iran
5 - Department of Earth Science, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islambad, Pakistan
6 - Planning and Information Directorate, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Pakistan
7 - Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
8 - Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan

تاريخ الإرسال : 22 الأربعاء , جمادى الأولى, 1442 تاريخ التأكيد : 08 الخميس , ربيع الأول, 1443 تاريخ الإصدار : 24 الجمعة , صفر, 1443

الکلمات المفتاحية: Late Cretaceous, Eastern Sulaiman Range, lithofacies, Moro Formation, Provenance,

ملخص المقالة :

The Cretaceous Moro Formation from the Rakhi Nala section Dera Ghazi Khan has been studied in detail to investigate the Sedimentology and provenance. This paper describes the litho-facies changes, depositional environment, and provenance analysis of the Cretaceous Moro Formation from the Rakhi Nala section, eastern Sulaiman Range. The studied Formation is 110-140 meters thick and consists mainly of fine to coarse-grained sandstone, with minor-siltstone, mudstone (claystone, shale), and limestone. The uppermost beds of the Moro Formation are consist of sandstone with iron types of cement. Twelve lithofacies have been identified based on a petrographic investigation related to the depositional environment of the Moro Formation ranging from deltaic to marine setting (Delta Plain-Delta front). Petrographic analysis of sandstone reveals the presence of quartz both, mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline, less feldspar; heavy minerals like hematite and magnetite, and glauconite were found in negligible amounts. Detrital mineral composition shows that in Moro Formation, the sandstone shows a litharenite. Modal composition of the sandstone from the QFL diagram was Q 66% F 0.3% L 33.7% and that of the QmFLt diagram was QM, 57% F 0.23% L 43.77%. The overall average composition is Q 61.5% F 0.27% L 38.7%. A total of 37 thin-sections are studied for provenance analysis, out of which twenty-seven samples are considered as Litharenite (this shows recycled, or craton interior origin), eight Quartz arenite categories are identified and two samples are fall in the sublitharenites category (Quarts recycled source area).

المصادر:

1. Abdel GM (1971) Wrench movements in the Baluchistan arc and relation to Himalayan-Indian Ocean tectonics, Geological Society of America Bulletin 82(5): 1235-1250.


2. Adeigbe OC, Salufu AE (2009) Geology and depositional Environment of Campano-Maastrichtian sediments in the Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria: Evidence from field relationship and sedimentological study, Earth Sciences Research Journal 13(2): 148-165.


3. Ahmed N (1997) Facies and Paleoenvironments of the Dungan Formation, Eastern Sulaiman Range, Pakistan, Geological Bulletin of the Punjab University, Lahore 31: 79-102.


4. Allen JRL (1964) Studies in fluviatile sedimentation: six cyclothems from the Old Red Sandstone, Sedimentology 3:163–98.


5. Allemann F (1979) Time of emplacement of the Zhob Valley ophiolites and Bela ophiolites, Baluchistan (preliminary report) Geodynamics of Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta: 215-242.


6. Atchley SC, Nordt LC, Dworkin SI (2004) Eustatic control on alluvial sequence stratigraphy: a possible example from the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition of the Tornillo Basin, Big Bend National Park, West Texas USA, Journal of Sedimentary Research 74 (3): 391-404.


7. Boggs S (2006) Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy: Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.


8. Basu A, Young SW, Suttner LJ, James WC, Mack GH (1975) Re-evaluation of the use of undulatory extinction and polycrystallinity in detrital quartz for provenance interpretation, Journal of Sedimentary Research 45 (4): 873-882.


9. Buatois LA, Mangano GM, Carr TR (1999) Sedimentology and ichnology of Paleozoic estuarine and shoreface reservoirs, Morrow Sandstone, Lower Pennsylvanian of southwest Kansas, USA, Midcontinent Geoscience: 1-35.


10. Cleveland DM, Atchley SC, Nordt LC (2007) Continental sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Triassic (Norian–Rhaetian) Chinle strata, northern New Mexico, USA: allocyclic and autocyclic origins of paleosol-bearing alluvial successions, Journal of Sedimentary Research 77 (11): 909-924.


11. Dickinson WR (1985) Interpreting provenance relations from detrital modes of sandstones, In Provenance of arenites Springer, Dordrecht 333-361.


12. Dickinson WR, Beard LS, Brakenridge GR, Erjavec JL, Ferguson RC, Inman KF, Knepp RA, Lindberg FA, Ryberg PT (1983) Provenance of North American Phanerozoic sandstones in relation to tectonic setting. Geological Society of America Bulletin 94 (2): 222-235.


13. Dickinson WR, Suczek CA, (1979) Plate tectonics and sandstone compositions, AAPG Bulletin 63 (12): 2164-2182.


14. Dutta PK (2007) First-cycle sandstone composition and color of associated fine-grained rocks as an aid to resolve Gondwana stratigraphy in peninsular India, Sedimentary provenance and petrogenesis: perspectives from petrography and geochemistry 420-241.


15. Eschard R, Albouy E, Gaumet F, Ayub A  (2004) Comparing the depositional architecture of basin floor fans and slope fans in the Pab Sandstone, Maastrichtian, Pakistan, Geological Society, London, Special Publications 222(1): 159-185.


16. Fatmi AN (1977) Mesozoic Stratigraphy of Pakistan (12): 29-56.


17. Ghazi S, Mountney NP (2011) Petrography and provenance of the Early Permian Fluvial Warchha Sandstone, Salt Range, Pakistan, Sedimentary Geology 233 (1-4): 88-110.


18. Ghazi S (2009) Sedimentology and stratigraphic evolution of the Early Permian Warcha Sandstone, Salt Range, Pakistan, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of the Leeds, England.


19. Ghazi S, Mountney NP (2009) Facies and architectural element analysis of a meandering fluvial succession: The Permian Warchha Sandstone, Salt Range, Pakistan. Sedimentary Geology 221 (1-4): 99-126.


20. Ghosh SK, Kumar R (2000) Petrology of Neogene Siwalik Sandstone of the Himalayan foreland basin, Garhwali Himalaya: Implication for source area tectonics and climate. Journal of the Geological Society of India 55: 1-15.


21. Humayon M, Lillie RJ, Lawrence RD (1991) Structural interpretation of the eastern Sulaiman fold belt and foredeep, Pakistan. Tectonics 10(2): 299-324.


22. Hunting Survey Corporation (1961) Reconnaissance geology of part of West Pakistan. (Colombo Plan Cooperative Project) Canada Government, Toronto 550.


23. Ingersoll RV, Kretchmer AG, Valles PK (1993) The effect of sampling scale on actualistic sandstone petrofacies, Sedimentology 40 (5): 937-953.


24. Jadoon IAK, Lillie RJ, Humayon M, Lawrence RD, Ali SM, Cheema A (1989) Mechanism of deformation and the nature of the crust underneath the Himalayan foreland fold-and-thrust belts in Pakistan. EOS. Transaction, American Geophysical Union 70: 1372-1373.


25. Kassem A, Imran J (2001) Simulation of turbid underflows generated by the plunging of a river, Geology 29(7): 655-658.


26. Kazmi AH, Rana RA (1982) Tectonic map of Pakistan, scale 1:2,000,000, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta.


27. McBride EF (1963) A classification of common sandstones, Journal of Sedimentary Research 33(3): 664-669.


28. Miall AD, (1985) Architectural-element analysis: A new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits, Earth Science Reviews22: 261-308.


29. Miall AD, (1996) The geology of fluvial deposits: Sedimentary facies, Basin Analysis, and Petroleum geology, Springer-Verlag, New York.


30. Mulder T, Alexander J (2001) The physical character of subaqueous sedimentary density flows and their deposits, Sedimentology 48(2): 269-299.


31. Nelson KD, Lillie RJ, de Voogd B, Brewer  JA, Oliver JE, Kaufman S, Vielle GW (1982) COCORP seismic reflection profiling in the Ouachita Mountains of western Arkansas: Geometry and geologic interpretation, Tectonics 1(5): 413-430.


32. Oguadinma, V. (2014). Lithofacies and Textural Attributes of the NankaSandstone (Eocene): Proxies for evaluating the Depositional Envi... Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 4(4), 1-16.


33. Pennock ES, Lillie RJ, Zamin ASH, Yousuf M(1989) Structural interpretation of seismic reflection data from the eastern Salt Range and Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. American Association of Petroleum Geologists 73: 841-857.


34. Pettijohn F, Potter PE, Siever R (1987) Diagenesis, Sand and Sandstone, Springer425-474.


35. Powell CM(1979) A speculative tectonic history of Pakistan and surroundings: Some constraints from the Indian Ocean. In, A. Farah and K. A. De Jong (Eds) Geodynamics of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, 5-24.


36. Poursoltani MR. Fursich FT (2020) Provenance of Jurassic siliciclastic deposits, determined by geochemistry and petrology: a case study from a Cimmerian intramontane basin, the Binalud Mountains, Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 13 (14): 1-21.


37. Poursoltani MR, Oskoian-Shirvan S (2015) Facies analysis and depositional sequences of a siliciclastic–carbonate deposit: the Late Paleocene–Early Eocene succession, Fariman, Central Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 8(10): 8429-8439


38. Reineck HE, Singh IB (1972) Genesis of laminated sand and graded rhythmites in storm‐sand layers of shelf mud, Sedimentology 18(1‐2): 123-128.


39. Schlager W (2004) Fractal nature of stratigraphic sequences, Geology 32(3): 185-188.


40. Stow DA, Mayall M (2000) Deep-water sedimentary systems: new models for the 21st century, Marine and Petroleum Geology 17(2): 125-135.


41. Stow, D. A., & Johansson, M. (2000). Deep-water massive sands: nature, origin and hydrocarbon implications. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 17(2), 145-174.


42. Sultan M, Gipson JrM (1995) Reservoir Potential of the Maastrichtian Pab sandstone in the Eastern Sulaiman Fold‐Belt, Pakistan, Journal of Petroleum Geology 18 (3): 309-328.


43. Thompson RI (1981) The nature and significance of large ‘blind thrusts within the northern Rocky Mountains of Canada, Geological Society, London, Special Publications 9 (1): 449-462.


44. Tucker ME (2003) Sedimentary rocks in the field, John Wiley & Sons.


45. Vredenburg E (1909) Introductory note on the stratigraphy of the Ranikot Series, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India–Palaeontologica Indica 3: 1-19.


46. Walker RG, NP James (1992) Facies models: response to sea-level change (3rd edn). St John’s, Newfoundland: Geological Association of Canada (10).


47. Yeats RS, Khan SH, Akhtar M (1984) Late quaternary deformation of the Salt Range of Pakistan. Geological Society of America Bulletin 95 (8): 958-966.


48. Yeats RS, Hussain A (1987) Timing of structural events in the Himalayan foothills of northwestern Pakistan, Geological Society of America Bulletin 99: 161-176.