Effect of regular exercise with different intensities on oxidized LDL levels in obese men
الموضوعات : Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones
Mohadeseh Nematollahzadeh mahani
1
(MS in Exercise physiology, Education Administration in Shiraz)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Obesity, Oxidative stress, Lipid profile, Intensity of exercise, ox-LDL,
ملخص المقالة :
Introduction: Macrophages and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) have been verified playing vital roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The role of exercise intensity in circulating ox-LDL is not clearly understood in obesity and it is not well known which exercise intensity is needed to ox-LDL reductions in response to endurance training. Thus the purpose of this study was to comparison the effect of regular high-intensity vs. moderate-intensity exercise on ox-LDL in obese men. Material & Methods: Twenty four sedentary obese men (aged: 41.0 ± 5.9 years and BMI: 31.1 ± 3.4 kg/m2; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) group (n=8), high-intensity exercise (HIE) group (n=8) or control group (n=8). The subjects in MIE group walked 2 miles in 30 minutes on a treadmill on 4 days per week for 12 weeks according to the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American College of Sports Medicine; however, the subjects in the HIE group performed endurance training 4 days a week for 12 weeks at an intensity corresponding to 75-80% individual heart rate reserve (HRR) for 45 min. Results: The results showed that total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and LDL were decreased and HDL increased after MIE and HIE (P<0.05). ox-LDL concentration was decreased only after HIE. For TC and HDL significant differences were observed between MIE group and HIE group (P<0.05). Conclusions: The results suggest that although lipid profile of obese men improves after regular moderate and high-intensity exercise, ox-LDL levels decreases only after regular high-intensity exercise.
1. Kannel WB. New perspectives on cardiovascular risk factors. Am Heart J 1987; 114: 213-219.
2. Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG. By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? BMJ 1994; 308: 367-372.
3. Mitra S, Goyal T, Mehta JL. Oxidized LDL, LOX-1 and Atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2011; 25: 419-429.
4. Imazu M, Ono K, Tadehara F, Kajiwara K, Yamamoto H, Sumii K, et al. Plasma levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein are associated with stable angina pectoris and modalities of acute coronary syndrome. Int Heart J 2008; 49: 515-524.
5. Itabe H, Ueda M. Measurement of plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein and its clinical implications. J Atheroscler Thromb 2007; 14: 1–11.
6. Mertens A, Holvoet P. Oxidized LDL and HDL: antagonists in atherothrombosis. FASEB J 2001; 15: 2073-2084.
7. 2. Holvoet P, Lee DH, Steffes M, Gross M, Jacobs DR Jr. Association between circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein and incidence of the metabolic syndrome. JAMA 2008; 299: 2287-2293.
8. Meisinger C, Baumert J, Khuseyinova N, Loewel H, Koenig W. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein, a strong predictor for acute coronary heart disease events in apparently healthy, middle-aged men from the general population. Circulation 2005; 112: 651-657.
9. Njajou OT, Kanaya AM, Holvoet P, Connelly S, Strotmeyer ES, Harris TB, et al. Health ABC Study: Association between oxidized LDL, obesity and type 2 diabetes in a population-based cohort, the health, aging and body composition study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25: 733-739.
10. Itabe H, Ueda M. Measurement of plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein and its clinical implications. J Atheroscler Thromb 2007; 14: 1-11.
11. Kosola J, Ahotupa M, Kyröläinen H, Santtila M, Vasankari T. Good aerobic or muscular fitness protects overweight men from elevated oxidized LDL. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44: 563-568.
12. Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L. Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiol Rev 2000; 80: 1055-1081.
13. Cornelissen VA, Arnout J, Holvoet P, Fagard RH. Influence of exercise at lower and higher intensity on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors at older age. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 753-762.
14. Park JH, Park H, Lim ST, Park JK. Effects of a 12-week healthy-life exercise program on oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and carotid intima-media thickness in obese elderly women. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27: 1435-1439.
15. American Collage of Sport Medicine. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.
16. Neiman DC. Fitness and sports medicine: An introduction. Bull Publishing Company, 1990.
17. Rowland TW. Exercise testing. In: Development Exercise Physiology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1996.
18. Fletcher GF. The antiatherosclerotic effect of exercise and development of an exercise prescription. Cardiol Clin 1996; 14: 85-95.
19. Witzum JL, Steinberg D. Role of oxidized low density lipoprotein in atherogenesis. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1785-1792.
20. Parthasarathy S, Rankin SM. The role of oxidized LDL in atherogenesis. Prog Lipid Res 1992; 31: 127-143.
21. Koller E, Vukovich T, Doleschel W, Auerswald W. The influence of liproproteins on ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Atherogenase 1979; 4: 53-58.
22. Hassall DG, Owen JS, Bruckdorfer KR. The aggregation of isolated human platelets in the presence of lipoproteins and prostacyclin. Biochem J 1983; 216: 43-49.
23. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum JL. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 915-924.
24. Yagi K. Lipid peroxides and human diseases. Chem Phys Lipids 1987; 45: 337-351.
25. Afzalpour ME, Gharakhanlou R, Gaeini AA, Mohebbi H, Hedayati M, Khazaei M. The effects of aerobic exercises on the serum oxidized LDL and total antioxidant capacity in non-active men. CVD Prevention and Control 2008; 3: 77-82.
26. Wang JS, Lin CC, Chen JK, Wong MK. Role of chronic exercise in decreasing oxidized LDL-potentiated platelet activation by enhancing platelet-derived no release and bioactivity in rats. Life Sci 2000; 66:1937-1948.
27. Shern-Brewer R, Santanam N, Wetzstein C, White-Welkley J, Parthasarathy S. Exercise and cardiovascular disease: a new perspective. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 1181-1187.
28. Kodama S, Tanaka S, Saito K, Shu M, Sone Y, Onitake F, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 999-1008.
29. O'Donovan G, Owen A, Bird SR, Kearney EM, Nevill AM, Jones DW, et al. Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary heart disease risk factors following 24 wk of moderate- or high-intensity exercise of equal energy cost. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 98: 1619-1625.
30. Durstine JL, Grandjean PW, Davis PG, Ferguson MA, Alderson NL, DuBose KD. Blood lipid and lipoprotein adaptations to exercise: a quantitative analysis. Sports Med 2001; 31: 1033-1062.
31. Després JP. Dyslipidaemia and obesity. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 8: 629-660.
