تاثیر فرم ساختمان بر سرعت هوا و غلظت آلاینده در بافت مسکونی شهری(مورد مطالعه: منطقه یک شهر شیراز)
الموضوعات :
مژگان کمالی
1
,
علی اکبر حیدری
2
,
یعقوب پیوسته گر
3
1 - دانشگاه آزاد یاسوج
2 - دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران
3 - دانشیار گروه معماری و شهرسازی، واحد یاسوج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، یاسوج، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: فرم ساختمان, کیفیت هوا, آلودگی هوا, سرعت هوا, دینامیک سیالات محاسباتی (CFD),
ملخص المقالة :
با افزایش روزافزون استفاده از وسایل نقلیه موتوری در شهرها میزان آلاینده های ناشی از ترافیک رو به رشد است و کیفیت هوای داخل را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد. یکی ازعوامل تاثیرگذار بر نفوذ آلاینده ها به بافت و تغییر سرعت انتشار آن (وابسته به سرعت هوا) فرم ساختمان است. بنابراین در پژوهش حاضر تاثیر فرم ساختمان بر غلظت آلاینده و سرعت هوای داخل ساختمان مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. به این منظور 3 فرم رایج شهری در منطقه یک شهر شیراز مورد بررسی قرار گرفته اند. این فرم ها با چهار چرخش 90 درجه در بافت شهری نقطه ای منظم، 12 نمونه بافت شهری متفاوت ایجاد می کنند. هر بافت در مجاورت یک اتوبان شهری به عنوان منبع آلاینده قرار گرفته است. بررسی نمونه ها از طریق شبیه سازی CFD انجام پذیرفته است. جریان ثابت سه بعدی (steady 3dimentional flow) با استفاده از مدل آشفتگی SST-Kω جهت شبیه سازی نمونه ها مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است که به صورت عددی بر اساس معادلات رینولدز میانگین ناویر استوکس (RANS) حل شده است. اعتبارسنجی نرم افزار CFD مورد استفاده در این تحقیق در مقایسه با آزمایشات تونل باد انجام گرفته است و نتایج قابل قبولی به همراه داشته است. نتایج نشان داد که فرم ساختمان تاثیر قابل توجهی بر کیفیت هوای درون ساختمان دارد. همچنین بر اساس نتایج روش تصمیم گیری چند معیاره تاپسیس، بهترین و بدترین الگوی فرمی ساختمان به منظور افزایش سرعت هوا و کاهش غلظت آلاینده های درون بنا به ترتیب مربوط به فرم با پیشامدگی بالکن مانند، رو به جهت باد و پیشامدگی بالکن مانند، پشت به جهت باد است.
1. Allegrini, J., Dorer, V., & Carmeliet, J. (2012). Influence of the urban microclimate in street canyons on the energy demand for space cooling and heating of buildings. Energy and Buildings, 55, 823–832. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.10.013
2. Alwetaishi, M., & Gadi, M. (2021). New and innovative wind catcher designs to improve indoor air quality in buildings. Energy and Built Environment, 2(4), 337–344. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbenv.2020.06.009
3. An, K., Wong, S.-M., & Fung, J. C.-H. (2019). Exploration of sustainable building morphologies for effective passive pollutant dispersion within compact urban environments. Building and Environment, 148, 508–523. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.11.030
4. Bady, M., Kato, S., Takahashi, T., & Huang, H. (2011). An experimental investigation of the wind environment and air quality within a densely populated urban street canyon. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 99(8), 857–867. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2011.06.005
5. Blocken, B., Tominaga, Y., & Stathopoulos, T. (2013). CFD simulation of micro-scale pollutant dispersion in the built environment. Building and Environment, 64, 225–230. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.01.001
6. Cárdenas Rodríguez, M., Dupont-Courtade, L., & Oueslati, W. (2016). Air pollution and urban structure linkages: Evidence from European cities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.190
7. Di Sabatino, S., Buccolieri, R., & Kumar, P. (2018). Spatial Distribution of Air Pollutants in Cities BT - Clinical Handbook of Air Pollution-Related Diseases (F. Capello & A. V. Gaddi (eds.); pp. 75–95). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62731-1_5
8. D.K.Ching, F. (2022). Architecture: form, space and order (Z. Karagzlou (ed.)). Tehran University Publishing Institute. https://yektabook.com/product/6165/mamari-farm-faza-o-nazm
9. EPD. (2022). An Overview on Air Quality and Air Pollution Control in Hong Kong. Environmental Protection Department. https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/air_maincontent.html
10. Ewing, R., & Rong, F. (2008). The Impact of Urban Form on US Residential Energy Use. Housing Policy Debate - HOUS POLICY DEBATE, 19, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521624
11. Fan, M., Chau, C. K., Chan, E. H. W., & Jia, J. (2017). A decision support tool for evaluating the air quality and wind comfort induced by different opening configurations for buildings in canyons. Science of The Total Environment, 574, 569–582. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.083
12. Feng, W., Ding, W., Fei, M., Yang, Y., Zou, W., Wang, L., & Zhen, M. (2021). Effects of traditional block morphology on wind environment at the pedestrian level in cold regions of Xi’an, China. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(3), 3218–3235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00714-0
13. Fernando, H. J. S., Lee, S. M., Anderson, J., Princevac, M., Pardyjak, E., & Grossman-Clarke, S. (2001). Urban Fluid Mechanics: Air Circulation and Contaminant Dispersion in Cities. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 1(1), 107–164. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011504001479
14. Geekiyanage, D., Ramachandra, T., & Rotimi, J. (2017). A Morphology-Based Model For Forecasting Cooling Energy Demand Of Condominium Buildings In Sri Lanka. https://openrepository.aut.ac.nz/server/api/core/bitstreams/090325f7-cd93-462d-aed5712f27b6ebd9/content
15. Hang, J., Wang, Q., Chen, X., Sandberg, M., Zhu, W., Buccolieri, R., & Di Sabatino, S. (2015). City breathability in medium density urban-like geometries evaluated through the pollutant transport rate and the net escape velocity. Building and Environment, 94, 166–182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.08.002
16. Hanine, M., Boutkhoum, O., Tikniouine, A., & Agouti, T. (2016). Application of an integrated multi-criteria decision making AHP-TOPSIS methodology for ETL software selection. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 263. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-1888-z
17. He, B.-J., Ding, L., & Prasad, D. (2020a). Relationships among local-scale urban morphology, urban ventilation, urban heat island and outdoor thermal comfort under sea breeze influence. Sustainable Cities and Society, 60, 102289. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102289
18. He, B.-J., Ding, L., & Prasad, D. (2020b). Urban ventilation and its potential for local warming mitigation: A field experiment in an open low-rise gridiron precinct. Sustainable Cities and Society, 55, 102028. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102028
19. Huang, Y., He, W., & Kim, C.-N. (2015). Impacts of shape and height of upstream roof on airflow and pollutant dispersion inside an urban street canyon. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(3), 2117–2137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3422-6
20. Jareemit, D., Liu, J., & Srivanit, M. (2023). Modeling the effects of urban form on ventilation patterns and traffic-related PM2.5 pollution in a central business area of Bangkok. Building and Environment, 244, 110756. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110756
21. Javanroodi, K., Mahdavinejad, M., & Nik, V. M. (2018). Impacts of urban morphology on reducing cooling load and increasing ventilation potential in hot-arid climate. Applied Energy, 231, 714–746. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.116
22. Kamrani, A. (2013). Map of Shiraz city. Urban planning online, Iran's specialized urban planning database. https://www.shahrsazionline.com/?s=Shahr+Shiraz map
23. Landofaryan. (2011). Shiraz. Landofaryan.tripod.com
24. Li, Z., Xu, J., Ming, T., Peng, C., Huang, J., & Gong, T. (2017). Numerical Simulation on the Effect of Vehicle Movement on Pollutant Dispersion in Urban Street. Procedia Engineering, 205, 2303–2310. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.104
25. Liu, M., Chen, H., Wei, D., Wu, Y., & Li, C. (2021). Nonlinear relationship between urban form and street-level PM2.5 and CO based on mobile measurements and gradient boosting decision tree models. Building and Environment, 205, 108265. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108265
26. Lu, K.-F., & Peng, Z.-R. (2023). Impacts of viaduct and geometry configurations on the distribution of traffic-related particulate matter in urban street canyon. Science of The Total Environment, 858, 159902. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159902
27. Mansouri, b. (2000). The concept of shape in Western architecture. Architecture and Culture, 1(1), 131-135.
28. Miao, C., Yu, S., Hu, Y., Bu, R., Qi, L., He, X., & Chen, W. (2020). How the morphology of urban street canyons affects suspended particulate matter concentration at the pedestrian level: An in-situ investigation. Sustainable Cities and Society, 55, 102042. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102042
29. Mostafa-zadeh, A., & Savalanpour, H. (2015). Study and evaluation of indoor air quality. Tehran Municipality - Air Quality Control Company of Tehran Municipality.
30. Nakharutai, N., Traisathit, P., Thongsak, N., Supasri, T., Srikummoon, P., Thumronglaohapun, S., Hemwan, P., & Chitapanarux, I. (2022). Impact of Residential Concentration of PM2.5 Analyzed as Time-Varying Covariate on the Survival Rate of Lung Cancer Patients: A 15-Year Hospital-Based Study in Upper Northern Thailand. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 19, Issue 8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084521
31. Ng, E. (2009). Policies and technical guidelines for urban planning of high-density cities – air ventilation assessment (AVA) of Hong Kong. Building and Environment, 44(7), 1478–1488. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.06.013
32. Ng, W.-Y., & Chau, C.-K. (2014). A modeling investigation of the impact of street and building configurations on personal air pollutant exposure in isolated deep urban canyons. Science of The Total Environment, 468–469, 429–448. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.077
33. Nguyen, V. T., Nguyen, C., & Nguyen, J. (2019). Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow and Pollutant Dispersion in Urban Street Canyons. Atmosphere, 10, 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110683
34. Niachou, K., Hassid, S., Santamouris, M., & Livada, I. (2008). Experimental performance investigation of natural, mechanical and hybrid ventilation in urban environment. Building and Environment, 43(8), 1373–1382. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.01.046
35. Niu, H., Wang, B., Liu, B., Liu, Y., Liu, J., & Wang, Z. (2018). Numerical simulations of the effect of building configurations and wind direction on fine particulate matters dispersion in a street canyon. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 18(4), 829–847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-017-9563-7
36. PlumeLabs. (2022). Air quality in Shiraz. Air.Plumelabs. https://air.plumelabs.com/air-quality-in-Shiraz-tV9?utm_source=accuweather&utm_medium=current_aq_widget&utm_campaign=#ae16
37. Ramponi, R., Blocken, B., de Coo, L. B., & Janssen, W. D. (2015). CFD simulation of outdoor ventilation of generic urban configurations with different urban densities and equal and unequal street widths. Building and Environment, 92, 152–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.04.018
38. Sabunchi, M., Zabihi, H., & Majdi, H. (2020). Semiotic approach to form analysis in contemporary architecture. Arman Shahr Architecture and Urbanism, 13(30), 139-149. https://www.sid.ir/paper/202282/fa
39. Schwela, D., Haq, G., Huizenga, C., Han, W. J., & Fabian, H. (2016). Urban Air Pollution in Asian Cities: Status, Challenges and Management. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Urban-Air-Pollution-in-Asian-Cities-Status-Challenges-and-Management/Schwela-Haq-Huizenga-Han-Fabian-Ajero/p/book/9781138986589
40. SCI. (2022). Statistical Center of Iran. https://www.amar.org.ir/english
41. Senitkova, I. (2007). Indoor environment parameters for sustainable buildings design. Selected Scientific Papers/Journal of Civil Engineering, 2, 35–48.
42. Shi, Y., Xie, X., Fung, J. C.-H., & Edward Ng. (2018). Identifying Critical Building Morphological Design Factors of Street-level Air Pollution Dispersion in High-Density Built Environment Using Mobile Monitoring. The Univercity of Liverpool. https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3159222/
43. Tao, Y., Yan, Y., Fang, X., Zhang, H., Tu, J., & Shi, L. (2022). Solar-assisted naturally ventilated double skin façade for buildings: Room impacts and indoor air quality. Building and Environment, 216, 109002. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109002
44. Tutiempo Network, S. L. (2021). https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/ws-408210.html.
45. Wu, Y., & Chen, H. (2023). The diffusion of traffic pollutants in different residential blocks based on spatial morphological clustering. Building and Environment, 228, 109860. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109860
46. Xie, X., Huang, Z., & Wang, J. (2005). Impact of building configuration on air quality in street canyon. Atmospheric Environment, 39(25), 4519–4530. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.043
47. Yang, J., Shi, B., Shi, Y., Marvin, S., Zheng, Y., & Xia, G. (2020). Air pollution dispersal in high density urban areas: Research on the triadic relation of wind, air pollution, and urban form. Sustainable Cities and Society, 54, 101941. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101941
48. Yang, J., Shi, B., Zheng, Y., Shi, Y., & Xia, G. (2020). Urban form and air pollution disperse: Key indexes and mitigation strategies. Sustainable Cities and Society, 57, 101955. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101955
49. Zheng, T., Li, B., Li, X.-B., Wang, Z., Li, S.-Y., & Peng, Z.-R. (2021). Vertical and horizontal distributions of traffic-related pollutants beside an urban arterial road based on unmanned aerial vehicle observations. Building and Environment, 187, 107401. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107401
50. Zhu, L., Ranasinghe, D., Chamecki, M., Brown, M. J., & Paulson, S. E. (2021). Clean air in cities: Impact of the layout of buildings in urban areas on pedestrian exposure to ultrafine particles from traffic. Atmospheric Environment, 252, 118267. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118267
