ورزش و بازتاب های اجتماعی از منظر "مارسل موس"
الموضوعات :
1 - گروه جامعه شناسی، واحد شهرقدس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران .
الکلمات المفتاحية: عادت واره, جامعه شناسی ورزش, پتلاچ, مارسل موس, فنون بدن,
ملخص المقالة :
هدف: " مارسل موس"به اعتقاد اصحاب علوم اجتماعی فاتح سرزمین جدید جامعه شناسی ورزش است؛ سرزمینی که در آن، انسان محصول بدن خویش خوانده می شود و تصور بر آن است که کلیه ی تکنیک ها و فنون بدن، بازتاب ایستارها و ساختارهای اجتماعی و برآیند بستر فرهنگی بوده و حرکات کالبدی با فرهنگ و نظام اجتماعی ارتباط تنگاتنگی دارد. مارسل موس، فاتح سرزمینی است که طلیعه دار ورود علم اجتماعی به عرصه ی فعالیت های بدن و همچنین بازی و رویدادهای ورزشی است تا بدین وسیله، بنیان جامعه شناسی ورزش را پی افکند. هدف از این مقاله بررسی و بازشناسی اندیشه های این جامعه شناس کلاسیک در حوزه ورزش و بازی و کارکردهای اجتماعی و فرهنگی این پدیده ها است.روش شناسی: روش تحقیق این مطالعه بر اساس ماهیت موضوع از نوع اسنادی است و به تبع آن از فن کتابخانه جهت گردآوری اطلاعات استفاده شده است.یافته ها: در این نوشتار، نخست نگاهی گذرا به زندگی و آثار مارسل موس، جامعه شناس فرانسوی شده، سپس کاربست اندیشه های اجتماعی او در زمینه ی بازی و ورزش تشریح شده و بن مایه های افکار وی در زمینه ی علم نوظهور جامعه شناسی ورزش مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. آن گاه به تبیین شالوده ی نظریه های وی در مورد واقعیت های اجتماعی تام از جمله بازی ها و ورزش با تاکید بر مقاله ی "فنون بدن" نظری افکنده و به طبیعت انسان و جنس فنون کالبدی و همچنین عواطف آدمی که همگی رنگ و بوی فرهنگی دارد و از عنصر مشترک جامعه شناختی به نام "عادت واره" پیروی می کند، پرداخته شده است. سرانجام تحلیل بازی ها با استفاده از رسم اقوام ابتدایی به نام "پتلاچ" که مارسل موس آن را از بومیان سواحل شرقی به عاریت گرفته، انجام شده است.نتیجه گیری: مارسل موس مدعی شده بر اساس این رسم، انگیزه و هدف انسان از بازی نه صرفا سود و منفعت مالی، بلکه اهداف غیراقتصادی از جمله تحکیم روابط و ارتقا جایگاه و منزلت اجتماعی بوده است.
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_||_Abolhassan Tanhai, H. (2014). Sociological Theories, Bahman Barna-Marandiz Publications, 4th edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Anwar Al-Khwai, A. (2017). Sports and Society. Translated by Sheikhi, H. Samt Publications, Third edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Askari Khaneghah, A. & Hassanzadeh, A. (2002). Football and the Individuality of Cultures. Journal of Social Sciences, No. 19, 105-123. (Persian)
Brett, P. (2009). Sociological Theories in the 20th Centur. Translated by Khani, M. Rokhdad Nou Publishing House, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Burton, D. (2021). Sociology of the Body. Translated by Fakuhi, N. Third edition, fifth edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Coleman, S., & Watson, H. (1993). Introduction to Anthropology. Translated by Talasi, M. Simorgh Publishing House, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Du franc, J. (2006). Sociology of Sports. Translated by Nik Gohar, A. Tutia Publications, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Fakouhi, N. (2006). Fragments of Anthropology. Nei Publishing House, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Fakouhi, N. (2018). Anthropology: Thinkers, Theory and Action (A Collection of Articles and Discussions). Andisheh Ehsan Publishing House, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Garbarino, M. (1998). Anthropological Theories. Translated by Mohammadi Asl, A. Avai Noor Publishing House, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Ghadimi, B., & Shekhari, S. (2017). Classical and Modern Theories in Sports Sociology. Sociologists Publications, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Ghasemi, V., & et al. (2008). Sociology of Sports (Vandalism and Hooliganism in Football). Sociologists Publications, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Giulianotti, R. (2012). Theories of Critical Sociology of Sports. Translated by Tausli, A. Scientific Publication, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Inalo, M. (2015). Body Construction (Sociology of Youth Body Management Styles). Sociologists Publications, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Javanmard, K. (2007). Sociological Investigation of the Function of Sports on Social Cohesion in Iran in the Eighties (Case Study: Kerman Province). PhD thesis, Tehran Islamic Azad University of Science and Research. (Persian)
Javanmard, K., & Navabakhsh, M. (2013). Sociological investigation of the function of sports on social cohesion in Iran in the 80s. Iran Social Science Quarterly, 11(41), 37-54 (Perisan)
Javanmard, K., Saneti K., & Hazrati Soumea, Z. (2019). Examining the dominant discourse on the culture of modern sports (Case of study: Organized sports in the last three decades). Iranian Sociology Quarterly, 3(4), 768-792. (Persian)
Kerrigan, K. (2015). Sociology of the Body (Modern, Postmodern and Post-Structuralist Theories). Translated by Naseri Rad, H. Naqsh Nagar Publishing House, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Moore, Jeremy D. (2011). Life and Thought of Great Anthropologists. Translated by Aghabigpour, H., & Ahmadi, J. Sociology Publications, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Mouss, M. (1979). Les Techniques du Crops dan Sociologie at Antropologie. Paris, puf, 363-3859.
Mouss, M. (2019). Socialism and Bolshevism. Translated by Eskandernjad, A. Khard Sorkh Publishing House, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Navabakhsh, M., & Javanmard, K. (2008). Pioneers of sociology of sports. Sociology Quarterly, 5(1), 133-149. (Persian)
Panov, M. & Pern, M. (1989). Anthropology. Translated by Askari Khanqah, A. Weis Publishing House, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Povarieh, Z. (1991). History of Anthropology. Translated by Amini, P. Khordmand Publications, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Seifi, H., & et al. (2019). Sociology of Sports. Andisheh Ehsan Publications, first edition, Tehran. (Persian)
Shariati, S. (2016). Returning to social affairs (Why is the messenger of the mouss unknown?). Etemad Newspaper, No. 3842, Saturday, July 10th. (Persian)
Uber, H., & Marcel, M. (2019). Sacrifice: Its Nature and Application. Translated by Ardabili, L. Scientific and Cultural Publications, second edition, Tehran. (Persian)