پیش‌بینی پذیرش اعتیاد دانشجویان براساس احساسات خودکارآمدی و حمایت اجتماعی آنان
الموضوعات :
سعید اکبری زردخانه
1
(عضو هیأت علمی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران)
سعید زندی
2
(کارشناسی ارشد مشاوره خانواده، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران)
الکلمات المفتاحية: حمایت اجتماعی, دانشجویان, خودکارآمدی, پذیرش اعتیاد,
ملخص المقالة :
هدف از این پژوهش بررسی نقش پیش‌بینی‌کنندگی خودکارآمدی و حمایت اجتماعی در پذیرش اعتیاد دانشجویان بود. این مطالعه از نظر هدف جزء مطالعات بنیادی و از نظر شیوۀ گردآوری داده‌ها از نوع مطالعات توصیفی پس‌رویدادی بود. تعداد 296 دانشجو (153 دختر و 147 پسر) از بین دانشجویان دانشگاه تهران و با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای چندمرحله‌ای انتخاب و از آنها خواسته شد، پرسشنامه‌های حمایت اجتماعی (زیمت، داهلم، زیمت و فارلی، 1988)، خودکارآمدی (شوآتزر و جورازلم، 1995) و پذیرش اعتیاد (وید، باچر، بن پورات و مک‌کنا، 1992) را تکمیل کنند. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل رگرسیون گام‌به‌گام نشان داد خودکارآمدی و حمایت اجتماعی کلی چهار درصد از واریانس پذیرش اعتیاد را تبیین می‌کنند (003/0=P ). در ضمن از مؤلفه‌های حمایت اجتماعی، حمایت از جانب خانواده 6 درصد از واریانس پذیرش اعتیاد را تبیین می‌کند (006/0=P )؛ در صورتی که دیگر مؤلفه‌های حمایت اجتماعی دوستان و افراد مهم در این پیش‌بینی نقش معناداری را نشان ندادند؛ بنابراین، به نظر می‌رسد که در پیشگیری از اعتیاد، تمرکز بیشتر بر رویکردهای خانواده‌محور و فردمدار در مقایسه با رویکردهای اجتماعی مؤثرتر باشد.
Alemi, F., Stephens, R., Llorens, S., Schaefer, D., Nemes, S., & Arendt, R. (2003). The orientation of social support measure. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 1285–1298.
Averna, S., & Hesselbrock, V. (2001). The relationship of perceived social support to substance use in offspring of alcoholics. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 363-374.
Burleson, J. A., & Kaminer, Y. (2005). Self-efficacy as a predictor of treatment outcome in adolescent substance use disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 1751–1764.
Cheng, S., & Chan, A.C.M. (2004). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support: Dimensionality and age and gender differences in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1359–1369.
Christoffersen, M.N., & Soothill, K. (2003). The long-term consequences of parental alcohol abuse: A cohort study of children in Denmark. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 25, 107-116.
Conrad, K.M., Flay, B.R., & Hill, D. (1992). Why children start smoking cigarettes: Predictors of onset. British Journal of Addiction, 87, 1711-1724.
Coon, G.M., Pena, D., & Illich, P.A. (1998). Self-efficacy and substance abuse: Assessment using a brief phone interview. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15, 385–391.
Copello, A., Williamson, E., Orford, J., & Day, E. (2006). Implementing and evaluating social behavior and network therapy in drug treatment practice in the UK: A feasibility study. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 802-810.
Doran, N., McChargue, D., & Cohen, L. (2007). Impulsivity and the reinforcing value of cigarette smoking. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 90–98.
El-Sheikh, S.G., & Bashir, T.Z. (2004). High-risk relapse situations and self-efficacy: Comparison between alcoholics and heroin addicts. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 753–758.
Edwards, L.M. (2004). Measuring perceived social support in Mexican American youth: Psychometric properties of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26, 2, 187-194.
Epstein, J.A., Griffin, K.W., & Botvin, G.J. (2000). A model of smoking among inner city adolescents: The role of personal competence and perceived benefits of smoking. Journal of Smoking Preventive Medicine, 31, 107-114.
Farrell, M., & Marshall, E.J. (2006). Epidemiology of tobacco, alcohol, and drug use. Classification and Epidemiology, 12, 41-67.
Finn, P.R., & Hall, J. (2004). Cognitive ability and risk for alcoholism: Short-term memory capacity and intelligence moderate personality risk for alcohol problems. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 569-581.
Flisher, A.J., Ziervogel, C.F., & Charlton, D.O. (1996). Risk taking behavior of Cape Peninsula high school students: Part X. Multivariate relationships among behaviors. South African Medical Journal, 86, 1094−1098.
Graham, J.R. (2000). MMPI–2: Assessing personality and psychopathology (3rd ed). New York: Oxford University Press.
Grekin, E.R., & Sher, K.J. (2006). Alcohol dependence symptoms among college freshmen: Prevalence, stability, and person–environment interactions experimental and clinical psychopharmacology. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14, 329-338.
Hampson, S.E., Andrews, J.A., Barckley, M., Lichtenstein, E., & Lee, M.E. (2006). Personality traits, perceived risk, and risk-reduction behaviors: A further study of smoking and radon. Health Psychology, 25, 530-536.
Harakeh, Z., Scholte, R.H., de Vries, H., Engels, R.C. (2006). Association between personality and adolescent smoking. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 232–245.
Hirschi, A.J., & Morris, J.R. (2002). Individual differences in attributional style: The relational influence of self-efficacy, self-esteem, and sex role identity. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 183-196.
Huang, B., Grant, B.F., Dawson, D.A., Stinson, F.S., Chou, S.P., Saha, T.D., Goldstein, R.B., Smith, S.M., Ruan, W.J., & Pickering, R.P. (2006). Race-ethnicity and the prevalence and co-occurrence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, alcohol and drug use disorders and Axis I and II disorders: United States, 2001 to 2002. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 252–257.
Isralowitza, R., & Rawson, R. (2006). Gender differences in prevalence of drug use among high risk adolescents in Israel. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 355–358.
Jessor, R. (1984). Adolescent development and behavioral health. In J.D. Matarazzo, S.M. Weiss, J.A. Herd, N.E. Miller, & S.M. Weiss (Eds.), Behavioral health, a handbook of health enhancement and disease prevention (pp. 69-90). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Karademas, C.E. (2006). Self-efficacy, social support, and well-being: The mediating role of optimism. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1281–1290.
Karbakhsh, M., & Salehian Zandi, N. (2007). Acute opiate overdose in Tehran: The forgotten role of opium. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1835-1842.
Miller, T.R., Lesting, D.C., & Smith, G.S. (2001). Injury risk among medically identified alcohol and drug abusers. Alcoholism, Clinical, and Experimental Research, 25, 54−59.
Poorasl, A.M., Vahidi, R., Fakhari, A., Rostami, F., & Dastghiri, S. (2007). Substance abuse in Iranian high school students. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 622–627.
Poulin, C., & Nicholson, J. (2005). Should harm minimization as an approach to adolescent substance use be embraced by junior and senior high schools? Empirical evidence from an integrated school-and community-based demonstration intervention addressing drug use among adolescents. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16, 403-414.
Rupp, P., & Lisa, L. (2004). Handbook of preventing interventions for adolescents. New York: John Wiley.
Schwartzer, R., & Jerasalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston, Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. (pp. 33-37). Winstror, UK: NFER-NELSON.
Stoelb, M. (1998). A process model for assessing adolescent risk for suicide. Journal of Adolescence, 21, 359−370.
Von Knorring, L., & Oreland, L. (1985). Personality trait and platelet monoamine oxidase in tobacco smokers. Psychological Medicine, 15, 323-334.
Warren, J.I., Stein, J.A., & Grella, C.E. (2007). Role of social support and self-efficacy in treatment outcomes among clients with co-occurring disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 12, 30-46..
Weed, N.C., Butcher, J.N., Ben-Porath, Y.S., & McKenna, T. (1992). New measures for assessing alcohol and drug abuse with the MMPI-2: The APS and AAS. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58, 389-404.
Welte, J.W., Barnes, G.M., Hoffman, J.H., & Dintcheff, B.A. (1999). Trends in adolescent alcohol and other substance use: Relationships to trends in peer, parent, and social influences. Substance Use & Misuse, 34, 1427-1449.
Whalleya, L.J., Foxa, H.C., Dearyb, I.J., & Starr, J.M. (2005). Childhood IQ, smoking, and cognitive change from age 11 to 64 years. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 77–88.
Wills, T.A., Vaccaro, D., & McNamara, G. (1994). Novelty seeking, risk taking, and related constructs as predictors of adolescent substance use: An application of Cloninger's theory. Journal of Substance Abuse, 6, 1-20.
Zimet, G.D., Dahlem, N.W., Zimet, S.G., & Farley, G.K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30-41.
