Ultrasonic Assisted Liquid Phase Microextraction of Pb2+ Based on Deep Eutectic Solvent Followed by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
الموضوعات :Marjan Shahinfar 1 , Zahra Ahmadabadi 2 , Naseer Mohammed Ali Mohammed Muna 3 , Mahboubeh Masrournia 4
1 - Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 - Department of Chemistry Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of Chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
4 - Department of Chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية:
ملخص المقالة :
This study presents an efficient, rapid, green, and low-cost method for preconcentrating trace levels of Pb2+ using ultrasonic-assisted liquid-phase microextraction (UA-LPME) followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. We used sulfanilamide as a complexing agent to form a hydrophobic complex with Pb2+, and a mixture of choline chloride-phenol as an extraction solvent. We investigated and optimized several parameters affecting the analyte's extraction recovery, including pH of the sample solution, concentration of the complexing agent, mole ratio of choline chloride phenol, volume of extraction solvent, volume of tetrahydrophoran (as an aprotic solvent), and ultrasonic time. Under the optimized conditions, we found that the proposed method has a linear range of 0.5-10 µg L-1 Pb2+ and a limit of detection of 0.16 µg L-1 Pb2+ (n=6). The proposed method's accuracy was verified using certified reference material-trace metals in drinking water (CRM-TMDW) samples. We also successfully used the proposed method to determine trace levels of Pb2+ in different water samples. In conclusion, our study offers an effective UA-LPMEbased method for preconcentrating trace levels of Pb2+ that can be applied to environmental monitoring and analysis.
1. Rahman Z, Singh VP. The relative impact of toxic heavy metals (THMs)(arsenic (As), cadmium
(Cd), chromium (Cr)(VI), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) on the total environment: an overview.
Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2019 Jul; 191:1-21.
2. Kaur M, Kumar A, Mehra R, Kaur I. Quantitative assessment of exposure of heavy metals in
groundwater and soil on human health in Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir. Environmental
geochemistry and health. 2020 Jan; 42:77-94.
3. Alawadi M, Eftekhari M, Gheibi M, Iranzad F, Chamsaz M. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by
pistachio skin extract and its application for solid phase extraction of Bi (III) followed by
electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Chemical Papers. 2019 Aug 1; 73:2041-51.
4. Alikhani A, Eftekhari M, Chamsaz M, Gheibi M. Paired-ion-based liquid phase microextraction
for speciation of iron (Fe 2+, Fe 3+) followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of
food measurement and characterization. 2018 Mar; 12:573-80.
5. Asleh FJ, Eftekhari M, Chamsaz M. Determination of total thallium in water and spinach samples
by ligand less microextraction using ion pair based dispersive liquid liquid microextraction
followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Spectrosc. Lett. 2016; 49:420-5.
6. Eftekhari M, Javedani-Asleh F, Chamsaz M. Ultra-trace determination of Co (іі) in real samples
using ion pair-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by electrothermal atomic
absorption spectrometry. Food analytical methods. 2016 Jul; 9:1985-92.
7. An Y, Ma W, Row KH. Preconcentration and determination of chlorophenols in wastewater with
dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction using hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents. Analytical
Letters. 2020 Jan 22; 53(2):262-72.
8. Nyaba L, Biata NR, Ngila JC, Nomngongo PN. Ultrasound assisted-ionic liquid-dispersive
liquid-liquid microextraction for preconcentration of inorganic tellurium in environmental water
samples prior to inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry detection. Journal of
Molecular Liquids. 2017 Apr 1; 231:154-9.
9. Wang L, Zhang D, Xu X, Zhang L. Application of ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid phase
microextraction for highly sensitive simultaneous determination of three endocrine disrupting
compounds in food packaging. Food Chemistry. 2016 Apr 15; 197:754-60.
10. Letseka T, George MJ. Towards coupling dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with hollow
fibre liquid phase microextraction for extraction of organic pollutants of agricultural origin.
Analytical chemistry research. 2016 Dec 1; 10:28-32.
11. Elik A, Altunay N, Gürkan R. Microextraction and preconcentration of Mn and Cd from
vegetables, grains and nuts prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry
using room temperature ionic liquid. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2017 Dec 1; 247:262-8.
12. Molaakbari E, Mostafavi A, Afzali D. Ionic liquid ultrasound assisted dispersive liquid–liquid
microextraction method for preconcentration of trace amounts of rhodium prior to flame atomic
absorption spectrometry determination. Journal of hazardous materials. 2011 Jan 30; 185(2-3):647-
652.
13. Shishov A, Bulatov A, Locatelli M, Carradori S, Andruch V. Application of deep eutectic
solvents in analytical chemistry. A review. Microchemical journal. 2017 Nov 1; 135:33-8.
14. Li X, Row KH. Development of deep eutectic solvents applied in extraction and separation.
Journal of separation science. 2016 Sep; 39(18):3505-20.
15. Sadeghi S, Davami A. A rapid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on hydrophobic
deep eutectic solvent for selective and sensitive preconcentration of thorium in water and rock
samples: A multivariate study. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2019 Oct 1; 291:111242.
16. Ezoddin M, Lamei N, Siami F, Abdi K, Karimi MA. Deep eutectic solvent based air assisted
ligandless emulsification liquid–liquid microextraction for preconcentration of some heavy metals
in biological and environmental samples. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.
2018 Dec; 101:814-9.
17. Zounr RA, Tuzen M, Khuhawar MY. A simple and green deep eutectic solvent based air
assisted liquid phase microextraction for separation, preconcentration and determination of lead in
water and food samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Molecular
Liquids. 2018 Jun 1; 259:220-6.
18. Kanberoglu GS, Yilmaz E, Soylak M. Application of deep eutectic solvent in ultrasoundassisted emulsification microextraction of quercetin from some fruits and vegetables. Journal of
Molecular Liquids. 2019 Apr 1; 279:571-7.
19. Moghadam AG, Rajabi M, Asghari A. Efficient and relatively safe emulsification
microextraction using a deep eutectic solvent for influential enrichment of trace main antidepressant drugs from complicated samples. Journal of Chromatography B. 2018 Jan 1; 1072:50-9.
20. Kanberoglu GS, Yilmaz E, Soylak M. Application of deep eutectic solvent in ultrasoundassisted emulsification microextraction of quercetin from some fruits and vegetables. Journal of
Molecular Liquids. 2019 Apr 1; 279:571-7.
21. Smith EL, Abbott AP, Ryder KS. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their applications.
Chemical reviews. 2014 Nov 12; 114(21):11060-82.
22. Chamsaz M, Eftekhari M, Tafreshi S, Yekkebashi A, Eftekhari A. Speciation and determination
of iron using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of organic drop
followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. International journal of environmental
analytical chemistry. 2014 Mar 16; 94(4):348-55.
23. Chamsaz M, Eftekhari M, Eftekhari A, Yekkebashi A. 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol as a selective
reagent for preconcentration of cobalt by vortex assisted combined with solidification of organic
droplet and its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Environmental monitoring
and assessment. 2013 Nov; 185:9067-75.
24. Al-Behadili MB, Shah-Hosseini A, Mohebinia A, Eftekhari M. Polythiophene-coated cerium
oxide nanocomposite for efficient solid-phase extraction of trace levels of Zn 2+ followed by flame
atomic absorption spectrometry. Polymer Bulletin. 2020 Jan; 77:323-37.
25. Bai H, Zhou Q, Xie G, Xiao J. Temperature-controlled ionic liquid–liquid-phase
microextraction for the pre-concentration of lead from environmental samples prior to flame atomic
absorption spectrometry. Talanta. 2010 Mar 15; 80(5):1638-42.
26. Zounr RA, Tuzen M, Khuhawar MY. A simple and green deep eutectic solvent based air
assisted liquid phase microextraction for separation, preconcentration and determination of lead in
water and food samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Molecular
Liquids. 2018 Jun 1; 259:220-6.
27. Alavi L, Seidi S, Jabbari A, Baheri T. Deep eutectic liquid organic salt as a new solvent for
carrier-mediated hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction of lead from whole blood followed by
electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. New Journal of Chemistry. 2017; 41(15):7038-44.
28. Elik A, Demirbaş A, Altunay N. Experimental design of ligandless sonication-assisted liquidphases microextraction based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for accurate determination of
Pb (II) and Cd (II) from waters and food samples at trace levels. Food Chemistry. 2022 Mar 1;
371:131138.
29. Gholami M, Faraji M, Jafarinejad S. Application of a Deep Eutectic Solvent for Dispersive
Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Trace Amount of Pb (II) in Water Samples and Determination by
Microvolume UV–Vis Spectrophotometry. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2023 Feb
6:1-1.
30. Shah F, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Soylak M. Temperature controlled ionic liquid-dispersive liquid
phase microextraction for determination of trace lead level in blood samples prior to analysis by
flame atomic absorption spectrometry with multivariate optimization. Microchemical Journal. 2012
Mar 1; 101:5-10.
