مطالعه جامع آلودگی میکروبی آب شرب شهر مشهد
الموضوعات :
فرحناز مولوی
1
,
علی قرائی نجف‌آبادی
2
,
نگار اذانی
3
,
زینب جوانشیر
4
,
محدثه اصلاحی
5
,
علیزاده امیرحسین
6
,
فائزه غلامی بهار
7
1 - استادیار، گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران
2 - دانشجوی کارشناسی، گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران
3 - دانشجوی کارشناسی، گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران
4 - دانشجوی کارشناسی، گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران
5 - دانشجوی کارشناسی، گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران
6 - دانشجوی کارشناسی، گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران.
7 - دانشجوی کارشناسی، گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران.
تاريخ الإرسال : 02 الثلاثاء , ذو الحجة, 1444
تاريخ التأكيد : 30 الثلاثاء , ذو الحجة, 1444
تاريخ الإصدار : 01 الجمعة , شوال, 1444
الکلمات المفتاحية:
قارچ‌ها,
باکتری‌ها,
کلیفرم مدفوعی,
کلیفرم کل,
شهر مشهد,
آب آشامیدنی,
ملخص المقالة :
هدف: شهر مشهد با توجه به داشتن جاذبه سیاحتی و زیارتی، مهم‌ترین شهر کشور محسوب می‌شود و اطمینان از سلامت آب شرب آن اهمیت بسیار زیادی، بویژه برای مسافران دارد. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی کیفیت میکروبی آب شرب شهر مشهد بودمواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش از نوع میدانی بوده و نوع بررسی مقطعی است. با روش نمونه‌گیری سیستماتیک، محل‌های نمونه‌برداری مشخص شدند. آب شرب 15 ایستگاه منتخب طی مدت 10 ماه از بهمن 1399 تا پایان آذرماه 1401 مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. از هر ایستگاه 4 مرتبه در 4 فصل مختلف نمونه‌برداری شد. مطالعه نمونه‌ها در سه بخش ارزیابی آلودگی باکتریایی، قارچی و پروتوزوئرها، مطابق با استانداردهای موجود انجام شد.یافته‌ها: کیفیت میکروبی منابع تأمین آب آشامیدنی شهر مشهد از لحاظ آلودگی به کلیفرم کل و مدفوعی بسیار مطلوب بود و با استاندارد ملی مطابقت داشت. از مجموع 220 کلنی قارچی رشد یافته، 7 جنس مختلف قارچ شناسایی شد. به‌طور کلی میانگین CFU قارچ‌های جدا شده برای نمونه‌های هر 100 میلی‌لیتر آب، 2/6 بود. شایع‌ترین قارچ جدا شده آسپرژیلوس (40.45 درصد) بود و کمترین کلنی جدا شده مربوط به فوزاریوم(3/1 درصد) بود. هیچ نمونه پروتوزوئر یا کیست مربوط به پروتوزوئرها در هیچ ایستگاهی مشاهده نگردید.نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به رهنمود سازمان جهانی بهداشت در سال 2006 میلادی برای ارزیابی سلامت میکروبی آب، کیفیت آب شرب شهر مشهد با استاندارد ملی مطابقت داشت. همچنین آب شرب مشهد حاوی قارچ‌های مختلف می‌باشد. لذا، پیشنهاد می‌گردد در پایش‌های منظم سیستم آب شهری از نظر آلودگی‌های میکروبی، قارچ‌ها نیز به عنوان یکی از میکروارگانیسم‌های مهم بررسی شوند. در خصوص آلودگی به پروتوزوئرها هیچ آلودگی مشاهده نشد. جهت حفظ مطلوبیت آب شرب شهر مشهد پیشنهاد می‌گردد که نظارت مستمر شرکت آب و فاضلاب بر وضعیت کیفی منابع تأمین آب آشامیدنی صورت گیرد.
المصادر:
Das P & et al. Carbon-dots-initiated photopolymerization: An in situ synthetic approach for MXene/poly (norepinephrine)/copper hybrid and its application for mitigating water pollution. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2021; 13(26): 31038-31050.
Yin K et al. Microplastics pollution and risk assessment in water bodies of two nature reserves in Jilin Province: Correlation analysis with the degree of human activity. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 799: 149390.
Liu Y & et al. A review of water pollution arising from agriculture and mining activities in Central Asia: Facts, causes and effects. Environmental Pollution. 2021; 291: 118209.
Edition F. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO chronicle. 2011; 38(4): 4-10.
Rabbani G, Shafaqi, S. & Rahnama, MR. Urban sprawl modeling using statistical approach in Mashhad, northeastern Iran. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment. 2018; 4: 141-149.
Molavi F et al. Study of pollution in the Kashafrood river by the approach of protozoan parasites. Experimental animal Biology. 2019; 8(1): 29-3. [in persian].
Organization WH. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 3rd Ed. Incorporating the First and Second Addenda: Recommendations 1. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at:
www. who. int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/index. html, 2008.
Yeganeh J, Nazemi S & Mohammadkhani S. Study of Water Quality in Rural Regions of Northeastern Iran. Journal of Human Environment and Health Promotion. 2016; 2(1): 63-8.
Rodriguez-Valera, F, Ruiz-Berraquero F & Ramos-Cormenzana A. Characteristics of the heterotrophic bacterial populations in hypersaline environments of different salt concentrations. Microbial Ecology. 1981; 7: 235-243.
Huo L & et al. Effects of disinfectants and particles on the occurrence of different microorganisms in drinking water distribution systems. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. 2021; 7(5): 983-992.
Wu J et al. Are microbial indicators and pathogens correlated? A statistical analysis of 40 years of research. Journal of water and health. 2011; 9(2): 265-278.
Inwood GJ. Of leaps of faith and policy change: The Macdonald Royal Commission. in: Commissions of Inquiry and Policy Change: A Comparative Analysis. University of Toronto Press
Samson R,Van Kooij J & De Boer, E. Microbiological quality of commercial tempeh in the Netherlands. Journal of Food Protection.1987; 50(2): 92-94.
Edition F. Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs. Assessment. 2001; 5: 1.
Molleda P et al. Removal of wastewater pathogen indicators in a constructed wetland in Leon, Spain. Ecological engineering. 2008; 33(3-4): 252-257.
Lian C & et al. Morphology and phylogeny of four marine or brackish water spirotrich ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from China, with descriptions of two new species. European Journal of Protistology. 2020; 72: 125663.
Papaiacovou I. Case study—wastewater reuse in Limassol as an alternative water source. Desalination. 2001; 138(1-3).
Dehority BA & Tirabasso PA. Antibiosis between ruminal bacteria and ruminal fungi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000; 66(7): 2921-7.
Lu W & Leung AY.A preliminary study on potential of developing shower/laundry wastewater reclamation and reuse system. 2003; 52(9): 1451-1459.
Corliss JO. The ciliated protozoa: characterization, classification and guide to the literature. Secound Edittion. Pergamon prees. 2016: 455.
Mahvi A, Hashemi S & Younessian M. Quality of drinking water in a municipality district in Tehran. Payesh (Health Monitor). 2005; 4(1): 5-9.
Pandit AB & Kumar JK. Clean water for developing countries. Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering. 2015; 6: 217-246.
Barrell R, Hunter P & Nichols G. Microbiological standards for water and their relationship to health risk. Commun Dis Public Health. 2000; 3(1): 8-13.
Barrell A & et al. Efficiency of environmental protection expenditures in EU countries. 2021; 14(24): 8443.
World Health Organization. Chromium in Drinking-water. 2020.
Salehi M. Global water shortage and potable water safety; Today’s concern and tomorrow’s crisis. Environment International. 2022; 158: 106936.
Ghannadi M & Mohebbi, MR. A 2006 Survey of Drinking Water Microbial Quality in Rural Areas in IRAN (Limitations, Challenges, and Opportunities). Journal of Water and Wastewater; Ab va Fazilab. 2008; 19(1): 23-29. [in persian]
Heidari M & et al. Survey on microbial quality of drinking water in rural areas of Kashan and the role of rural water and wastewater company in that improvement. Disaster Management and Response. 2010; 2(1).
Majdi H, Gheibi L & Soltani, T. Evaluation of physicochemical and microbial quality of drinking water of villages in Takab Town in West Azerbaijan in 2013. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 14(8): 631-642. [in persian]
Mohammadian Fazli M. Microbial Quality Of The Drinking Water Of Zanjan City (2000). Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research. 2002; 10(41): 45-50.
Nabizadeh R & et al. Evaluating the Microbial Content of the Drinking Water in Rural Areas of Tehran Province. Journal of School of Public Health & Institute of Public Health Research. 2008; 5(4).
Emamjomeh MM, Tari K & Khalili R. Assessment of microbial contamination in drinking water supplies Qazvin city (2013-14). The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. 2017; 21(3): 91-95. [in persian]
Sohrabi M, Mohammadzadeh H., Quantitative study of groundwater resources in Ravansar study area (Kermanshah). 2nd International Congress of Earth Sciences and Urban Development, 2016: 05-12.
Hayati R & Dobaradaran S. Evaluation of physical, chemical and microbial quality of distribution network drinkingwater in Bushehr, Iran. ISMJ. 2015; 17(6): 1223-1235.
[in persian]
Fazlzadeh-Doyel, AMSM. & Draji, B. Survey of bacteriological quality of the drinking water in rural areas of Ardabil city. Ardabil Health. 2011; 2(1): 66-73.
Atabakhsh P & et al. Identification of Total and Fecal Coliforms and Heterotrophic to Microbiological Method and E. coli O157: H7 to Immunological, and RealTime PCR Methodsin IsfahanWaterTreatment Plant. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 2010; 3(3). [in persian]
Alidadi H & et al. Study of chemical quality indicators of drinking water in the area covered by Health Center of Mashhad city in the years 87 to 90. Journal of the Faculty of Medicine of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 59(2): 115-121. [in persian]
Products N. National Standard of Iran, Drinking Water - Physical and Chemical Properties. Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research,
Gonçalves AB, Paterson RRM & Lima N. Survey and significance of filamentous fungi from tap water. International Journal of hygiene and environmental health. 2006; 209(3): 257-264.
Kanzler D & et al. Occurrence and hygienic relevance of fungi in drinking water. Mycoses. 2008; 51(2): 165-169.
Hayette M-P & et al. Filamentous fungi recovered from the water distribution system of a Belgian university hospital. Medical Mycology. 2010; 48(7): 969-974.
Hageskal G & et al. Occurrence of moulds in drinking Journal of applied microbiology. 2007; 102(3): 774-780.
Directive C. On the quality of water intended for human consumption. Official Journal of the European Communities. 1998; 3(330): 32-54.
Hoque BA & et al. Rural drinking water at supply and household levels: Quality and management. International journal of hygiene and environmental health. 2006; 209(5): 451-460.
Cabral C, Lucas P, Gordon D. Estimating the health impacts of unsafe drinking water in developing country contexts [Online]. 2009 Sep 01 [cited 2010 Des 28].
Focazio MJ & et al. A national reconnaissance for pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States—II) Untreated drinking water sources. Science of the total Environment. 2008; 402(2-3): 201-216.
Pires‐Gonçalves R & et Occurrence of fungi in water used at a haemodialysis centre. Letters in applied microbiology. 2008; 46(5): 542-547.
Mayahi S & et al. Mycoflora assessment in drinking tap water (Sari, Iran). Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2012; 13(4): 114-119.
Russell R & Paterson M. Zearalenone production and growth in drinking water inoculated with Fusarium graminearum. Mycological Progress. 2007; 6(2): 109-113.
Raper KB & Fennell, DI. The genus Aspergillus. The genus Aspergillus, 1965.
Wang H. & et al. Horizontal gene transfer of Fhb7 from fungus underlies Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat. Science. 2020; 368(6493): eaba5435.
Wang F. & et al. Interactions of microplastics and cadmium on plant growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in an agricultural soil. Chemosphere. 2020; 254: 126791.
_||_
Das P & et al. Carbon-dots-initiated photopolymerization: An in situ synthetic approach for MXene/poly (norepinephrine)/copper hybrid and its application for mitigating water pollution. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2021; 13(26): 31038-31050.
Yin K et al. Microplastics pollution and risk assessment in water bodies of two nature reserves in Jilin Province: Correlation analysis with the degree of human activity. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 799: 149390.
Liu Y & et al. A review of water pollution arising from agriculture and mining activities in Central Asia: Facts, causes and effects. Environmental Pollution. 2021; 291: 118209.
Edition F. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO chronicle. 2011; 38(4): 4-10.
Rabbani G, Shafaqi, S. & Rahnama, MR. Urban sprawl modeling using statistical approach in Mashhad, northeastern Iran. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment. 2018; 4: 141-149.
Molavi F et al. Study of pollution in the Kashafrood river by the approach of protozoan parasites. Experimental animal Biology. 2019; 8(1): 29-3. [in persian].
Organization WH. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 3rd Ed. Incorporating the First and Second Addenda: Recommendations 1. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at:
www. who. int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/index. html, 2008.
Yeganeh J, Nazemi S & Mohammadkhani S. Study of Water Quality in Rural Regions of Northeastern Iran. Journal of Human Environment and Health Promotion. 2016; 2(1): 63-8.
Rodriguez-Valera, F, Ruiz-Berraquero F & Ramos-Cormenzana A. Characteristics of the heterotrophic bacterial populations in hypersaline environments of different salt concentrations. Microbial Ecology. 1981; 7: 235-243.
Huo L & et al. Effects of disinfectants and particles on the occurrence of different microorganisms in drinking water distribution systems. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. 2021; 7(5): 983-992.
Wu J et al. Are microbial indicators and pathogens correlated? A statistical analysis of 40 years of research. Journal of water and health. 2011; 9(2): 265-278.
Inwood GJ. Of leaps of faith and policy change: The Macdonald Royal Commission. in: Commissions of Inquiry and Policy Change: A Comparative Analysis. University of Toronto Press
Samson R,Van Kooij J & De Boer, E. Microbiological quality of commercial tempeh in the Netherlands. Journal of Food Protection.1987; 50(2): 92-94.
Edition F. Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs. Assessment. 2001; 5: 1.
Molleda P et al. Removal of wastewater pathogen indicators in a constructed wetland in Leon, Spain. Ecological engineering. 2008; 33(3-4): 252-257.
Lian C & et al. Morphology and phylogeny of four marine or brackish water spirotrich ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from China, with descriptions of two new species. European Journal of Protistology. 2020; 72: 125663.
Papaiacovou I. Case study—wastewater reuse in Limassol as an alternative water source. Desalination. 2001; 138(1-3).
Dehority BA & Tirabasso PA. Antibiosis between ruminal bacteria and ruminal fungi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000; 66(7): 2921-7.
Lu W & Leung AY.A preliminary study on potential of developing shower/laundry wastewater reclamation and reuse system. 2003; 52(9): 1451-1459.
Corliss JO. The ciliated protozoa: characterization, classification and guide to the literature. Secound Edittion. Pergamon prees. 2016: 455.
Mahvi A, Hashemi S & Younessian M. Quality of drinking water in a municipality district in Tehran. Payesh (Health Monitor). 2005; 4(1): 5-9.
Pandit AB & Kumar JK. Clean water for developing countries. Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering. 2015; 6: 217-246.
Barrell R, Hunter P & Nichols G. Microbiological standards for water and their relationship to health risk. Commun Dis Public Health. 2000; 3(1): 8-13.
Barrell A & et al. Efficiency of environmental protection expenditures in EU countries. 2021; 14(24): 8443.
World Health Organization. Chromium in Drinking-water. 2020.
Salehi M. Global water shortage and potable water safety; Today’s concern and tomorrow’s crisis. Environment International. 2022; 158: 106936.
Ghannadi M & Mohebbi, MR. A 2006 Survey of Drinking Water Microbial Quality in Rural Areas in IRAN (Limitations, Challenges, and Opportunities). Journal of Water and Wastewater; Ab va Fazilab. 2008; 19(1): 23-29. [in persian]
Heidari M & et al. Survey on microbial quality of drinking water in rural areas of Kashan and the role of rural water and wastewater company in that improvement. Disaster Management and Response. 2010; 2(1).
Majdi H, Gheibi L & Soltani, T. Evaluation of physicochemical and microbial quality of drinking water of villages in Takab Town in West Azerbaijan in 2013. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 14(8): 631-642. [in persian]
Mohammadian Fazli M. Microbial Quality Of The Drinking Water Of Zanjan City (2000). Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research. 2002; 10(41): 45-50.
Nabizadeh R & et al. Evaluating the Microbial Content of the Drinking Water in Rural Areas of Tehran Province. Journal of School of Public Health & Institute of Public Health Research. 2008; 5(4).
Emamjomeh MM, Tari K & Khalili R. Assessment of microbial contamination in drinking water supplies Qazvin city (2013-14). The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. 2017; 21(3): 91-95. [in persian]
Sohrabi M, Mohammadzadeh H., Quantitative study of groundwater resources in Ravansar study area (Kermanshah). 2nd International Congress of Earth Sciences and Urban Development, 2016: 05-12.
Hayati R & Dobaradaran S. Evaluation of physical, chemical and microbial quality of distribution network drinkingwater in Bushehr, Iran. ISMJ. 2015; 17(6): 1223-1235.
[in persian]
Fazlzadeh-Doyel, AMSM. & Draji, B. Survey of bacteriological quality of the drinking water in rural areas of Ardabil city. Ardabil Health. 2011; 2(1): 66-73.
Atabakhsh P & et al. Identification of Total and Fecal Coliforms and Heterotrophic to Microbiological Method and E. coli O157: H7 to Immunological, and RealTime PCR Methodsin IsfahanWaterTreatment Plant. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 2010; 3(3). [in persian]
Alidadi H & et al. Study of chemical quality indicators of drinking water in the area covered by Health Center of Mashhad city in the years 87 to 90. Journal of the Faculty of Medicine of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 59(2): 115-121. [in persian]
Products N. National Standard of Iran, Drinking Water - Physical and Chemical Properties. Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research,
Gonçalves AB, Paterson RRM & Lima N. Survey and significance of filamentous fungi from tap water. International Journal of hygiene and environmental health. 2006; 209(3): 257-264.
Kanzler D & et al. Occurrence and hygienic relevance of fungi in drinking water. Mycoses. 2008; 51(2): 165-169.
Hayette M-P & et al. Filamentous fungi recovered from the water distribution system of a Belgian university hospital. Medical Mycology. 2010; 48(7): 969-974.
Hageskal G & et al. Occurrence of moulds in drinking Journal of applied microbiology. 2007; 102(3): 774-780.
Directive C. On the quality of water intended for human consumption. Official Journal of the European Communities. 1998; 3(330): 32-54.
Hoque BA & et al. Rural drinking water at supply and household levels: Quality and management. International journal of hygiene and environmental health. 2006; 209(5): 451-460.
Cabral C, Lucas P, Gordon D. Estimating the health impacts of unsafe drinking water in developing country contexts [Online]. 2009 Sep 01 [cited 2010 Des 28].
Focazio MJ & et al. A national reconnaissance for pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States—II) Untreated drinking water sources. Science of the total Environment. 2008; 402(2-3): 201-216.
Pires‐Gonçalves R & et Occurrence of fungi in water used at a haemodialysis centre. Letters in applied microbiology. 2008; 46(5): 542-547.
Mayahi S & et al. Mycoflora assessment in drinking tap water (Sari, Iran). Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2012; 13(4): 114-119.
Russell R & Paterson M. Zearalenone production and growth in drinking water inoculated with Fusarium graminearum. Mycological Progress. 2007; 6(2): 109-113.
Raper KB & Fennell, DI. The genus Aspergillus. The genus Aspergillus, 1965.
Wang H. & et al. Horizontal gene transfer of Fhb7 from fungus underlies Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat. Science. 2020; 368(6493): eaba5435.
Wang F. & et al. Interactions of microplastics and cadmium on plant growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in an agricultural soil. Chemosphere. 2020; 254: 126791.
