بررسی آزادی مذهب در ژئوپلیتیک مذهبی عربستان سعودی با تأکید بر چارچوب حقوق مذهبی مورد حمایت سازمان ملل متحد
الموضوعات :هیبت الله نژندی منش 1 , زینب فیروزی 2
1 - استادیار حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران
2 - دانشجوی دکترای حقوق بین الملل، پردیس کیش دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية:
ملخص المقالة :
چکیده مذهب یکی از مهم ترین ابعاد حیات ژئوپلیتیکی واحدهای سیاسی بوده و هست و علاوه بر این که عاملی برای تفکیک مرزهای سیاسی کشورها بوده همچنین یکی از معیارهای تقسیمات سیاسی و منطقه‌ای داخل کشورها هم به شمار می رود. علاوه بر این در قرن بیستم و با کم رنگ شدن مرزهای سرزمینی و پیدایش نهادهای دارای اقتدار بین‌المللی مانند سازمان ملل متحد مذهب و مسائل مرتبط با مذهب همواره یکی از مهم‌ترین بنیان‌های مسائل تنش‌آفرین بوده است. هدف این مقاله بررسی آزادی مذهب در ژئوپلیتیک مذهبی عربستان سعودی با تأکید بر چارچوب حقوق مذهبی مورد حمایت سازمان ملل متحد است. سؤال اصلی مقاله این است که ژئوپلیتیک مذهبی عربستان سعودی دارای چه مختصات و ویژگی‌هایی است و اینکه آزادی مذهبی در چارچوب حقوق مذهبی مورد حمایت سازمان ملل متحد در عربستان سعودی دارایی چه وضعیتی است؟ علاوه بر این سؤال اصلی سؤالات فرعی دیگری نیز در این مقاله مطرح می‌شود از جمله این که حقوق مذهبی و از جمله آزادی مذهبی دارای چه تاریخچه و پیشینه‌ای در اسناد بین‌المللی بوده است و این که ژئوپلیتیک مذهبی عربستان سعودی دارای چه ساختارها و مرزبندی‌های داخلی است. به طور کلی نتایج این مقاله نشان می‌دهد که حقوق بین‌المللی، نه تنها روابط میان دولت ها را تنظیم می کند، بلکه به شناسایی حقوق انسانی افراد و حمایت از آن‌ها نیز اقدام می‌نماید. از جمله حقوق بشر که هر فرد انسانی از آن برخوردار است، حقوق مذهبی است. این حقوق در اسناد متعدد بین‌المللی ذی‌ربط مورد شناسایی و پذیرش قرار گرفته اند. در جامعه عربستان که بر پایه روابط قبیله‌ای استوار است وجود تعصب و علقه نیرومند قبیله‌ای به علاوه مذهب، شکل‌دهنده کلی فرهنگ جامعه است. نظام حقوقی عربستان سعودی برگرفته از فقهحنبلییکی از مذاهب اسلامی است. در عربستان سعودی با جمعیتی حدود 15 تا 20 درصد شیعه هیچ نماینده‌ای از شیعیان در مجلس شورای سعودی حضور ندارد. شیعیان حتی در مدارس حق مدیر شدن ندارند و تنها در سال‌های اخیر حق حضور در شورای شهر یافته‌اند. هیچ شیعه عربستانی حق حضور در ارتش یا دیگر نیروهای نظامی را ندارد. در این مقاله تلاش خواهد شد با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و مقالات علمی و پژوهشی و نیز اسناد سازمان‌های بین‌المللی آزادی مذهب در ژئوپلیتیک مذهبی عربستان سعودی با تأکید بر چارچوب حقوق مذهبی مورد حمایت سازمان ملل متحد تبیین و تحلیل گردد.
Persian resources
Islami, Reza & Yalda Basirat (2009), Analysis and Analysis of Some Opinions of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Quarterly Journal of Legal Research, No. 50Vienna Declaration and Program of Action of the Universal Conference on Human Rights, adopted June 25, 1993, International Legal Quarterly, No. 28
Eqbali, Meysam (2016), Human Rights and International Documents, Quarterly Journal of New Research in the Humanities, Third Year - Issue 36
Ansari, Baqir (2013), The Right of the Child to Education in the International Human Rights System, Islamic Republic Journal, No. 36
Ayram, Mansour (2009), Report: Introduction to the OSCE Anti-Terrorism Unit of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Foreign Policy Quarterly, Twenty-third Year - Issue 2.
Alborzivaraki, Massoud (2007), Section of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Journal of Basic Law Quarterly, No. 8
Pour Gharemani Goltapeh, Babak (2004), A Look at the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Issues, The Ruling Andisheh Quarterly, No. 28
Hosseini, Seyed Ahmad Reza (2001), A look at the foundations of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Rooz Andisheh Quarterly, No. 1
Khani, Mohammad Hussein (2005), The role of the OSCE in Eurasia region countries, Central Asian Studies and Caucasus Studies, issue 49
Rezaei behjo, Abedin (2010), The Importance and Distribution of the Shiite Society in Saudi Arabia: Different Nationalities, Ethnicities and Traditions, Zamaneh Quarterly, No. 94.
rahbar, Abbas Ali & Seyyed Morteza Kazemi Deenan (2009), Future of the Shiite Movement of Saudi Arabia; Opportunities and Challenges, International Relations Studies Quarterly, No. 6
zamani, Seyyed Qasem (2005), Protecting Minorities in Universal Human Rights Documents, Quarterly Journal of Public Law Research, Nos. 15 & 16
Salimi, Abdul Hakim (2002), A Look at Geopolitical Theories, Peoples Quarterly, No. 5
sodmandi, Abdolmajid & Hossein Sharifi Tarazkouhi (2012), Journal of the Extension of the Right to Freedom of Religion and Belief in International Human Rights Documents, Comparative Law Research Quarterly, Sixth Edition - Vol. 4
Shokoei, Hossein (1969), Geography of Religions, Quarterly of the Faculty of Literature and Humanities of Tabriz, No. 87
Shokouei, Hussein (1357), Applications and developments of human geography in the last five years, Quarterly of the Faculty of Literature and Humanities of Tabriz, No. 125
Shokouei, Hussein (1993), Geography and Religion, Quarterly Geographic Research, No. 30
Safaee, Seyyed Hossein (1988), Intervention in the affairs of other countries from the point of view of international law, International Legal Quarterly, No. 9
Safaee, Seyyed Hossein (1991), Human Rights in Islam and Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Journal of Faculty of Law and Political Science (University of Tehran), No. 27
Aghili, Seyyed Vahid & Ali Ahmadi (2011), Semiotics of Cultural Perspectives; Conceptual Strategy in Cultural Geography, Geographical Quarterly of the Land, Eighth - No. 29
Faridny, Mashayekh (1995), Al Saud and Saudi Arabia, Meydah Hajj Quarterly, No. 11
Qari Seyyed Fatemi, Seyed Mohammad (2003), Different Human Rights Treaties, International Legal Quarterly, No. 28
Qari Seyyed Fatemi, Seyyed Mohammad & Abbas Ali Farahati (2007), The field of jurisprudence Principles: The jurisprudential analogy from the viewpoint of Hanbali's religion, Quarterly Journal of Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic law, no. 10
qurbaninejad & Abdolreza Faraji Rad (2016), Explaining the Effect of Cultural Factors on Stress and Conflict in the Middle East, Intercultural Studies Quarterly, No. 28
Karimi Fard, Hussein (2015), The Status of International Law in International Relations Theories, International Legal Quarterly, No. 52
Kuchenejad, Abbas (2004), Human Rights Restrictions in International Documents, No. 3
Kuh Khel, Marjan (2014), The role of Saudi Arabia's historical and structural components in the expansion of Takfiri Salafism, Islamic Culture Quarterly, No. 18
Gholi Zareh Ghamshahi, Gholam Reza (1994), A Glance at the Geographical Situation of Arabia, Quarterly Lessons from the School of Islam, 2006 - No. 6
Mohammadi, Hamid Reza & Ibrahim Ahmadi (2015), Examining the Context of Iran-Pakistan Convergence (Explanation of Three Geocalctic, Geo-Economical and Geopolitical Approaches), Islamic World Political Research Quarterly, No. 15
Mosafa, Nasrin (2008), An Attitude to the International Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Their Families, Foreign Policy Quarterly, No. 1
Mahdavi, Masoud & Ali Ahmadi (2011), Cultural Geography: A Theoretical and Methodological Explanation of Application in the Study of Cultural Areas, Journal of Cultural Research, No. 45
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1992), Legal Quarterly of Justice, No. 3
Mirie Lavasani, Somayeh Sadat (2008), European Convention on Human Rights and its comparison with some human rights instruments, Guilan Legal Gazette, No. 13
Naderi, Abbas (2009), Sociological Survey of Saudi Political System, Foreign Policy Quarterly, 23rd Year - Issue 3
Nasri Meshkini, Ghadir (2007), Book Review: Shiites in Saudi Arabia, Strategic Studies Quarterly, No. 35
Alhui Nazari, Hamid (2016), treaties conferring the right to third countries by looking at Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, No. 54.
Latin resources
Azizi, Sataar, (2006), Protection of Minorities in International Law, [In Persian], Tehran, Noor-e Elm Publications.
Evans, Malcolm, (2008), Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe.
Najanimanesh, Heybatollah, (2015), an Introduction to International Human Rights Law, [In Persian], Tehran, Khorsandi Publications.
Omid Zamani, Mohsen, (2013), Protective Role and Promotion of Human Rights by Human Rights Council With Emphasizing on the Role of Special Meetings and Periodic Review of Human Rights Situation of States, [In Persian], PhD Thesis.
Taylor, P.M., (2005), Freedom of Religion – UN and European Human Rights Law and Practice, Cambridge UK.
Dickson, B., (1995), the United Nations and Freedom of Religion, ICLQ 44.
Lerner, N., (1981), Toward a Draft Declaration Against religious Intolerance and Discrimination, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 11.
Lerner, N., (1982),The Final Text of the U.N. Declaration Against Intolerance and Discrimination based on Religion or Belief, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 12.
Najanimanesh, Heybatollah, (2006), New UN Human Rights Council, [In Persian], Etemad Meli News Paper, No. 58.
Sharifi Taraz Koohi, Huessein and Omid Zamani, Mohsen (2013), Promotion of Respect to Human Rights in the Light of the Mechanism of Universal Periodic Review, [In Persian], Quarterly of Foreign Relations, No. 2.
Tomuschat. C., (2010), Human Rights Committee, MN 36, in: MPEPIL, available at: www.mpepil.com.
Benito, Elizabeth Odio, (1989), Elimination of all forms of intolerance and discrimination based on religion or belief, Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities.
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, International Religious Freedom Report for 2015, United States Department of State, the text available at: https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/256499.pdf
Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989.
Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, 1981.
Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals who are not Nationals of the Country in Which They Live, 1985.
Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious or Linguistic Minorities, 1992.
Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, 1975
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1965.
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, 1990.
Minorities Treaty between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers (The British Empire, France, Italy, Japan and the United States) and Poland, Signed at Versallies (28 JUNE 1919).
UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education, 1960.
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993.
Manoussakis V. Greece, 1996- IV, 23 EHRR.
HASAN AND CHAUSH v. BULGARIA, 2000- Rep. 2000-XI, 117 EHRR.
Online resources
http://www.forost.ungarisches-institut.de/pdf/19190628-3.pdf>
http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/o_nonnat.htm
http://www.unic-ir.org/hr/convenantion-child.htm
http://www.osceprag.cz/docs/chronos.htm
http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf
<http://www.cidh.oas.org/basicos/english/basic3.american%20convention.htm>
Smartraveller
CountryReports
Fanack.com
farspage.com
