• الصفحة الرئيسية
  • بررسی اثرات فضای سبز بر جوامع انسانی: فعالیت فیزیکی، سلامت جسمی و روانی و کاهش تصادفات

شارک

عنوان URL للمقالة


رقم المقالة : 6834 زيارة : 200 الصفحة: 13 - 26

نوع المخطوط: ابحاث

بررسی اثرات فضای سبز بر جوامع انسانی: فعالیت فیزیکی، سلامت جسمی و روانی و کاهش تصادفات

الموضوعات :

مریم مصلحی 1 , مهسا رفعتی 2 , اکرم احمدی 3

1 - دانشجوی دکتری جنگل شناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشکده علوم جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
2 - عضو هیات علمی گروه کشاورزی دانشگاه پیام نور جمهوری اسلامی ایران
3 - دکتری علوم جنگل، گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، ایران

تاريخ الإرسال : 01 الأربعاء , رجب, 1435 تاريخ التأكيد : 10 الإثنين , رمضان, 1435 تاريخ الإصدار : 28 الثلاثاء , ذو القعدة, 1435

الکلمات المفتاحية: فضای سبز, سلامت فیزیکی, سلامت روحی, استرس,

ملخص المقالة :

کیفیت فضای سبز تاثیر بسیاری بر روی سلامت جسم و روان انسان دارد. امروزه در رویارویی با تهدیدهای روبه رشد و فزاینده طبیعت و فضای سبز، بنا به دلایل اقتصادی و اخلاقی، حفاظت از آن مورد توجه قرار گرفته است در حالی‎که پتانسیل آن در سلامت جوامع انسانی بسیار چشمگیرتر از آن بوده که به آن توجه اندکی شده است. قرار گرفتن در طبیعت، تاثیرات مثبتی بر روی فعالیت‎‎های فیزیکی، روحی و روانی انسان دارد بطوریکه استرس و فشار کار روزانه را از او دور نموده و محیطی آرام را برای او فراهم می‎نماید. همچنین مناظر سبز در اطراف جاده با کاهش استرس سفر و فراهم نمودن آرامش روحی بر میزان توجه راننده در جاده افزوده و از میزان تصادفات می‎کاهد. فضای سبز در اطراف بیمارستان ها نیز با کاهش آلودگی، بهبود سلامت فیزیکی و روحی بیمار، محیط شادتری برای او ایجاد می‎نماید که در نتیجه آن، از یک طرف مراقبت از بیمار برای کارمندان بیمارستان راحت‎تر شده که ذخیره انرژی در آن‎ها را در پی دارد و از طرف دیگر زمان بهبودی و هزینه‎های بیمار را کاهش می‎دهد. امروزه، جوامع مدرن و صنعتی، به علت داشتن زندگی و عادت‎های ماشینی، از طبیعت و مواهب خدادادی، دور مانده و استرس و بیماری‎های روحی بر زندگی او حاکم شده است تا جایی که در سال 2020، افسردگی عامل اصلی ناخوشی‎های جوامع انسانی خواهد بود. لذا هدف از این تحقیق بررسی روابط و تاثیر فضای سبز بر سلامت جوامع بشری در زندگی ماشینی امروزه است تا با روشن شدن ارزش آن، به حفظ داشته‎های منابع طبیعی و ایجاد فضای سبز در محل زندگی خود ترغیب گردند. مطالعات نشان دادند که فضای سبز اثرات مستقیمی بر روی استرس و سلامت جوامع بشری دارد.

المصادر:


  1. Martineau, C., (2011). Public health benefits of urban trees. Canopy. 6p.
    2.
  2. Velarde, M. D., Fry, G., Tveit, M., (2007). Health effects of viewing landscapes-landscape environmental phycology. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, Vol. 6, pp. 199-212.
    3.
  3. Frumkin, H., Frank, L., Jackson, R., (2004). Urban Sprawl and Public Health. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    4.
  4. Bahar, G. B., Naderi, J. R., (1997). An integrated approach to environmental impact mitigation and safety management-case studies in the municipality of metropolitan Toronto. Session: roads/transportation and the environment. In: XIIIthWorld Meeting of the International Road Federation Toronto, Ont., 16-20 June. Canada.
    5.
  5. Hartig, T., Evans, G., Jamner, L., Davis, D. S., Garling, T., (2003). Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 23, pp. 109-123
    6.
  6. Mok, J., Landpair, H., Naderi, J., (2003). Comparsion of safety performance of urban streets before and after landscape improvements. 2nd Urban Street Symposium., July 28-30. Anaheim, Calfornia, USA.
    7.
  7. Franz, J., Smith, D., Suresh, M., (2005). Holistic Health and Interior Environment: Using the Psychoneuro immunogical Model to Map Person-Environment Research in Design. In Goh, R and Ward, N.R., Eds. Proceedings Smart Systems 2005 Postgraduate Research Conference, pages pp. 188-195, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
    8.
  8. Pretty, J., Peacock., J., Seliens, M., Griffin, Murray, G., (2005). The mental and physical health outcomes of green exercise. International journal of Environmental Health Research, Vol. 15, pp. 319-337.
    9.
  9. Mok, J.H., Landphair, H.C., Naderi. J.R. (2006). "Landscape Improvement Impacts on Roadside Safety in Texas." Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 78.3, pp. 263-74.
    10.
  10. Alcok, I., White, M. P., Wheeler, B. W., (2014). Longitudinal effects on mental health of moving to green urban areas. Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 48, pp. 1247-1255.
    11.
  11. Eckersley, R., (1999). The discourse ethic and the problem of representing nature. Environ Politics, Vol. 8, pp. 24 – 49.
    12.
  12. Sandifer, P.  A., Holland, A. F., Rowles, T. K., Scott, G. I., 2004. The oceans and human health. Environ Health Persp, Vol. 112, pp. 454 – 455.
    13.
  13. Selye, H., 1974. Stress without Distress, McClelland and Steward Ltd. Toronto. Canada. 171 p.
    14.
  14. Chrousos, G.P., Gold, P.W., 1992. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA, Vol. 267, pp. 1244–1252.
    15.
  15. Brand, N., Hanson, E., Godaert. G., 2000. Chronic Stress Affects Blood Pressure and Speed of Short-Term Memory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 91, pp. 291–98
    16.
  16. Cohen, S., Evans, G. W., Stokols, D., Krantz, D. S., 1986. Behavior, Health, and Environmental Stress. New York: Plenum Press. 284p.
    17.
  17. Kaplan, S., 1995. The Restorative Benefits of Nature: Toward an Integrative Framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol.  15, pp. 169–82.
    18.
  18. Stilgoe, J., 2001. Gone Barefoot Lately? American Journal of Preventative Medicine, Vol. 20, pp. 243–44.
    19.
  19. Kuo, F., Sullivan, W., 2001. Aggression and Violence in the Inner City: Effects of Environment via Mental Fatigue. Environment and Behavior, Vol. 33, pp. 543–71.
    20.
  20. Hull R.B., Michael S. 1995. Nature-based Recreation, Mood Change, and Stress Restoration..Leisure Sciences. Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 1-14.
    21.
  21. Ulrich, R. S., 1984. View through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. Science, Vol. 224, pp. 420-21.
    22.
  22. Wells, N.M., Evans, G.W., 2003. "Nearby Nature A Buffer of Life Stress among Rural Children." Environment and Behavior, Vol. 35.3, pp. 311-30.
    23.
  23. A CTrees. 2011. Benefits of Trees and Urban Forests: A Research List. In: Http: www.ACTrees.org.
    24.
  24. Barton, S., 2008. “The Healing Garden: Social Research” PLSC100: Plants and Human Culture. November 18. 160 p.
    25.
  25. Kuo, F.E. 2001. Coping with poverty: Impacts of environment and attention in the inner city. Environment and Behavior. Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 5-34
    26.
  26. Grahn P., Stigsdotter, U.A., 2003. Landscape planning and stress. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening; Vol, 2, No. 1, pp. 1-18.
    27.
  27. Orsega-Smith, E., Payne, L.L., Godbey, G., 2003. Physical and Psychosocial Characteristics of Older Adults Who Participate in a Community-Based Exercise Program. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 516-531.
    28.
  28. Godbey, G., 2009. Outdoor recreation health and wellness. Discussion paper. Resources for the future. Washington DC. 46 p.
    29.
  29. Ulrich, R.S., 1991. Effects of health facility interior design on wellness: Theory and recent scientific research. Journal of Health Care Design, Vol. 3, pp. 97-109.
    30.
  30. Ulrich, R.S., 1979. Visual landscapes and psychological wellbeing. Landscape Research, Vol. 4, No. 1. 
    31.
  31. Wohlwill, J. F., 1976. Environmental aesthetics: the environment as a source of affect. In Altman, I., Wohlwill, J. F., Eds., Human Behavior and Environment.New York: Plenum Vol. 1, pp. 37-86. Vol. 1, pp. 37-86.
    32.
  32. Cohen, S., 1978. Environmental load and the allocation of attention. In Baum, A., Singer, J. E., Valins, S., Eds., Advances in Environmental Psychology, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Vol. 1, pp. 17-23.
    33.
  33. Marketon, J.W., Glaser, R., 2008. Stress hormones and immune function. Cellular Immunology, Vol.  252, pp. 16–26.
    34.
  34. Alvarsson, J., Wiens, S., Nilsson, M., 2010. Stress recovery during exposure to nature sound and environmental noise. Journal of Environmental research, Vol. 7, pp. 1036-1046.
    35.
  35. Gullone, E., 2000. The biophilia hypothesis and life in the 21st century: increasing mental health or increasing pathology? Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol. 1, pp. 293–321.
    36.
  36. McMichael, T., 2001. Human frontiers, environments and disease. Past patterns, uncertain futures. UK University Press, the Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge. 413p.
    37.
  37. Ostir, G. V., Markides, K. S., Peek, M. K., Goodwin, J. S., 2001. The association between emotional well-being and the incidence of stroke in older adults. Psychosomatic Med, Vol. 63, pp. 210-215.
    38.
  38. Goodwin, J. S., 2000. Glass half full attitude promotes health in old age. J Amer Geriatrics Society, Vol, 48, pp. 473 – 478.
    39.
  39. Regional Public Health, 2010. Healthy open spaces. A summary of the impact of open spaces on health and wellbeing, Wellignton. 24 p.
    40.
  40. Bird, W., 2004. NATURAL FIT. Can Green Space and Biodiversity Increase Levels of Physical Activity? A report produced for the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. United Kingdom. 96p.
    41.
  41. Travlou, P., 2006. Edinburgh College of Art and Heriot-Watt University, for open spaces. In National Heart Forum (2007) Building Health: Creating and Enhancing Places for Healthy, Active Lives: Blueprint for Action. London: National Heart Forum.
    42.
  42. Morris, N. 2003. Health, well-being and open space. Literature review. Edinburgh College of Art and Heriot-Watt University. 40p.
    43.
  43. Bauman, A., Bull, F., 2007. Environmental correlates of physical activity and walking in adults and children: a review of reviews. In National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Public Health Guidance 8. London. 44 p.
    44.
  44. Coombs, E., Jones, A. P. Hillsdon, M., 2010. The relationship of physical activity and overweight to objectively measured green space accessibility and use. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 70, pp. 816–822.
    45.
  45. Ellaway et al 2005. In National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Promoting and creating built or natural environments that encourage and support physical activity. Public Health Guidance 8. London.
    46.
  46. Maller, C., Townsend, M., Ptyor, A., Brown, P., St.Leger, L., 2005. Healthy nature healthy people: contact with nature' as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations. Health Promotion International, Vol. Vol. 21, pp. 45-54.
    47.
  47. Kaplan, R., Kaplan, S., 1989. The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York. 341 p.
    48.
  48. Schroeder, H.W., 1989. Environment, behavior, and design research on urban forests, pp. 87-107. In E.H. Zube and G.T. Moore, eds. Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design. Plenum, New York
    49.
  49. Dwyer, J.F. McPherson, E.G., Schroeder, H.W., Rowntree, R.A., 1992. Assessing the benefits and costs of the urban forest. Journal of Arboriculture, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 227-234.
    50.
  50. Schroeder, H.W., Anderson, L.M., 1984. Perception of personal safety in urban recreation sites. J. Leis. Res. Vol. 16, pp. 178-194.
    51.
  51. Schroeder, H.W., 1991a. Preference and meaning of arboretum landscapes: Combining quantitative and qualitative data. J. Envir. Psych. Vol. 11, pp. 231-248.
    52.
  52. Chenoweth, R.E., Gobster, P.H., 1990. The nature and ecology of aesthetic experiences in the landscape. Landscape J, Vol, 9, pp. 1-18.
    53.
  53. Dwyer, J.F., Schroeder, H.W., Gobster. P.H., 1991. The significance of urban trees and forests: Toward a deeper understanding of values. J. Arboric. Vol. 17, pp. 276-284.
    54.
  54. Murray, C.J.L., Lopez, A.D., 1996. The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020:summary published by the Harvard School of Public Health on behalf of the World Health Organisation and the World Bank; Distributed by Harvard University Press.
    55.
  55. 55.  Ulrich, R. S., 1979. Visual landscapes and psychological well-being. Landscape Research, Vol. 4, pp. 17-23.
    56.
  56. Ulrich, R.S., 2011."The Value of Trees to a Community” Arbor Day Foundation. Web. 27 June.
    57.
  57. Kaplan R, 1990. Public places and spaces. Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 290-292.
    58.
  58. Bedimo-Rung A.L., Mowen, A.J., Cohen, D.A., 2005.  The significance of parks to physical activity and public health: A conceptual model. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 28 (2 supplement 2), 159-168. 
    59.
  59. Naderi, J.R., Kweon, B.S., Maghelal, P., 2008."The Street Effect and Driver Safety." ITE Journal on the Web.
    60.
  60. Dixon, K.K., Kathleen, L.W., 2007. "Benefits and Risks of Urban Roadside Landscape: Finding a Livable, Balanced Response." 3rd Urban Street Symposium, Seattle, Washington.
    61.
  61. 107 Boston complete Streets Quidlines: Boston Transportation DepartmentRoadways Draft- December 2011 III (2010).
    62.
  62. Nowak, D., Hoehn III, R., Crane, D., Weller, L., Davila, A., 2011. “Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values Los Angeles’ Urban Forest.” USDA Forest Service.
    63.
  63. Naderi, J.R., Kweon, B.S., 2008.  The Street Tree Effect and Driver Safety. ITE Journal on The web . pp. 69-73.
    64.
  64. Ulrich, R.S., Parsons, R., 1992. Influences of passive experiences with plants on individual well-being and health. In D. Relf (Ed.), the role of horticulture in human well-being and social development. Portland, OR: Timber Press, pp. 93-105.
    65.
  65. Nedučin, D., Krklješ, M., Kurtović-Folić. N., 2010. Hospital outdoor spaces - therapeutic benefits and design considerations. Facta Universitatis Series: Architecture and Civil Engineering Vol. 8, No. 3, , pp. 293 – 305, DOI: 10.2298/FUACE1003293N.
    66.
  66. Ulrich, R.S., 1999. Effects of gardens on health outcomes: Theory and research. In C. Cooper-Marcus & M. Barnes (Eds.), Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations. New York: John Wiley, pp. 27-86.
    67.
  67. Lindheim, R., Glaser, H.H., Coffin, C., 1972. Changing Hospital Environments for Children. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
    68.
  68. Said, I., 2003. GARDEN AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION IN HEALING PROCESS OF HOSPITALISED CHILDREN . Proceedings KUSTEM 2nd  Annual Seminar on Sustainability Science and Management, Environment Détente: Quo Vadis Ecological Economics and Sciences, 6-7 May 2003, Awana Kijal Golf and Country Resort, Kemaman, Terengganu.
    69.
  69. Cooper-Marcus, C., 2007. Healing Gardens in Hospitals. Design and Health, Vol. 1. Issue, 1.
    70.
  70. Ulrich, R.S., 2001. Effects of healthcare environmental design on medical outcomes. In A Dilani (Ed.) Design and Health: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Health and Design. Stockholm, Sweden: Svensk Byggtjanst, pp. 49-59.
    71.
  71. Cooper-Marcus, C., Barnes, M., 1995. Gardens in Healthcare Facilities: Uses, Therapeutic Benefits, and Design Recommendations. Martinez, CA: The Center for Health Design. Picker Institute and Center for Health Design (1999). Assessing the Built Environment from the Patient and Family Perspective: Health Care Design Action Kit. Walnut Creek, CA: The Center for Health Design, In: Http: www.healthdesign.org
    72.
  72. Ulrich, R.S., 1981. Natural versus urban scenes: Some psychophysiological effects. Environment and Behavior, Vol. 13, pp. 523-556.
    73.
  73. Ulrich, R.S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., Zelson, M., 1991. Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 11, pp. 201-230.
    74.
  74. Sadler, B., 2001. Design to Compete in Managed Healthcare. Facilities Design & Management (March).
    75.
  75. Pretty J, Griffin M, Sellens M. 2004. Is nature good for you? Ecos, Vol. 24, pp. 2 – 9.
    76.
  76. Cooper-Marcus, C., Barnes M., 1999. Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations. New York: John Wiley.
    77.
  77. Parsons R., Tassinary, L. G., Ulrich, R. S., Hebl, M. R., Alexander, M. G., 1998. The View from the
    78.
  78. Topp, H.H. 1990. Traffic Safety, Usability and Streetscape Effects of New Design Principles for Major Urban Roads, Transportation, Vol. 16, pp. 297-310.
    79.
  79. Yogendra, S., 1958. Hatha Yoga Simplified. The Yoga Institute, Santa Cruz, Bombay.
    80.
  80. Furnass, B., 1979, Health values. In: Messer, J. and Mosley, J. G. (eds) The Value of National Parks to the Community: Values and Ways of Improving the Contribution of Australian National Parks to the Community. University of Sydney, Australian Conservation Foundation, pp. 60–69.
    81.
  81. Van den Berg, A., Maas, J., Verheij, R., Groenewegen, P., 2010. Green space as a buffer between stressful life events and health. Social sience and Medicinic, Vol. 70, pp 1203-1210.
    82.
  82. Herzog, T., Chen, H. C., Primeau, J. S., 2002. Perception of the restorative potential of natural and other settings. Journal of Environmental Psychological, Vol. 22, pp. 295 – 306.
    83.
  83. Diette, G. B., Lechtzin, N., Haponil, E., Devrotes, A., Rubin, H. R., 2003. Distraction theory with nature sights and sounds reduces pain during flexible bronchoscopy. Chest, Vol. 123, pp. 941 – 948.
    84.
  84. Van den Berg, A., Hartig, T., Staats, H., 2007. Preference for nature in urbanized societies: stress, restoration, and the pursuit of sustainability. Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 63, pp. 79-69.
    85.
  85. Pretty, J., 2004. How nature contributes to mental and physical health. Spirituality and Health, Vol. 5, pp. 68 – 78.
    86.
  86. Peacock, J., Hine, R., Wills, G., Griffin, M., Pretty, J. 2005. The physical and mental health benefits of environmental improvements at two sites in London. Report for Environment Agency. Colchester, 50 p
    87.
  87. World Health Organization, 1946. Constitution of the World Health Organization. WHO, Geneva, Vol. 36, 1315-1323.
    88.

  1. Stigsdotter, U.K., Ekholm, O., Schipperijn, J., Toftager, M., Kamper-Jørgensen, F., Randrup, T.B., 2010. Health promoting outdoor environments e associations between green space, and health, health-related quality of life and stress based on a Danish national representative survey. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, Vol. 38, pp. 411-417.
    2.
  2. Marin, M.F., Lord, C., Andrews, J., Juster, R.P., Sindi, S., Arsenault-Lapierre, G., et al., 2011. Chronic stress, cognitive functioning and mental health. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Vol. 96, pp. 583-595.
    3.

De Vries, S., Van Dillen, S.M.E., Groenewegen, P.P., Spreeuwenberg, P., 2013. Streetscape greenery and health: Stress, social cohesion and physical activity as mediators. Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 94, pp. 26-

سند

Sanad is a platform for managing Azad University publications

الروابط

المراكز ذات الصلة

دعامة

الصفحات الرسمية

حقوق هذا الموقع الإلكتروني مملوكة لنظام SANAD Press Management. © 1442-1446

الصفحة الرئيسية| دخول| معلومات عنا| اتصل بنا|
[English] [فارسی] [en] [fa]