آنتی‌بیوتیک‌های دام و طیور، انتشار در محیط زیست و تاثیر آن بر سلامت خاک، گیاه و انسان
الموضوعات :مهسا محمدزاده 1 , فروزان قاسمیان رودسری 2 , اکبر حسنی 3 , عباسعلی زمانی 4
1 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان
2 - استادیار گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم دانشگاه زنجان
3 - استادیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان
4 - استادیار گروه علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان
الکلمات المفتاحية: کود حیوانی, مقاومت آنتی بیوتیکی, آنتی‌بیوتیک‌های دام و طیور, خاک کشاورزی,
ملخص المقالة :
زمینه و هدف: آنتی بیوتیک های حوزه دام و طیور به طور گسترده ای در ایران و سایر نقاط جهان برای مقابله با بیماری های دام و طیور و به دلیل افزایش تقاضا برای گوشت و لبنیات در جامعه مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند. بخش عمده ی این آنتی بیوتیک ها توسط ادرار و مدفوع دام و طیور دفع شده و این فضولات به عنوان کود دامی توسط کشاورزان در مزراع و باغات استفاده می شوند. این روند، نگرانی هایی را در مورد انتشار آنتی بیوتیک ها در محیط زیست ایجاد نموده است. افزایش غلظت این ترکیبات در محیط های کشاورزی ممکن است منجر به بروز باکتری ها و ژن های مقاوم به آنتی بیوتیک شود و در نهایت روی سلامت خاک، گیاه و انسان تاثیرگذار باشد. روش بررسی: در این مقاله به طور خلاصه مقدار مصرف آنتی بیوتیک در جهان و ایران، راه های انتشار آن در محیط زیست توسط کودهای دام و طیور، تاثیر آن بر جامعه میکروبی خاک، تجمع آنتی بیوتیک ها در اندام های خوراکی گیاهان و تاثیر آن بر سلامت جوامع انسانی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. همچنین تاثیر کمپوست نمودن کودهای دام و طیور قبل از ورود آن به مزراع و باغات به عنوان یک راهکار نسبتاً مناسب برای جلوگیری از ورود این ترکیبات به خاک نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. در نهایت شکاف های تحقیقاتی موجود و پیشنهاداتی جهت فهم دقیق تر این موضوع در کشور ایران بیان شده است. یافته ها: اغلب آنتی بیوتیک های دامی که به زمین های کشاورزی اضافه می شوند، توسط ریشه گیاهان قابل جذب هستند. این موضوع منجر به تجمع زیستی آنها در بافت های گیاهی و ایجاد سمیت برای گیاهان می شود. نوع تیمارهایی که قبل از ورود کود دامی به مزرعه انجام می شود، تعیین کننده غلظت نهایی آنتی بیوتیک وارد شده به محیط زیست می باشد. بحث و نتیجه گیری: شکاف های تحقیقاتی قابل توجهی در زمین انتشار آنتی بیوتیکها در محیط زیست وجود دارد. در کشور ایران باید غلظت انواع آنتی بیوتیک ها در کود دامی و طیور و همچنین سرنوشت آنها در خاک، گیاه و انسان مورد بررسی قرار گیرد.
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