اندازه گیری میزان فلزات سنگین در مردار سنگ و ارزیابی قابلیت فراهمی زیستی آنها برای بدن
الموضوعات :فرشته دست گشاده 1 , کیوان رحیمی 2
1 - رییس اداره امور آزمایشگاه ها، اداره کل حفاظت محیط زیست استان البرز. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - معاون نظارت و پایش، اداره کل حفاظت محیط زیست استان البرز
الکلمات المفتاحية: مردار سنگ, جذب پوستی, فراهمی زیستی, سرب,
ملخص المقالة :
زمینه و هدف: مردار سنگ (سنگ مرداب یا نقره سنگ)، به صورت پودر خاکستری رنگ در اغلب عطاری های سطح کشور موجود می باشد و جهت جلوگیری از بوی نامطبوع ناشی از تعریق بدن و همچنین ندرتاً به عنوان روشن کننده پوست استفاده می شود. هدف از این پژوهش ارزیابی میزان فلزات سنگین موجود در مردار سنگ و خطرات ناشی از آن می باشد. روش بررسی: در این تحقیق میزان 5 فلز سنگین در نمونه های جمع آوری شده از 8 عطاری واقع در شهرهای کرج و تهران اندازه گیری گردید. در این نمونه ها میزان کل فلزات سنگین موجود در مردار سنگ و میزان فلزات قابل استخراج در محلول عرق مصنوعی اندازه گیری شد. یافته ها: نتایج غلظت کل فلزات سنگین نشان می دهد میزان عناصر سرب، نیکل، کادمیم، کروم و نقره به ترتیب 127481±747946، ± 2026، 2/2 ± 91/4، 7/94 ± 541 و mg/kg 8/61 ± 100 می باشد. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده مقادیر سرب و کادمیم در مردار سنگ بالاتر از مقادیر حد مجاز تعیین شده برای محصولات آرایشی می باشد که توسط وزارت بهداشت کانادا تعیین شده است. نتایج فلزات قابل استخراج با عرق مصنوعی نیز نشان می دهد فراهمی زیستی سرب در مردارسنگ بسیار بالا می باشد. بحث و نتیجه گیری: افرادی که از مردار سنگ استفاده می نمایند برای مدت طولانی در معرض تماس پوستی با سرب قرار می گیرند. بنابراین توصیه می گردد از استفاده از مردار سنگ و قرار گیری آن در دسترس عموم مردم جلوگیری گردد.
المصادر:
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Gupta, VK., Ali, I., 2000. Utilisation of baggase fly ash (a sugar industry waste) for the removal of copper and zinc from wastewater. Separation and purification Technology, Vol.18, pp.131-40.
Nriagu, JO., 1988. A silent epidemic of environmental metal poisoning. Environmental Pollution, Vol.50, pp.139-61.
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Kosnett, MJ., Wedeen, RP., Rothenberg, SJ., Hipkins, KL., Materna, BL., Schwartz, BS., Hu, H., Woolf, A., 2007. Recommendations for medical management of adult lead exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol.115, pp.463-71.
Satarug, S., Moore, MR., 2004. Adverse health effects of chronic exposure to low-level cadmium in foodstuffs and cigarette smoke. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol.112, pp.1099-103.
Keil, DE., Berger-Ritchie, J., McMillin, GA., 2011. Testing for Toxic Elements: A Focus on Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury. Laboratory Medicine,Vol.42, pp.735-42.
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Kumar, D., Gangwar, SP.,2012. Role of antioxidants in detoxification of Cr(VI) toxicity in laboratory rats. J Environ Sci Eng.,Vol.54, pp.441–446
Baranowska-Dutkiewicz, B.,1981. Absorption of hexavalent chromium by skin in man, Archives of Toxicology,Vol.47,pp.47-50.
Cervantes, C., Campos-Garciıa, J., Devars, S., Gutierrez-Corona, F., Loza-Tavera, H., Torres Guzman, JC., Moreno-Sanchez, R.,2001. Interactions of chromium with microorganisms and plants. FEMS Rev., Microbiol 25, pp.335–347.
Ackerley, DF., Barak, Y., Lynch, SV., Curtin, J., Matin, A.,2006. Effect of chromate stress on Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol, Vol.188, pp.3371–3381
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry),2000. Toxicological Profile. US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; Chromium (TP-7) pp. 461.
Basketter, DA., Briatico-Vangosa, G., Kaestner, W., Lally, C., Bontinck, WJ., 1993. Nickel, cobalt and chromiummconsumer products: a role in allergic contact dermatitis, Contact Dermatitis, Vol.28, pp.15-25.
WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2000. Air Quality Guidelines - Second Edition.
Peter, AL., Viraraghavan, T., 2005. Thallium: a review of public health and environmental concerns, Environment International, Vol.31, pp.493-501.
Stefaniak, AB., Duling, MG., Geer, L., Virji, MA., 2014, Dissolution of the metal sensitizers Ni, Be, Cr in artificial sweat to improve estimates of dermal bioaccessibility. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, Vol.16, pp.341-51.
S. EPA, 1998. Revision 1, Feb. 2007, Method 3051A: Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of SEDIMENTS, SLUDGES, SOILS, AND OILS
EN1811, 2011. Reference test method for release of nickel from all post assemblies which are inserted into pierced parts of the human body and articles intended to come into direct and prolonged contact with the skin.
Lazic, V., Saponjic, Z., Vodnik, V., Dimitrijevic, S., Jovancic, P., Nedeljkovic, J., Radetic, MA., 2012. study of the antibacterial activity and stability of dyed cotton fabrics modified with different forms of silver, Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, Vol.77, pp.225-34.
Van Reeuwij, LP. 2002. procedures for soil analysis, The Netherlands: ISRIC.
FDA, 2007. Summary of color additives listed for use in the United States in foods, drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices: Color additives approved for use in cosmetics, Part 73, subpart C: Color additives exempt from batch certification.
HC-SC, 2012. Guidance on Heavy Metal Impurities in Cosmetics, Health Canada
Sartorelli, P., Montomoli, L., Sisinni, AG., 2012. Percutaneous penetration of metals and their effects on skin, Prevention and Research, Vol. 2, pp.158-64.
Lilly, SG., Florence, TM., Stauber, JL., 1988. The use of sweat to monitor lead absorption through the skin, The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 76, pp.267-78.
Stauber, JL., Florence, TM., Gullson, BL., Dale, LS., 1994. Percutaneous absorption of inorganic lead compounds. The Science of the Total Environment. Vol.145, pp.55-70.
Moore, MR., Meredith, PA., Watson, WS., Sumner, DJ., Taylor, MK., Goldberg, ,1980. The percutaneous absorption of lead-203 in humans from cosmetic preparations containing lead acetate, as assessed by whole-body counting and other techniques, Food and cosmetics toxicology, Vol.18, pp.399-405.
Sun, CC., Wong, TT., Hwang, YH., Chao, KY., Jee, SH., Wang, JD., 2002. Percutaneous absorption of inorganic lead compounds. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vol. 63, pp. 641-46.
Filon, FL., Boeniger, M., Maina, G., Adami, G., Spinelli, P., Damian, A., 2006. Skin Absorption of Inorganic Lead (PbO) and the Effect of Skin Cleansers, Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Vol.48, pp.692-9.
Filon, FL., D’Agostin, F., Crosera, M., et al. 2008. In vitro percutaneous absorption of chromium powder and the effect of skin cleanser. Toxicol. In Vitro.,Vol.22,pp. 1562-1567.
Fakri, S., 2006.Antiperspirant use as a risk factor for breast cancer in Iraq. East Mediterr.Health J.Vol.12, pp.478-482.
Mirick, D.K., Davis, S., Thomas, D.B., 2002.Antiperspirant use and the risk of breast cancer.Vol.94, pp.1578–1580.
Linhart, C., Talasz, H., Morandi, EM., Exley, C., Lindner, HH., Taucher, S., Egle, D., Hubalek,M., Concin, N., Ulmer, H., 2017. Use of Underarm Cosmetic roducts in Relation to Risk of Breast Cancer:ACase-ControlStudy, EBioMedicine,Vol.21, pp.79-85.
Leung, AOW., Duzgoren-Aydin, NS., Cheung, KC., Wong, MH., 2008. Heavy Metal Concentrations of surface dust from e-waste recycling and its human health implications in southeast China, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 42, pp. 2674-80.
Gupta, VK., Ali, I., 2000. Utilisation of baggase fly ash (a sugar industry waste) for the removal of copper and zinc from wastewater. Separation and purification Technology, Vol.18, pp.131-40.
Nriagu, JO., 1988. A silent epidemic of environmental metal poisoning. Environmental Pollution, Vol.50, pp.139-61.
Adepoju-Bello, AA., Alabi, OM., 2005. Heavy metals. Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy, Vol.37, pp. 41-5.
Hifsa, M., Naeem, I., Taskeen, A., Zeb, S., 2009. Investigation of heavy metal in commercial spices brands, New York Science Journal, Vol.2, pp.20-6.
Shad, AK., Lajbar, K., Iqbal, H., Khan, BM., Naveed, A., 2008. Profile of heavy metals in selected medicinal plants, Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, Vol.14, pp.101-10.
Liden, C., Skare, L., Lind, B., Nise, G., Vahter, M., 2006. Assessment of skin exposure to nickel, chromium and cobalt by acid wipe sampling and ICP-MS, Contact Dermatitis. Vol. 54, pp. 233-38.
The Ohio State University, Office of Environmental Health & Safety Chemical Hygiene Plan, Revision 2001, Carcinogens Table: OSHA, IARC, NTP, ACGIH, https://publicsafety.tufts.edu/ehs/files/carcinogens.pdf
Wigle, DT. 2003. Child Health and the Environment, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
A., Buijst. H., Oers, L., Van der voet, E., 2001. Risks to Health and the Environment Related to the Use of Lead in Products, TNO, Contract No.: STB-01-39.
Barbosa, FJr., Tanus-Santos, JE., Gerlach, RF., Parsons, PJ., 2005. A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to lead: Advantages, limitations, and future needs, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 113, pp.1669-74.
Kosnett, MJ., Wedeen, RP., Rothenberg, SJ., Hipkins, KL., Materna, BL., Schwartz, BS., Hu, H., Woolf, A., 2007. Recommendations for medical management of adult lead exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol.115, pp.463-71.
Satarug, S., Moore, MR., 2004. Adverse health effects of chronic exposure to low-level cadmium in foodstuffs and cigarette smoke. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol.112, pp.1099-103.
Keil, DE., Berger-Ritchie, J., McMillin, GA., 2011. Testing for Toxic Elements: A Focus on Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury. Laboratory Medicine,Vol.42, pp.735-42.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2010. Toxicological Profile for Cadmium, U.S.Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, see information in: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp5.pdf.
Kumar, D., Gangwar, SP.,2012. Role of antioxidants in detoxification of Cr(VI) toxicity in laboratory rats. J Environ Sci Eng.,Vol.54, pp.441–446
Baranowska-Dutkiewicz, B.,1981. Absorption of hexavalent chromium by skin in man, Archives of Toxicology,Vol.47,pp.47-50.
Cervantes, C., Campos-Garciıa, J., Devars, S., Gutierrez-Corona, F., Loza-Tavera, H., Torres Guzman, JC., Moreno-Sanchez, R.,2001. Interactions of chromium with microorganisms and plants. FEMS Rev., Microbiol 25, pp.335–347.
Ackerley, DF., Barak, Y., Lynch, SV., Curtin, J., Matin, A.,2006. Effect of chromate stress on Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol, Vol.188, pp.3371–3381
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry),2000. Toxicological Profile. US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; Chromium (TP-7) pp. 461.
Basketter, DA., Briatico-Vangosa, G., Kaestner, W., Lally, C., Bontinck, WJ., 1993. Nickel, cobalt and chromiummconsumer products: a role in allergic contact dermatitis, Contact Dermatitis, Vol.28, pp.15-25.
WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2000. Air Quality Guidelines - Second Edition.
Peter, AL., Viraraghavan, T., 2005. Thallium: a review of public health and environmental concerns, Environment International, Vol.31, pp.493-501.
Stefaniak, AB., Duling, MG., Geer, L., Virji, MA., 2014, Dissolution of the metal sensitizers Ni, Be, Cr in artificial sweat to improve estimates of dermal bioaccessibility. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, Vol.16, pp.341-51.
S. EPA, 1998. Revision 1, Feb. 2007, Method 3051A: Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of SEDIMENTS, SLUDGES, SOILS, AND OILS
EN1811, 2011. Reference test method for release of nickel from all post assemblies which are inserted into pierced parts of the human body and articles intended to come into direct and prolonged contact with the skin.
Lazic, V., Saponjic, Z., Vodnik, V., Dimitrijevic, S., Jovancic, P., Nedeljkovic, J., Radetic, MA., 2012. study of the antibacterial activity and stability of dyed cotton fabrics modified with different forms of silver, Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, Vol.77, pp.225-34.
Van Reeuwij, LP. 2002. procedures for soil analysis, The Netherlands: ISRIC.
FDA, 2007. Summary of color additives listed for use in the United States in foods, drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices: Color additives approved for use in cosmetics, Part 73, subpart C: Color additives exempt from batch certification.
HC-SC, 2012. Guidance on Heavy Metal Impurities in Cosmetics, Health Canada
Sartorelli, P., Montomoli, L., Sisinni, AG., 2012. Percutaneous penetration of metals and their effects on skin, Prevention and Research, Vol. 2, pp.158-64.
Lilly, SG., Florence, TM., Stauber, JL., 1988. The use of sweat to monitor lead absorption through the skin, The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 76, pp.267-78.
Stauber, JL., Florence, TM., Gullson, BL., Dale, LS., 1994. Percutaneous absorption of inorganic lead compounds. The Science of the Total Environment. Vol.145, pp.55-70.
Moore, MR., Meredith, PA., Watson, WS., Sumner, DJ., Taylor, MK., Goldberg, ,1980. The percutaneous absorption of lead-203 in humans from cosmetic preparations containing lead acetate, as assessed by whole-body counting and other techniques, Food and cosmetics toxicology, Vol.18, pp.399-405.
Sun, CC., Wong, TT., Hwang, YH., Chao, KY., Jee, SH., Wang, JD., 2002. Percutaneous absorption of inorganic lead compounds. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vol. 63, pp. 641-46.
Filon, FL., Boeniger, M., Maina, G., Adami, G., Spinelli, P., Damian, A., 2006. Skin Absorption of Inorganic Lead (PbO) and the Effect of Skin Cleansers, Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Vol.48, pp.692-9.
Filon, FL., D’Agostin, F., Crosera, M., et al. 2008. In vitro percutaneous absorption of chromium powder and the effect of skin cleanser. Toxicol. In Vitro.,Vol.22,pp. 1562-1567.
Fakri, S., 2006.Antiperspirant use as a risk factor for breast cancer in Iraq. East Mediterr.Health J.Vol.12, pp.478-482.
Mirick, D.K., Davis, S., Thomas, D.B., 2002.Antiperspirant use and the risk of breast cancer.Vol.94, pp.1578–1580.
Linhart, C., Talasz, H., Morandi, EM., Exley, C., Lindner, HH., Taucher, S., Egle, D., Hubalek,M., Concin, N., Ulmer, H., 2017. Use of Underarm Cosmetic roducts in Relation to Risk of Breast Cancer:ACase-ControlStudy, EBioMedicine,Vol.21, pp.79-85.
18. Corbett, GE., Finley, BL., Paustenbach, DJ., Kerger, BD.,1997. Systemic uptake of chromium in human volunteers following dermal contact with hexavalent chromium (22 mg/L), J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol., Vol. 7, pp.179-89.
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18. Corbett, GE., Finley, BL., Paustenbach, DJ., Kerger, BD.,1997. Systemic uptake of chromium in human volunteers following dermal contact with hexavalent chromium (22 mg/L), J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol., Vol. 7, pp.179-89.
