مروری بر کاربردهای کیتین و کیتوزان در صنایع مختلف
الموضوعات :
1 - دانشجوی دکتری بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی، گروه زیستشناسی سلولی و مولکولی، دانشکده علوم و فناوری زیستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
2 - دانشیار گروه زیستشناسی سلولی و مولکولی، گروه زیستشناسی سلولی و مولکولی، دانشکده علوم و فناوری زیستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
الکلمات المفتاحية: پزشکی, تولید, کیتین, صنعت, زیست فناوری,
ملخص المقالة :
زمینه و هدف: کیتین در اسکلت خارجی حشرات، پوسته سخت پوستان و دیواره سلولی قارچ ها یافت می شود. کیتین با فرمول بتا 1 و 4 -N استیل -D گلوکز آمین، اولین بار در سال 1884 شناسایی شد. کشورهایی مانند هندوستان، ژاپن، لهستان و استرالیا از جمله تولیدکنندگان اصلی این بیوپلیمر به حساب می آیند. روش بررسی: در این پژوهش به مطالعه ساختار و اهمیت کیتین و یکی از مشتقات ارزشمند آن، کیتوزان پرداخته شده است. کیتین ماده ای سخت با ساختار کریستالی و سفید رنگ است. منبع اصلی تولید صنعتی کیتین در دنیا، ضایعات پوسته حاصل از صنایع فرآوری میگو و خرچنگ است. کیتوزان از مشتقات کیتین است که با فرآیند دی استیلاسیون کیتین به دست می آید. در واقع، کیتوزان پلیمر ترکیبی گلوکز آمین و N- استیل گلوکز آمین است که به وسیله پیوندهای 1و 4 گلیکوزیدی به هم متصل شده اند. به دلیل وجود گروه های آمینی در ساختمان کیتوزان، این ماده در محیط های اسیدی از حلالیت بهتری برخوردار است. یافته ها: به دلیل خواص منحصر به فرد کیتین و کیتوزان، کاربرد آن در صنایع مختلف از جمله مهندسی آب، صنعت کاغذ، صنعت نساجی، پردازش غذا، کشاورزی، آزمایشگاهی (کروماتوگرافی)، باتری های حالت جامد، ژل کیتوزان برای LED، در زمینه پزشکی و زیستی از جمله مهندسی بافت، بهبود زخم/پانسمان زخم، چشم پزشکی گزارش شده است. بحث و نتیجه گیری: به طور کلی کیتین و کیتوزان در کلیه زمینه های اشاره شده کاربرد دارد. استفاده از این ترکیبات سالم و دوستدار محیط زیست خصوصا در حوزه ی پزشکی و سایر صنایع بسیار مقرون به صرفه و سودآور می باشد.
- Dutta, PK., Dutta, J., Tripathi V., 2004. Chitin and chitosan: chemistry, properties and applications. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 63, 20-31.
- Dutta, PK., Ravikumar, MN., Dutta, J., 2002. Chitin and chitosan for versatile applications. JMS Polym Rev, 42, 307.
- Hudson, SM., Smith, C., 1998. Polysaccharide: chitin and chitosan: chemistry and technology of their use as structural materials. Biopolymers from renewable resources, 96, 118.
- Kim, SJ., Kim, SS., Lee, YM., Synthesis of chitosan derivatives with quaternary ammonium salt and their antibacterial activity. Polymer Bulletin, 38, 387.
- Kurita, K., Tomita, K., Ishii, S., Nishimura, S., Shimoda, K., chitin as a convenient starting material for acetolysis for efficient preparation of N-acetylchitin to oligosaccharides. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 31, 23-39.
- Dutta, PK., Vishwanathan, P., Mimrot, L., Ravikumar, MNV., 1997. Use of chitosan-amine oxide gel as drug carriers. Journal of Polymer Materials, 14, 531.
- Ravi Kumar Majeti, NV., A review of chitin and chitosan applications. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 46 (1), 1-27.
- Wang, H., Li, W., Lu, Y., Wang, Z., Zhong, W., 1996. Studies on chitosan and poly (acrylic acid) interpolymer complex. II.solution behaviors of the mixture of water-soluble chitosan and poly (acrylic acid). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 61, 2221-2224.
- Le, Y., Anand, SC., Horrocks, AR., 1997. Recent development in fibres and materials for wound management, Indian Journal of fibre & textile Research, 22, 337.
- Jeon, C., Holl, WH., 2003. Chemical modification of chitosan and equilibrium study for mercury ion removal. Water Research, 37, 4770
- Lim, S., Hudson, SM., 2003. Review of chitosan and its derivatives as antimicrobial agents and their uses as textile chemicals. JMS Polym Rev, 43.
- Yilmaz, E., 2004. Chitosan: A versatile biomaterial. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 553, 59–68.
- No, HK., Park, NY., Lee, SH., Meyers, S., 2002. Antibacterial activity of chitosan and chitosan oligomers with different molecular weights. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 74, 65–72.
- Rabea, EI., Badawy, MET., Stevens, CV., Smagghe, G., Steurbaut, V., 2003. Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: Applications and mode of action. Biomacromolec, 6, 1457–1465.
- Tokoro, A., Tatewaki, N., Suzuki, K., Mikami, T., Suzuki, S., Suzuki, M., 1988. Growth-inhibitory effect of hexa-N-acetylchitohexaose and chitohexaose against Meth-A solid tumor. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 36, 784–790.
- Sugano, M., Yoshida, K., Hashimoto, M., Enomoto, K., Hirano, S., 1992. Hypocholesterolemic activity of partially hydrolyzed chitosans in rats. In C. J. Brine, P. A. Sandford, & J. P. Zikakis (Eds.), Advnces in chitin and chitosan. Proceedings from the fifth international conference on chitin and chitosan, London: Elsevier, 472–478.
- Fujimoto, T., Tsuchiya, Y., Terao, M., Nakamura, K., Yamamoto, M., 2006. Antibacterial effects of chitosan solution against Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 112 (2), 96–101.
- Hayashi, Y., Ohara, N., Ganno, T., Ishizaki, H., Yanagiguchi, K., 2007. Chitosan- containing gum chewing accelerates antibacterial effect with an increase in salivary secretion. Journal Dentist, 35(11), 871–874.
- Li, B., Wang, X., Chen, R., Huangfu, V., Xie, G., 2008. Antibacterial activity of chitosan solution against Xanthomonas pathogenic bacteria isolated from Euphorbia pulcherrima. Carbohydrate Polymers, 72(2), 287–292.
- Liu, N., Chen, XG., Park, HJ., Liu, CG., Liu, CS., Meng, XH., 2006. Effect of MW and concentration of chitosan on antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli. Carbohydrate Polymers, 64(1), 60–65.
- Xu, J., Zhao, X., Han, X., Du, Y., 2007. Antifungal activity of oligo-chitosan against Phytophthora capsici and other plant patho-genic fungi in vitro. Pesticide Biochemistry Physiology, 87(3), 220–228.
- Nadafi, K., Tayefeh Rafi, M., Gholampour, A., 2005. Application of chitosan in water and wastewater treatment. The 8th National Environmental Health Conference. (In Persian)
- Bhavani, KD., Dutta, PK., 2000. Physico-chemical adsorption properties on chitosan for dye house effluent. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 7, 198.
- Sridhari, TR., Dutta, PK., 2000. Synthesis and characterization of maleilated chitosan for dye house effluent, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 7, 198.
- Roller, S., Covil, N., 2000. The antimicrobial properties of chitosan in mayonnaise and mayonnaise- based shrimp salads. Journal of Food Protection, 63(2), 202-209.
- Benjakoul, SW., Viessanguan, M., Tanaka, S., Ishizaki, R., Suthdham, & O Sugpech. 2000. Effect of chitin and chitosan on gelling properties of surimi from barred garfish (Hemiraphus far). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81(1), 102-108.
- Song, Y., Babiker, E., Yusai, M., Kato, A., 2002. Emulsifying properties and bactericidal action of chitosan- lysozyme conjugates. Food Research International, 35, 459-466.
- Rhee, J., Jung, M., Paeng, K., 1998. Evaluation of chitin and chitosan as a sorbent for the preconcentration of phenol and chlorophenols in water. Anaytical Sciences, 14, 1089-1092.
Lin, WC., Liu, TY., Yang, MC., 2003. Hemocompatibility of Polyacrylonitrile dialysis membrane immobilized with chitosa
_||_- Dutta, PK., Dutta, J., Tripathi V., 2004. Chitin and chitosan: chemistry, properties and applications. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 63, 20-31.
- Dutta, PK., Ravikumar, MN., Dutta, J., 2002. Chitin and chitosan for versatile applications. JMS Polym Rev, 42, 307.
- Hudson, SM., Smith, C., 1998. Polysaccharide: chitin and chitosan: chemistry and technology of their use as structural materials. Biopolymers from renewable resources, 96, 118.
- Kim, SJ., Kim, SS., Lee, YM., Synthesis of chitosan derivatives with quaternary ammonium salt and their antibacterial activity. Polymer Bulletin, 38, 387.
- Kurita, K., Tomita, K., Ishii, S., Nishimura, S., Shimoda, K., chitin as a convenient starting material for acetolysis for efficient preparation of N-acetylchitin to oligosaccharides. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 31, 23-39.
- Dutta, PK., Vishwanathan, P., Mimrot, L., Ravikumar, MNV., 1997. Use of chitosan-amine oxide gel as drug carriers. Journal of Polymer Materials, 14, 531.
- Ravi Kumar Majeti, NV., A review of chitin and chitosan applications. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 46 (1), 1-27.
- Wang, H., Li, W., Lu, Y., Wang, Z., Zhong, W., 1996. Studies on chitosan and poly (acrylic acid) interpolymer complex. II.solution behaviors of the mixture of water-soluble chitosan and poly (acrylic acid). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 61, 2221-2224.
- Le, Y., Anand, SC., Horrocks, AR., 1997. Recent development in fibres and materials for wound management, Indian Journal of fibre & textile Research, 22, 337.
- Jeon, C., Holl, WH., 2003. Chemical modification of chitosan and equilibrium study for mercury ion removal. Water Research, 37, 4770
- Lim, S., Hudson, SM., 2003. Review of chitosan and its derivatives as antimicrobial agents and their uses as textile chemicals. JMS Polym Rev, 43.
- Yilmaz, E., 2004. Chitosan: A versatile biomaterial. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 553, 59–68.
- No, HK., Park, NY., Lee, SH., Meyers, S., 2002. Antibacterial activity of chitosan and chitosan oligomers with different molecular weights. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 74, 65–72.
- Rabea, EI., Badawy, MET., Stevens, CV., Smagghe, G., Steurbaut, V., 2003. Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: Applications and mode of action. Biomacromolec, 6, 1457–1465.
- Tokoro, A., Tatewaki, N., Suzuki, K., Mikami, T., Suzuki, S., Suzuki, M., 1988. Growth-inhibitory effect of hexa-N-acetylchitohexaose and chitohexaose against Meth-A solid tumor. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 36, 784–790.
- Sugano, M., Yoshida, K., Hashimoto, M., Enomoto, K., Hirano, S., 1992. Hypocholesterolemic activity of partially hydrolyzed chitosans in rats. In C. J. Brine, P. A. Sandford, & J. P. Zikakis (Eds.), Advnces in chitin and chitosan. Proceedings from the fifth international conference on chitin and chitosan, London: Elsevier, 472–478.
- Fujimoto, T., Tsuchiya, Y., Terao, M., Nakamura, K., Yamamoto, M., 2006. Antibacterial effects of chitosan solution against Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 112 (2), 96–101.
- Hayashi, Y., Ohara, N., Ganno, T., Ishizaki, H., Yanagiguchi, K., 2007. Chitosan- containing gum chewing accelerates antibacterial effect with an increase in salivary secretion. Journal Dentist, 35(11), 871–874.
- Li, B., Wang, X., Chen, R., Huangfu, V., Xie, G., 2008. Antibacterial activity of chitosan solution against Xanthomonas pathogenic bacteria isolated from Euphorbia pulcherrima. Carbohydrate Polymers, 72(2), 287–292.
- Liu, N., Chen, XG., Park, HJ., Liu, CG., Liu, CS., Meng, XH., 2006. Effect of MW and concentration of chitosan on antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli. Carbohydrate Polymers, 64(1), 60–65.
- Xu, J., Zhao, X., Han, X., Du, Y., 2007. Antifungal activity of oligo-chitosan against Phytophthora capsici and other plant patho-genic fungi in vitro. Pesticide Biochemistry Physiology, 87(3), 220–228.
- Nadafi, K., Tayefeh Rafi, M., Gholampour, A., 2005. Application of chitosan in water and wastewater treatment. The 8th National Environmental Health Conference. (In Persian)
- Bhavani, KD., Dutta, PK., 2000. Physico-chemical adsorption properties on chitosan for dye house effluent. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 7, 198.
- Sridhari, TR., Dutta, PK., 2000. Synthesis and characterization of maleilated chitosan for dye house effluent, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 7, 198.
- Roller, S., Covil, N., 2000. The antimicrobial properties of chitosan in mayonnaise and mayonnaise- based shrimp salads. Journal of Food Protection, 63(2), 202-209.
- Benjakoul, SW., Viessanguan, M., Tanaka, S., Ishizaki, R., Suthdham, & O Sugpech. 2000. Effect of chitin and chitosan on gelling properties of surimi from barred garfish (Hemiraphus far). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81(1), 102-108.
- Song, Y., Babiker, E., Yusai, M., Kato, A., 2002. Emulsifying properties and bactericidal action of chitosan- lysozyme conjugates. Food Research International, 35, 459-466.
- Rhee, J., Jung, M., Paeng, K., 1998. Evaluation of chitin and chitosan as a sorbent for the preconcentration of phenol and chlorophenols in water. Anaytical Sciences, 14, 1089-1092.
Lin, WC., Liu, TY., Yang, MC., 2003. Hemocompatibility of Polyacrylonitrile dialysis membrane immobilized with chitosa