شارک

عنوان URL للمقالة


رقم المقالة : JEST-1808-4399 (R4) زيارة : 112 الصفحة: 249 - 260

10.22034/jest.2021.38286.4399

نوع المخطوط: ابحاث

تحلیل ملاحظات و چالش‌های حقوقی مدیریت بازیافت پساب

الموضوعات :

حسین شاکری 1 ( کاندیدای دکتری مهندسی محیط زیست- مهندسی آب و فاضلاب، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، آب و محیط زیست، دانشگاه شهید‌ بهشتی، تهران، ایران )
مصطفی تیزقدم غازانی 2 ( استادیار گروه مهندسی آب و فاضلاب، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، آب و محیط زیست، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. )
زهرا شاکری 3 ( استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. *(مسئول مکاتبات) )

تاريخ الإرسال : 29 السبت , ذو القعدة, 1439 تاريخ التأكيد : 29 الأربعاء , جمادى الثانية, 1440 تاريخ الإصدار : 05 الثلاثاء , صفر, 1442

الکلمات المفتاحية: ملاحظات فقهی و حقوقی, حقوق محیط زیست, بازیافت پساب,

ملخص المقالة :

بازیافت پساب یکی از ابزارهای مهم در زمینه مدیریت منابع آب و حفظ محیط زیست تلقی می‌شود که نیاز به استفاده از آن با عنایت به افزایش جمعیت، روز به روز بیشتر برجسته می‌شود. این امر‌ از جنبه‌های مختلفی قابل بررسی است و علاوه بر جنبه‌های بهداشتی و فنی از ابعاد حقوقی متنوعی نیز برخوردار است که اثرات مستقیم و غیرمستقیم بر مدیریت پساب‌ها گذاشته و موجب پیچیدگی در ارائـه الگـوی استفاده از این منابع تجدیدپذیر ‌می‌شوند. مسئله اصلی آن است که بازیافت پساب که ممکن است مخاطراتی را برای سلامت عمومی و محیط زیست به همراه داشته باشد، برچه اصول حقوقی مبتنی است؟ و در صورتی که بازیافت به ایجاد خسارت به مردم و محیط زیست بینجامد مسئولیت مدنی مربوطه چگونه و بر چه اساسی تبیین می‌شود؟ آیا این مسئولیت مبتنی بر تقصیر است؟ یا باید از نظام‌های مدرن مسئولیت محض یا مطلق در این زمینه بهره برد؟ پژوهش حاضر با روش تحلیلیتوصیفی و مبتنی بر فرایند کتابخانه‌ای تلاش می‌کند به بررسی برخی از مهم‌ترین ملاحظات فقهی و حقوقی ناشی از بازیافت پساب بپردازد و سرانجام نتیجه‌گیری می‌کند که بازیافت باید با رعایت اصل احتیاط و لاضرر صورت پذیرد. اما اگر به خسارات منجر شد نظام مبتنی بر تقصیر به جهت دشواری‌های که در مراحل اثبات دارد، نمی‌تواند خسارات زیان‌دیده را جبران نماید. لذا استفاده از نظام مسئولیت محض/ مطلق و نیز ترویج بیمه‌های تخصصی در این خصوص پیشنهاد می‌شود.

المصادر:


  1. Fawell J, Fewtrell L, Hydes O, Wyn-Jones P, Watkins J. 2004. Framework for Developing Water Reuse Criteria with Reference to Drinking Water Supplies. UK Water Industry Research  Limited.
    2.
  2. Vice Presidency for Strategic Planning and Supervision of Islamic Republic of Iran. 2010. Environmental Criteria of Treated Waste Water and Return Flow Reuse. Office of Deputy for Strategic Supervision, Ministry of Energy of Islamic Republic of Iran. (In Persian)
    3.
  3. Ganoulis J. 2005. Integrated Risk Analysis for Sustainable Water Resources Management.  Comparative Risk Assessment and Environmental Decision Making, Springer, pp. 275-86.
    4.
  4. Meneses M, Pasqualino JC, Castells F. 2010. Environmental assessment of urban wastewater reuse: treatment alternatives and applications. Chemosphere, Vol. 81(2), pp. 266-72.
    5.
  5. Drechsel P, Mahjoub O, Keraita B. 2015. Social and Cultural Dimensions in Wastewater Use. Wastewater, Springer, pp. 75-92.
    6.
  6. Yi L, Jiao W, Chen X, Chen W. 2011. An overview of reclaimed water reuse in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences. Vol. 23(10), pp. 1585-93.
    7.
  7. Haase PH, Zhao J, Wang S, Godavitarne C. 2011. Guide for Wastewater Management in Rural Villages in Chin .
    8.
  8. Peasey A, Blumenthal U, Mara D, Ruiz-Palacios G. 2000. A review of policy and standards for wastewater reuse in agriculture: a Latin American perspective. WELL study, Task, pp 68.
    9.
  9. Khamenei A. 2018. Judgment (Fatwa): The Official Website of Ayatollah Khamenei. Available from: www.farsi.khamenei.ir/treatise-content?id=11&tid=-1. (In Persian)
    10.
  10. Makarem Shirazi N. 2018. Judgment (Fatwa): The Official Website of Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi. Available from: www.makarem.ir/main.aspx?typeinfo=21&lid=0&catid=0&mid=25502. (In Persian)
    11.
  11. Hashemi Shahroudi M. 2018. Judgment (Fatwa): The Official Website of Ayatollah Hashemi Shahroudi. Available from: www.hashemishahroudi.org/fa/questions/6. (In Persian)
    12.
  12. Islamic Parliament Research Center of The Islamic Republic of IRAN. 2016. The Law on the Development and Optimization of Urban and Rural Drinking Water in the Country: The Official Website of Islamic Parliament Research Center of The Islamic Republic of IRAN. Available from: http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/961875. (In Persian)
    13.
  13. Ramazani Ghavam Abadi MH. 2013. A Comparative Study of “Precautionary Principle” in Opinions and Decisions of Internationals Tribunals. Public Law Researsh. Vol. 15(40), pp. 141-64. (In Persian)
    14.
  14. Mousavi SF. 2013. International Environmental Law. second ed. Tehran: Mizan publishing, pp. 374. (In Persian)
    15.
  15. Mohammadzadeh A. 2015. The precautionary principle in agri-food law and environmental law. Law Quarterly. Vol. 45(3), pp. 471-86. (In Persian)
    16.
  16. Paserh F, Borghei SM, Hosseini SN, Javid A. 2017. Effective removal of phosphorus from sewage using a modified biological method. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 19(4), pp. 1-13. (In Persian)
    17.
  17. Molaei A. 2009. Foundations and principles of sustainable environmental development in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.  Environmental Law Collection, Theories and Procedures. First ed. Tehran: Law Office and Parliamentary Assembly of the Environmental Protection Agency, pp. 410. (In Persian)
    18.
  18. Mousavi SF, Hosseini SH, Mousavi far SH. 2015. Principles of International Environmental Law in Light of International Case Law. Public Law Researsh. Vol. 17(48), pp. 9-25. (In Persian)
    19.
  19. Fahimi A, Arabzadeh A. 2012. Jurisprudential Basics The law of Environment. Scientific Journal Management System. Vol. 13(35), pp. 189-206. (In Persian)
    20.
  20. Najafi MH. 2004. Javaher Alkalam fe Sharh Share’e Islam. Tehran: Dare Elektb al-Islamiyya Publication. Vol. 27, pp. 46-47. (In Persian)
    21.
  21. Katouzian N. 2008. Out-of-contract requirements, Civil liability, General rules. Eighth ed. Tehran: Tehran University Press. Vol. 1,  pp. 146-147. (In Persian)
    22.
  22. Bahrami Ahmadi H, Fahimi A. 2012. Foundation of Environment Civil Responsibility in Islamic Jurisprudence and Iranian Law. Scientific Journal Management System. Vol. 8(26), pp. 121-50. (In Persian)
    23.
  23. Emam dadi A, Saghafi M. 2016. Basis of keeping nature law by effects of jural rules. Environmental Law. Vol. 1(1), pp. 40-55. (In Persian)
    24.
  24. Ghasemi N, Heidari F. 2011. The study of civil liability arising from envaimental damage. Public Law Researsh. Vol. 13(34), pp. 377-400. (In Persian)
    25.
  25. Katouzian N, Ansari M. 2008. Liability for environmental damage. Law Quarterly. Vol. 38(2), pp. 285-313. (In Persian)
    26.
  26. Rahpeyk H. 2011. Law of civil liability and compensation. second ed. Khorsandi publishing. pp. 42-43. (In Persian)
    27.




 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

_||_

  1. Fawell J, Fewtrell L, Hydes O, Wyn-Jones P, Watkins J. 2004. Framework for Developing Water Reuse Criteria with Reference to Drinking Water Supplies. UK Water Industry Research  Limited.
    2.
  2. Vice Presidency for Strategic Planning and Supervision of Islamic Republic of Iran. 2010. Environmental Criteria of Treated Waste Water and Return Flow Reuse. Office of Deputy for Strategic Supervision, Ministry of Energy of Islamic Republic of Iran. (In Persian)
    3.
  3. Ganoulis J. 2005. Integrated Risk Analysis for Sustainable Water Resources Management.  Comparative Risk Assessment and Environmental Decision Making, Springer, pp. 275-86.
    4.
  4. Meneses M, Pasqualino JC, Castells F. 2010. Environmental assessment of urban wastewater reuse: treatment alternatives and applications. Chemosphere, Vol. 81(2), pp. 266-72.
    5.
  5. Drechsel P, Mahjoub O, Keraita B. 2015. Social and Cultural Dimensions in Wastewater Use. Wastewater, Springer, pp. 75-92.
    6.
  6. Yi L, Jiao W, Chen X, Chen W. 2011. An overview of reclaimed water reuse in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences. Vol. 23(10), pp. 1585-93.
    7.
  7. Haase PH, Zhao J, Wang S, Godavitarne C. 2011. Guide for Wastewater Management in Rural Villages in Chin .
    8.
  8. Peasey A, Blumenthal U, Mara D, Ruiz-Palacios G. 2000. A review of policy and standards for wastewater reuse in agriculture: a Latin American perspective. WELL study, Task, pp 68.
    9.
  9. Khamenei A. 2018. Judgment (Fatwa): The Official Website of Ayatollah Khamenei. Available from: www.farsi.khamenei.ir/treatise-content?id=11&tid=-1. (In Persian)
    10.
  10. Makarem Shirazi N. 2018. Judgment (Fatwa): The Official Website of Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi. Available from: www.makarem.ir/main.aspx?typeinfo=21&lid=0&catid=0&mid=25502. (In Persian)
    11.
  11. Hashemi Shahroudi M. 2018. Judgment (Fatwa): The Official Website of Ayatollah Hashemi Shahroudi. Available from: www.hashemishahroudi.org/fa/questions/6. (In Persian)
    12.
  12. Islamic Parliament Research Center of The Islamic Republic of IRAN. 2016. The Law on the Development and Optimization of Urban and Rural Drinking Water in the Country: The Official Website of Islamic Parliament Research Center of The Islamic Republic of IRAN. Available from: http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/961875. (In Persian)
    13.
  13. Ramazani Ghavam Abadi MH. 2013. A Comparative Study of “Precautionary Principle” in Opinions and Decisions of Internationals Tribunals. Public Law Researsh. Vol. 15(40), pp. 141-64. (In Persian)
    14.
  14. Mousavi SF. 2013. International Environmental Law. second ed. Tehran: Mizan publishing, pp. 374. (In Persian)
    15.
  15. Mohammadzadeh A. 2015. The precautionary principle in agri-food law and environmental law. Law Quarterly. Vol. 45(3), pp. 471-86. (In Persian)
    16.
  16. Paserh F, Borghei SM, Hosseini SN, Javid A. 2017. Effective removal of phosphorus from sewage using a modified biological method. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 19(4), pp. 1-13. (In Persian)
    17.
  17. Molaei A. 2009. Foundations and principles of sustainable environmental development in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.  Environmental Law Collection, Theories and Procedures. First ed. Tehran: Law Office and Parliamentary Assembly of the Environmental Protection Agency, pp. 410. (In Persian)
    18.
  18. Mousavi SF, Hosseini SH, Mousavi far SH. 2015. Principles of International Environmental Law in Light of International Case Law. Public Law Researsh. Vol. 17(48), pp. 9-25. (In Persian)
    19.
  19. Fahimi A, Arabzadeh A. 2012. Jurisprudential Basics The law of Environment. Scientific Journal Management System. Vol. 13(35), pp. 189-206. (In Persian)
    20.
  20. Najafi MH. 2004. Javaher Alkalam fe Sharh Share’e Islam. Tehran: Dare Elektb al-Islamiyya Publication. Vol. 27, pp. 46-47. (In Persian)
    21.
  21. Katouzian N. 2008. Out-of-contract requirements, Civil liability, General rules. Eighth ed. Tehran: Tehran University Press. Vol. 1,  pp. 146-147. (In Persian)
    22.
  22. Bahrami Ahmadi H, Fahimi A. 2012. Foundation of Environment Civil Responsibility in Islamic Jurisprudence and Iranian Law. Scientific Journal Management System. Vol. 8(26), pp. 121-50. (In Persian)
    23.
  23. Emam dadi A, Saghafi M. 2016. Basis of keeping nature law by effects of jural rules. Environmental Law. Vol. 1(1), pp. 40-55. (In Persian)
    24.
  24. Ghasemi N, Heidari F. 2011. The study of civil liability arising from envaimental damage. Public Law Researsh. Vol. 13(34), pp. 377-400. (In Persian)
    25.
  25. Katouzian N, Ansari M. 2008. Liability for environmental damage. Law Quarterly. Vol. 38(2), pp. 285-313. (In Persian)
    26.
  26. Rahpeyk H. 2011. Law of civil liability and compensation. second ed. Khorsandi publishing. pp. 42-43. (In Persian)
    27.




 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

سند

Sanad is a platform for managing Azad University publications

الروابط

المراكز ذات الصلة

دعامة

الصفحات الرسمية

حقوق هذا الموقع الإلكتروني مملوكة لنظام SANAD Press Management. © 1442-1446

الصفحة الرئيسية| دخول| معلومات عنا| اتصل بنا|
[English] [فارسی] [en] [fa]