وضعیت خاک های منطقه 21 شهرداری تهران از نظر آلودگی به برخی فلزات سنگین
الموضوعات :
فتانه ولی نژاد
1
,
آزاده اربابی سبزواری
2
,
رضا برنا
3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی آب و هواشناسی، گروه جغرافیا، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 - دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، واحد اسلامشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران.
تاريخ الإرسال : 29 الخميس , جمادى الثانية, 1442
تاريخ التأكيد : 24 الإثنين , رجب, 1442
تاريخ الإصدار : 16 الخميس , صفر, 1443
الکلمات المفتاحية:
شاخص های آلودگی,
غرب تهران,
عناصر سنگین,
خاک,
ملخص المقالة :
زمینه و هدف: افزایش مصرف ترکیبات شیمیایی در فرایندهای صنعتی سبب تجمع آلاینده ها از جمله فلزات سنگین شده است، که حذف آنها از محیط زیست بسیار هزینه بر و سخت می باشد. هدف این پژوهش کاربردی بررسی میزان آلودگی فلزات سنگین کادمیم، کرم و سرب در خاک غرب تهران با استفاده از شاخص های آلودگی، غنی سازی و زمین انباشت و فاکتور آلودگی می باشد.روش بررسی: به منظور ارزیابی میزان غلظت عناصر سنگین در منطقه مورد بررسی، نمونه برداری در هر سه ناحیه از منطقه 21 شهرداری تهران صورت گرفته و از هر ناحیه 10 نمونه با سه تکرار و در مجموع 90 نمونه در بهار 1399 تهیه شده و غلظت عناصر کادمیم، سرب و کروم در عصاره تیزاب سلطانی و با استفاده از دستگاه جذب اتمی اندازه گیری شد. تحقیق حاضر از نوح تحقیقات توصیفی-تحلیلی است و داده‌های آن از نوع اولیه بوده که به دو روش اسنادی و مطالعات میدانی تهیه گردیده است.یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که تجمعی از این عناصر در خاک سطحی ایجاد شده است. میانگین غلظت عناصر مورد بررسی در ناحیه دو و سه بیشتر از ناحیه یک بود. خاک سطحی ناحیه سه مقادیر بیشتری سرب، کادمیم و کروم نسبت به دو ناحیه دیگر داشت اما این مقادیر اختلاف معنی داری با ناحیه دو نداشت. میانگین مقدار سرب، کروم و کادمیم برای کل منطقه به ترتیب برابر با 1/38، 1/9 و 6/1 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم بود. شاخص غنی سازی در نواحی دو و سه بیشتر از یک بود اما مقدار عددی این شاخص در ناحیه یک کمتر از یک بود. مقادیر شاخص زمین انباشتگی برای عنصر سرب در هر سه ناحیه کلاس غیر آلوده تا کمی آلوده و برای کادمیم و کروم کلاس غیر آلوده را نشان داد. مقدار عددی فاکتور آلودگی به جز در مورد کادمیم و در ناحیه یک، در سایر موارد یک و بیشتر از یک بوده که نشانگر غلظت بالای این عناصر نسبت به غلظت زمینه در منطقه مورد بررسی است.بحث و نتیجه گیری: در اثر فعالیت های صنعتی و ترافیکی، تجمع مقادیر مازاد عناصر انسان پدید در محدوده مورد مطالعه ایجاد شده است.
المصادر:
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Sufian, J. 2013. Investigation of the potential of several aquatic plants for adsorption of heavy metals arsenic and cadmium from contaminated waters with different salinity. in Soil Science, Department of Soil Science, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran. (In Persian).
Meybodi, S.M., Khorasani Esmaili, H. 2015. Biosorption of chromium by Pseudomonas sp. isolated from oil contaminated soils of Khuzestan. Biological Journal of Microorganism, 4(14); 101-110. (In Persian)
Zolfaghari, M., Soleimani Darjagh, M., Masoudikhah, M., Khodadad Motlagh, M., Haidarpour, A. 2012. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of chromium- bearing microorganisms in industrial wastewaters of Qom. Journal of Qom University of Medical Sciences. 6 (2); 15-23. (In Persian).
Cole, P., Brad, R. 2005. Epidemiological Studies of Chrome and Cancer Mortality: A Series of Meta-Analyses. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 43(3); 225-231.
Kamaludeen, S.P., Arunkumar, K.R., Avudainayagam, S., Ramasamy, K. 2003. Bioremediation of Chromium Contaminated Environments. Indian Journal Experimental Biology, 41(9); 972-985.
Fasihi, H., Hamidi, M., Ostadfarag, S. 2017. Investigation of heavy metals and hydrocarbons contamination in Baghershar, Tehran, Iran. Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards, 6(12); 125-140.
Mohammadi, Z., Babaei, Y. 2011. The need to control the pollution of incoming effluents into the Kashfrood in Mashhad and provide appropriate solutions. National Conference on Water with Clean Water Approach, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. 3-2 March 2011.
Yari, M., Rahimi, G., Moradi, S., Ebrahimi, E., Sadeghi, S. 2016. Investigation effect Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Compost on the Fractions of various Heavy Metals in Three Soil Textures. Journal of Soil Research (Soil and Water Sciences), 30(3); 329-341. (In Persian)
Perez, D.V., Alcantara, S., Ribeiro, C.C., Pereira, R.E., Fontes, G.C., Wasserman, M.A., Venezuela, T.C., Meneguelli, N.A., de Macedo, J.R., Barradas, C.A.A. 2007. Composted municipal waste effects on chemical properties of a Brazilian soil. Bioresource Technology, 98; 525-533.
Jordao, C.P., Nascentes, C.C., Cecon, P.R., Fontes, R.L., Pereira, J.L. 2006. Heavy metals availability in soil amended with composted urban solid wastes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 112; 309-326.
Aydinalp, C., Marinova, S. 2003. Distribution and Forms of Heavy Metals in Some Agricultural Soils. Journal of Environmental Studies, 12: 629-633.
Heger, M., Sarraf, M. 2018. Air Pollution in Tehran: Health Costs, Sources, and Policies. Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper. No. 6. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29909 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
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Moradi, S., Rasouli-Sadaghiani, M., Sepehr, E., Khodaverdiloo, H., Barin, M. 2019. Soil nutrients status affected by simple and enriched biochar application under salinity conditions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 191(4): 257: 1-13.
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Shahbazi, K., Beheshti, M. 2019. Study of the lime effect on the soil heavy metals recovery in aqua regia (ISO 11466 method). 16th Iranian Soil Science Congress, Zanjan, Iran. (In Persian)
Nikravesh, M., Karimi, A., Esfandyarpur, E., Fotovat, A. 2017. Assessment of surface soil pollution with selected heavy metals in Semnan industrial complex and surrounding areas. Journal of Natural Environment (Iranian Journal of Natural Resources), 70(1); 211-226. (In Persian).
Azimzadeh, B., Khademi, H. 2013. Estimation of Background Concentration of Selected Heavy Metals for Pollution Assessment of Surface Soils of Mazandaran Province, Iran. Journal of Water and Soil, 27(3); 548-559. (In Persian)
Kríbek, B., Majer, V., Veselovský, F., Nyambe, I. 2010. Discrimination of lithogenic and anthropogenic sources of metals and sulphur in soils of the central-northern part of the Zambian Copperbelt Mining District: a topsoil vs. subsurface soil concept. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 104; 69-86.
Wedepohl, K.H., Turekian, K.K. 1961. Distribution of the Elements in Some Major Units of the Earth's Crust. GSA Bulletin, 72(2); 175–192.
Hołtra, A., Zamorska-Wojdyła, D. 2020. The pollution indices of trace elements in soils and plants close to the copper and zinc smelting works in Poland’s Lower Silesia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27; 16086-16099.
Rashki, A., Kaskaoutis, D., Francois, P., Kosmopoulos, P., Legrand, M. 2015. Dust‐storm dynamics over Sistan region, Iran: Seasonality, transport characteristics and affected areas. Aeolian Research, 16; 35-48.
Reimann, C., Filzmoser, P., Garrett, R.G. 2005. Background and threshold: critical comparison of methods of determination. Science of the Total Environment, 346; 1-16.
Esmaeili, A., Moor, F., Keshavarzi, B., Jaafarzadeh, N., Kermani, M. 2014. A geochemical survey of heavy metals in agricultural and background soils of the Isfahan industrial zone, Iran. Catena, 121; 88-98.
Sayadi, M.H., Rezaei A., Sayyed M.R.G. 2017. Grain size fraction of heavy metals in soil and their relationship with land use. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 7(1); 1-11.
Moghtaderi, T., Mahmoudi, S., Shakeri, A., Masihabadi, M.H. 2019. Contamination evaluation, health and ecological risk index assessment of potential toxic elements in the surface soils (case study: Central Part of Bandar Abbas County). Journal of Soil and Water Resources Protection, 8(4); 51-65.
Dragović, R., Gajić, B., Dragović, S., Đorđević, M., Đorđević, M., Mihailović, N. 2014. Assessment of the impact of geographical factors on the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils around the steel production facility in Smederevo (Serbia). Journal of cleaner production, 84; 550-62.
Shi, G., Chen, Z., Xu, S., Zhang, J., Wang, L., Bi, C., Teng, J. 2008. Potentially toxic metal contamination of urban soils and roadside dust in Shanghai, China. Environmental Pollution, 156; 251-260.
Li, X., Liu, L., Wang, Y., Luo, G., Chen, X., Yang, X., Guo, R., Wang, H., Cui, J., Xingyuan, H. 2013. Heavy metal contamination of urban soil in an old industrial city (Shenyang) in Northeast China. Geoderma, 192; 50-58.
Ogunkunle, C.O., Fatoba, P.O. 2013. Pollution loads and the ecological risk assessment of soil heavy metals around a Mega Cement Factory in Southwest Nigeria. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 22; 487- 493.
_||_
Sufian, J., Golchin, A., Moradi, S., Jahanban, L., Gheiratie Arani, L. 2019. Growth and nutrients concentration of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) as affected by cadmium and salinity application of aqueous solutions. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 32(3); 582-595. (In Persian).
Shayler, H., McBride, M., Harrison, E. 2009. Sources and Impacts of Contaminants in Soils. Cornell Waste Management Institute. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences; Cornell University.
Sufian, J. 2013. Investigation of the potential of several aquatic plants for adsorption of heavy metals arsenic and cadmium from contaminated waters with different salinity. in Soil Science, Department of Soil Science, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran. (In Persian).
Meybodi, S.M., Khorasani Esmaili, H. 2015. Biosorption of chromium by Pseudomonas sp. isolated from oil contaminated soils of Khuzestan. Biological Journal of Microorganism, 4(14); 101-110. (In Persian)
Zolfaghari, M., Soleimani Darjagh, M., Masoudikhah, M., Khodadad Motlagh, M., Haidarpour, A. 2012. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of chromium- bearing microorganisms in industrial wastewaters of Qom. Journal of Qom University of Medical Sciences. 6 (2); 15-23. (In Persian).
Cole, P., Brad, R. 2005. Epidemiological Studies of Chrome and Cancer Mortality: A Series of Meta-Analyses. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 43(3); 225-231.
Kamaludeen, S.P., Arunkumar, K.R., Avudainayagam, S., Ramasamy, K. 2003. Bioremediation of Chromium Contaminated Environments. Indian Journal Experimental Biology, 41(9); 972-985.
Fasihi, H., Hamidi, M., Ostadfarag, S. 2017. Investigation of heavy metals and hydrocarbons contamination in Baghershar, Tehran, Iran. Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards, 6(12); 125-140.
Mohammadi, Z., Babaei, Y. 2011. The need to control the pollution of incoming effluents into the Kashfrood in Mashhad and provide appropriate solutions. National Conference on Water with Clean Water Approach, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. 3-2 March 2011.
Yari, M., Rahimi, G., Moradi, S., Ebrahimi, E., Sadeghi, S. 2016. Investigation effect Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Compost on the Fractions of various Heavy Metals in Three Soil Textures. Journal of Soil Research (Soil and Water Sciences), 30(3); 329-341. (In Persian)
Perez, D.V., Alcantara, S., Ribeiro, C.C., Pereira, R.E., Fontes, G.C., Wasserman, M.A., Venezuela, T.C., Meneguelli, N.A., de Macedo, J.R., Barradas, C.A.A. 2007. Composted municipal waste effects on chemical properties of a Brazilian soil. Bioresource Technology, 98; 525-533.
Jordao, C.P., Nascentes, C.C., Cecon, P.R., Fontes, R.L., Pereira, J.L. 2006. Heavy metals availability in soil amended with composted urban solid wastes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 112; 309-326.
Aydinalp, C., Marinova, S. 2003. Distribution and Forms of Heavy Metals in Some Agricultural Soils. Journal of Environmental Studies, 12: 629-633.
Heger, M., Sarraf, M. 2018. Air Pollution in Tehran: Health Costs, Sources, and Policies. Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper. No. 6. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29909 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Roshani, H., Ahadi, S., Shahbazi, H., Torbatian, S., Karimi, A. 2019. Air and sound quality report of Tehran in 1397. Report code QM98/02/01(U)/1. Air quality control company. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Moradi, S., Rasouli-Sadaghiani, M., Sepehr, E., Khodaverdiloo, H., Barin, M. 2019. Soil nutrients status affected by simple and enriched biochar application under salinity conditions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 191(4): 257: 1-13.
ISO/CD 11466. 1995. Soil Quality-Extraction of Trace Elements Soluble in Aqua-Regia. Switzerland: The international organization for standardization, 12 p.
Shahbazi, K., Beheshti, M. 2019. Study of the lime effect on the soil heavy metals recovery in aqua regia (ISO 11466 method). 16th Iranian Soil Science Congress, Zanjan, Iran. (In Persian)
Nikravesh, M., Karimi, A., Esfandyarpur, E., Fotovat, A. 2017. Assessment of surface soil pollution with selected heavy metals in Semnan industrial complex and surrounding areas. Journal of Natural Environment (Iranian Journal of Natural Resources), 70(1); 211-226. (In Persian).
Azimzadeh, B., Khademi, H. 2013. Estimation of Background Concentration of Selected Heavy Metals for Pollution Assessment of Surface Soils of Mazandaran Province, Iran. Journal of Water and Soil, 27(3); 548-559. (In Persian)
Kríbek, B., Majer, V., Veselovský, F., Nyambe, I. 2010. Discrimination of lithogenic and anthropogenic sources of metals and sulphur in soils of the central-northern part of the Zambian Copperbelt Mining District: a topsoil vs. subsurface soil concept. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 104; 69-86.
Wedepohl, K.H., Turekian, K.K. 1961. Distribution of the Elements in Some Major Units of the Earth's Crust. GSA Bulletin, 72(2); 175–192.
Hołtra, A., Zamorska-Wojdyła, D. 2020. The pollution indices of trace elements in soils and plants close to the copper and zinc smelting works in Poland’s Lower Silesia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27; 16086-16099.
Rashki, A., Kaskaoutis, D., Francois, P., Kosmopoulos, P., Legrand, M. 2015. Dust‐storm dynamics over Sistan region, Iran: Seasonality, transport characteristics and affected areas. Aeolian Research, 16; 35-48.
Reimann, C., Filzmoser, P., Garrett, R.G. 2005. Background and threshold: critical comparison of methods of determination. Science of the Total Environment, 346; 1-16.
Esmaeili, A., Moor, F., Keshavarzi, B., Jaafarzadeh, N., Kermani, M. 2014. A geochemical survey of heavy metals in agricultural and background soils of the Isfahan industrial zone, Iran. Catena, 121; 88-98.
Sayadi, M.H., Rezaei A., Sayyed M.R.G. 2017. Grain size fraction of heavy metals in soil and their relationship with land use. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 7(1); 1-11.
Moghtaderi, T., Mahmoudi, S., Shakeri, A., Masihabadi, M.H. 2019. Contamination evaluation, health and ecological risk index assessment of potential toxic elements in the surface soils (case study: Central Part of Bandar Abbas County). Journal of Soil and Water Resources Protection, 8(4); 51-65.
Dragović, R., Gajić, B., Dragović, S., Đorđević, M., Đorđević, M., Mihailović, N. 2014. Assessment of the impact of geographical factors on the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils around the steel production facility in Smederevo (Serbia). Journal of cleaner production, 84; 550-62.
Shi, G., Chen, Z., Xu, S., Zhang, J., Wang, L., Bi, C., Teng, J. 2008. Potentially toxic metal contamination of urban soils and roadside dust in Shanghai, China. Environmental Pollution, 156; 251-260.
Li, X., Liu, L., Wang, Y., Luo, G., Chen, X., Yang, X., Guo, R., Wang, H., Cui, J., Xingyuan, H. 2013. Heavy metal contamination of urban soil in an old industrial city (Shenyang) in Northeast China. Geoderma, 192; 50-58.
Ogunkunle, C.O., Fatoba, P.O. 2013. Pollution loads and the ecological risk assessment of soil heavy metals around a Mega Cement Factory in Southwest Nigeria. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 22; 487- 493.
