مسیریابی و منشایابی حرکت آلاینده های جوی در شرایط وقوع آلودگی های حدی در کلان شهر تهران
الموضوعات :
مطهره زرگری
1
,
عباس مفیدی
2
,
آذر زرین
3
1 - کارشناسی ارشد، اقلیم شناسی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
2 - استادیار اقلیم شناسی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران * ( مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار اقلیم شناسی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایرانن
تاريخ الإرسال : 18 الإثنين , ربيع الثاني, 1438
تاريخ التأكيد : 04 الأحد , شعبان, 1438
تاريخ الإصدار : 26 الخميس , جمادى الثانية, 1441
الکلمات المفتاحية:
HYSPLIT,
آلودگی حدی,
MODIS,
کلان شهر تهران,
GIS,
ملخص المقالة :
زمینه و هدف :آلودگی هوا یکی از معضلات اساسی کلان شهرها است که به یکی از مسایل مهم تبدیل گردیده است. مسیریابی و منشایابی حرکت آلاینده های جوی در شرایط وقوع آلودگی های حدی در کلان شهر تهران هدف تحقیق حاضر می باشد.
روش بررسی :در این تحقیق، از داده های ایستگاهی آلودگی هوا، داده های تصویر ماهواره ای Terra و از داده هایFNL ، بهره گرفته شده است. روزهای بسیار آلوده برای آلاینده های PM10 و O3با بهره گیری از شاخص PSI محاسبه گردید. در کنار مسیریابی آلاینده ها توسط تصاویر ماهواره ای به صورت چشمی از مدل HYSPLIT، برای منشأیابی آلاینده ها در سه تراز ارتفاعی10، 1500 و 5000 متری از سطح زمین بهره گرفته شد. خروجی های حاصل از تصاویر ماهواره ای و مدل، برای درک عمیق تر در محیط GIS ترسیم شدند.
یافته ها: به طور کلی، در الگوی پشته برون حاره، سنجنده MODIS، گرد و غباری که از کشور سوریه، شمال شرقی تا جنوب شرقی کشور عربستان، مرکز، شمال و جنوب عراق و بخش هایی از ترکیه می باشد را نشان می دهد. منشا گرد و غبار در مدل HYSPLIT، در ترازهای 10 و 1500 متری از جانب شمال شرق و نواحی غربی می باشد. در الگوی ترکیبی، گرد و غبار بسیار شدیدی توسط سنجنده مودیس بر روی کشورهای عربستان، عراق، سوریه و اردن و بخش هایی از ترکیه قابل مشاهده می باشد. جریانات غباری در مدل HYSPLIT، در تراز 10 متری از شمال شرق و شمال غربی و در تراز 1500 متری، ناشی از شرایط محلی و در تراز 5000 متری این تغییرات محسوس تر است.
بحث و نتیجه گیری:به طور کلی، برررسی مسیر یابی و منشأیابی حرکت آلاینده های جوی PM10و O3در کلان شهر تهران در قالب دو الگوی هم دیدی اصلی شامل الگوی پشته برون حاره و الگوی ترکیبی ارایه و طبقه بندی گردید.
المصادر:
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Zargari. M.. 2015. Numerical Simulation of High Level Air Pollution Episodes in Tehran Metropolitan .Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian).
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Gupta.P.Ch.S.A.. Box.M.A.. Box.G.P.. 2007.Multiyear satellite remote sensing of particulate matter air quality over Sydney, Australia .International Journal of Remote Sensing, volume 28, 2007 - Issue 20: 4483–4498.
Stunder.B.J.B.. 1997. NCEP Model Output – FNL ARCHIVE DATA, TD.
Ott.W.R.. Hunt.Jr.W.F.. 1976 .A quantitative evaluation of the pollutant standards index .Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 26(11), 1050-1054.
CHENG.W.L.. CHEN.Y.S.. ZHANG.J.. LYONS.T.. PAI.J.L.. CHANG.S. H. 2007.Comparison of the revised air quality index with the PSI and AQI indices. Science of the Total Environment, volume 382, Issues 2–3, 1 September 2007, Pages 191-198.
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United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA).. 1998. Guideline for Reporting of Daily Air QualityPollutant Standards Index (PSI). EPA Draft, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, North Carolina 27711, 28 pp.
_||_
UNEP /WHO.1992. Urban Air Pollution In Megacities of the World. United Nations Environment Programme / World Health Orgainsation, Oxford, Blackwell.
WRI. 1998. China’s health and environment, air pollution and health effects. in World Resources 1998-99: Environmental change and human health, World Resource Institute, A joint publication by the World Resources Institute, the United Nations Environment Programme, the United Nations Development Programme, and The World Bank.
UNEP/WHO. 1988. Guidelines for monitoring the quality of coastal recreational and shellfish-growing waters (Draft). Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies No. 1 Rev. 1. UNEP, (37 pages).
WHO. 2000. Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. Second Edition. WHO Regional Publications, European Series.
WHO. 2014. Public Health, Enviromental and Social Deteminates of Health (PHE). WHO DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH (PHE), Issue 63 / March 2014.
WHealtO. 2012. Burden of disease from the joint effects of Household and Ambient Air Pollution for 2012", WHO Technical Report. Available: http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/AP_jointeffect_BoD_results_March 2014.pdf.
Yang.G.. Wang.Y.. Zeng.Y.. Gao.GF.. Liang.X... Zhou.M.. Wan.X.. Yu.Sh.. Jiang.Y.. Naghavi.M.. Vos.T.. Wang.H.. Lopez.A. D. Murray.. Ch. JL.. 2013. Rapid health transition in China, 1990–2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, volume 381, Issue 9882, 8–14 June 2013, Pages 1987-2015.
Chitkara.S.. 1997. Air pollution in India – An exploratory study. National Compendium Statistics, New Delhi, India.
Agarwal.A.. Naryan.S.. Sen.S.. 1999. Citizens’ Fifth Report part I and part II. State of India’s environment, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi.
Sikdar.P.K… Mondal.S.. 1999. Air pollution management programme of Calcutta. Journal of Environmental Studies and Policy, 2 (2): 71-86.
Romieu.I.. M.H.Avila.. 2003. Air pollution and health in developing countries – A review of epidemiological evidence"; In Air Pollution and Health in Rapidly Developing Countries edited by Frank Murray and Gordon McGranahan, Earthscan Publications, London.
Saksena.S.. K.R.Smith.. 2003. Indoor air pollution. In Air Pollution and Health in Rapidly Developing Countries edited by Frank Murray and Gordon McGranahan, Earthscan, London.
Safari.H.. 20 .Introduction to Iranian Cities. Vol. I, Zarghalam Publications, Kayhan Publishing. (In Persian).
Zhao.T.X.P.. Ackerman.S.. Guo.W.. 2010. Dust and smoke detection for multi-channel imagers. Remote Sensing, 2(10), 2347-2368.
Wang.Y.. Stein.A.F.. Draxler.R.R.. Jesús.D.. Zhan.X.. 2011. Global sand and dust storms in 2008. observation and HYSPLIT model verification Atmospheric Environment, volume 45, Issue 35, November 2011, Pages 6368-6381.
Karimi.N.. Moridnejad.A.. Golian.S.. ValiSamani.J.M.. Karimi. D.. Javadi,.S.. 2012. Comparison of dust source identification techniques over land in the Middle East region using MODIS data. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, volume 38, 2012 - Issue 5: 586-599.
Wan..C.. Liu. Q.. Ying. N.. Wang. X.. Ma. J.. 2013 .Air quality evaluation on an urban scale based on MODIS satellite images. Atmospheric Research, volumes 132–133, October–November 2013, Pages 22-34.
Gewichi.R.. 2011 .Determination desorption sources of different dust storms and their contribution to PM10 concentrations in Tehran. Master's thesis, Sharif University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering. (In Persian).
Gewichi.R.. Arhami. M.. Tajrishi. M.. 2011 .Determination of desorption storms of dust storms and estimating the contribution of each of them to PM10 concentrations in Tehran. Fifth Specialized Conference on Environmental Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology , Faculty of Civil Engineering, November 21, 2011 to November 22, 2011. (In Persian).
Karimi.Kh.. Taheri. Shahriini. H.. Habibi. Nokhandan. M.. Hafezi. Moghadas. N.. 2012. Identifying the origin of dust storm production in the Middle East using remote sensing. Climatology Research - 2012 - Volume: 2 - Issue: 7th and 8th - Page: 57-72. (In Persian).
Mohammadi.F.. Zargari. M.. 2014 .Analysis of the Spatial Distribution of Dust in Tehran. The first National Conference of Geography, Planning and Sustainable Development, Tehran, Iran February 27, 2014. (In Persian).
Ranjbar.Saadat Abadi. A.. Darvishzadeh. S ..2013 .Study of atmospheric patterns and determining the sources of dust in the very unhealthy conditions of Tehran's air quality. Environmental Research, Vol. 4, No. 7, Spring & Summer 2013, p. 147-160. (In Persian).
Zargari.M.. Mofidi.A.. Zarrin.A.. 2015 .Synoptic Analysis of High Level Air Pollution Episodes in Tehran Metropolis .The First International Conference of Geographic Sciences (ICGS2015), The Institute of Science and Technology Al-Khwarizmi Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran, Thursday, August 6, 2015. (In Persian).
Zargari. M.. Mofidi. A.. Zarrin. A ..2015 .Effective Atmospheric Processes in formation High Level Air Pollution Episodes in Tehran .The first Congress of the development and promotion of agriculture, natural resources and the environment, Tehran, Iran, Saturday, October 3, 2015. (In Persian).
Zargari. M.. 2015. Numerical Simulation of High Level Air Pollution Episodes in Tehran Metropolitan .Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian).
NASA.2009 .http:// MODIS. gsfc. NASA. Gov /sci_ team/meetings /200610/atmos Agenda. Pdf. NCAR Tech. Note/TN-275+STR, 72pp., Natl. Cent. For Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.
Gupta.P.Ch.S.A.. Box.M.A.. Box.G.P.. 2007.Multiyear satellite remote sensing of particulate matter air quality over Sydney, Australia .International Journal of Remote Sensing, volume 28, 2007 - Issue 20: 4483–4498.
Stunder.B.J.B.. 1997. NCEP Model Output – FNL ARCHIVE DATA, TD.
Ott.W.R.. Hunt.Jr.W.F.. 1976 .A quantitative evaluation of the pollutant standards index .Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 26(11), 1050-1054.
CHENG.W.L.. CHEN.Y.S.. ZHANG.J.. LYONS.T.. PAI.J.L.. CHANG.S. H. 2007.Comparison of the revised air quality index with the PSI and AQI indices. Science of the Total Environment, volume 382, Issues 2–3, 1 September 2007, Pages 191-198.
Nikravan.M..Husseini.E..Hashemi .S.H.. 2010. Pollutant Standard Index (PSI). Comparing the published and real values in Tehran", In 5th National Congress on Civil Engineering (p. 8).
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA).. 1998. Guideline for Reporting of Daily Air QualityPollutant Standards Index (PSI). EPA Draft, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, North Carolina 27711, 28 pp.
