تغییرات گروههای عملکردی گیاهان در اثر آتشسوزی در مراتع نیمه استپی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری
الموضوعات :الهام بنی هاشمی 1 , علی اصغر نقی پوربرج 2
1 - دانشجوی دکتری علوم و مهندسی مرتع دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین دانشگاه شهرکرد، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - استادیار گروه مهندسی طبیعت دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین دانشگاه شهرکرد، ایران.
الکلمات المفتاحية: صفات عملکردی گیاهی, مرتع نیمه استپی, کرسنک, آتشسوزی,
ملخص المقالة :
زمینه و هدف: درک چگونگی پاسخ گیاهان به آتشسوزی برای پیشبینی ویژگیها و پراکنش بسیاری از زیست بومها ضروری است. هدف این تحقیق شناسایی، طبقهبندی و تجزیه و تحلیل صفات عملکردی گیاهان است که بتوانند به عنوان وسیلهای برای شناسایی تغییرات جوامع گیاهی در اثر آتشسوزی در فواصل زمانی مختلف مورد استفاده قرار گیرند. روش بررسی: مطالعه حاضر در منطقه کرسنک در شهرستان بن و در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری انجام یافته است. تعداد 6 سایت با سابقه آتشسوزی یکساله و پنج ساله انتخاب و نمونهبرداری به روش تصادفی طبقه بندی شده انجام یافت. در هر پلات پس از شناسایی گونههای موجود، درصد پوشش هریک از گونهها تخمین زده شد و صفات گیاهی اندازهگیری شدند. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که صفات گیاهی همچون ارتفاع گیاه، تولید، شاخص سطح برگ SLA، مساحت و وزن خشک برگ، درصد ترکیب گونههای گندمی، علفی و بوتهای، درصد ترکیب گیاهان با خوشخوراکی کلاس II و III، درصد ترکیب گونههای با اشکال زیستی همیکریپتوفیت و کامفیت در دو منطقه آتشسوزی و شاهد اختلاف معنیداری داشتند (05/0Sig ≤). طبق نتایج تحلیل مولفه های اصلی، تأثیرپذیرترین صفات به ترتیب عبارت از شاخص سطح برگ SLA، خوشخوراکی کلاس II، طول برگ، درصد ترکیب همیکریپتوفیت، درصد ترکیب پهنبرگان علفی و مساحت برگ بودند که ارتباط مستقیمی با آتشسوزی پنجساله و آتشسوزی یکساله داشتند. بحث و نتیجه گیری: بنابراین میتوان نتیجهگیری نمود که صفات گیاهی نقش مهمی در تعیین پاسخ گونههای گیاهی به آشفتگیهای محیطی دارند و از این رو میتوانند بر سیر توالی ثانویه مرتع نیمه استپی پس از آتشسوزی تأثیرگذار باشند.
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- Lavorel, S., Cramer, W., (eds.) 1999. Special feature: plant functional types and disturbance. Journal of Vegetation Science, 10(5):603–730.
- Cary, G. J., Morrison, D. A., 1995. Effects of fire frequency on plant species composition of sandstone communities in the Sydney region – combinations of inter-fire intervals. Australian Journal of Ecology, 20(3): 418–426.
- Iwasa, Y., Kubo, T., 1997. Optimal size of storage for recovery after unpredictable disturbances. Evolutionary Ecology, 11(1): 41–65.
- Gill, A. M., Allan, G., 2008. Large fires, fire effects and the fire-regime concept. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17(6): 688–695.
- Lavorel, S., Garnier, E., 2002. Predicting changes in community composition and ecosystem functioning from plant traits: revisiting the Holy Grail. Functional Ecology, 16(5): 545-556.
- Kelly, C. K., Bowler, M. G., 2002. Coexistence and relative abundance in forest trees species. Science, 417: 437-440.
- Kahmen, S., Poschlod, S., 2008. Effects of grassland management on plant functional trait composition. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 128(3): 137–145.
- Paula, S., Arianoutsou, M., Kazanis, D., Tavsanoglu, Ç., Lloret, F., Buhk, C., Ojeda, F., Luna, B., Moreno, J., Rodrigo, A., 2009. Fire-related traits for plant species of the Mediterranean Basin. Ecology, 90(5): 1420-1420.
- Bond, W. J., Wilgen, B. W., 1996. Fire and Plants. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. (Chapman & Hall: London), 263.
- Spasojevic, M. J., Aicher, R. J., Koch, G. R., Marquardt, E. S., Mirotchnick, N., Troxler, T. G., Collins, S. L., 2010. Fire and grazing in a mesic tallgrass prairie: impacts on plant species and functional traits. Ecology: 91(6), 1651-1659.
- Keeley, J. E., Pausas, J. G., Rundel, P. W., Bond, W. J., Bradstock, R. A., 2011. Fire as an evolutionary pressure shaping plant traits. Trends in Plant Science: 16(8), 406-411.
- Guevara, J. C., Stasi, C. R., Wuilloud, C. F., Estevez, O. R., 1999. Effects of fire on rangeland vegetation in south-western Mendoza plains Argentina: composition, frequency, biomass, productivity and carrying capacity. J. of Arid Environments, 41(1): 27-35
- Cianciaruso, M. V., Silva, I. A., Batalha, M. A., Gaston, K. J., Petchey, O. L., 2012. The influence of fire on phylogenetic and functional structure of woody savannas: Moving from species to individuals. Perspect. Plant Ecol. 14(3): 205-216.
- Martins, F. d. S. R. V., Xaud, H. A. M., dos Santos, J. R., Galvão, L. S., 2012. Effects of fire on above-ground forest biomass in the northern Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 28(6): 591-601.
- Burnett, S. A., Hattey, J. A., Johnson, J. E., Swann, A. L., Moore, D. I., Collins, S. L., 2012. Effects of fire on belowground biomass in Chihuahuan desert grassland. Ecosphere, 3(11): 1-13.
- McPherson, G. R., 1995. The role of fire in desert grasslands. Pages 130–151 in: M.P. McClaran and T.R. van Devender, editors. The desert grassland. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, USA.
- Morgan, J. W., Lunt, I. D., 1999. Effects of time-since-fire on the tussock dynamics of a dominant grass in a temperate Australian grassland. J. of Biological Conservation, 88(3): 379-386.
- Provencher, L., Forbis, T. A., Frid, L., Medlyn, G., 2007. Comparing alternative management strategies of fire, grazing and weed control using spatial modeling. Journal of Ecological Modeling, 209(2): 249-263.
- Carleton, S. W., Loftin, S. R., 2000. Response of 2 semiarid grasslands to cool-season prescribed fire. J. Range Manage., 53:52-61.
- Haubensak, K., Antonio, C. D., Wixon, D., 2009. Effect of fire and environmental variables and composition in grazed salt desert shrub lands of the Great Basin (USA). Journal of Arid Environments, 73(6): 643-650.
- Garcia, N., 1977. The effects of fire on the vegetation of Donana national park. Journal of Spain. Tech. Rep, 3(1): 318-325.
- Vivan, L. M., Cary, G. J., 2011. Relationship between leaf traits and fire response strategies in shrub species of a mountainous region of southeastern Australia. Annals of Botany, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org, 1-12.
- Shariatmadari, H., 2011. Effect of fire on Plant functional type in two arid and semi-arid rangeland (Bazangan and Jowzak). M.Sc. thesis, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran, 130p. (In Persian).
- Apaza‐Quevedo, A., Lippok, D., Hensen, I., Schleuning, M., Both, S., 2015. Elevation, Topography, and Edge Effects Drive Functional Composition of Woody Plant Species in Tropical Montane Forests. Biotropica 47(4): 449-458.
- Reich, P. B., Peterson, D. W., Wedin, D. A., Wrage, K., 2001. Fire and Vegetation Effects on Productivity and Nitrogen Cycling Across a Forest–Grassland Continuum. Ecology, 82(6): 1703-1719.
- Dale, G., Brockway, A., Gatewood, R. G., Paris, R. B., 2002. Restoring fire as an ecological process in short grass prairie ecosystems: initial effects of prescribed burning during the dormant and growing seasons. J. Environmental Management, 65(2):135-152.
- Snyman, H. A., 2004. Estimating the short-term impact of fire on rangeland productivity in a semi-arid climate of South Africa. Journal of arid environments, 59: 685-697.
- Jones, B., Stanley, F. F., Leslie, D. M., Engle, D. M., Lochmiller, R. L., 2000. Herpetofaunal responses to brush management with herbicide and fire. Journal of Range Management, 53: 154-158.
- Kristofer, R. B., 2006. Soil physiochemical changes following 12 years of annual burning in humid-subtropical tall grass prairie: a hypothesis. Acta Ecologica, 30: 407-413.
- Omidzadeh Ardali, E., Zare Chahouki, A. M., Arzani, H., Ebrahimi, A. Tahmasebi, P., 2016. Comparison of Performance of three the multi-scale plots for evaluation of plant diversity in Karsanak Rangeland of Shahrekord. Plant Research, 30(1): 1-15. (In Persian)
- Arzani, H., Abedi, M., 2015. Rangeland assessment: Vegetation measurement. University of Tehran press, 304pp. (In Persian)
- Cornelissen, J. H. C., Lavorel, S., Garnier, E., Díaz, S., Buchmann, N., Gurvich, D. E., Reich, P. B., Ter Steege, H., Morgan, H. D., Van der Heijden, M. G. A., Pausas, J. G., Poorter, H., 2003. A handbook of protocols for standardized and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Australian Journal of Botany, 51(4): 335-380.
- Shryock, D. F., DeFalco, L. A., Esque, T. C., 2014. Life‐history traits predict perennial species response to fire in a desert ecosystem. Ecology and evolution, 4(15): 3046-3059.
- Ortman, J., Beran, D. D., 2008. Grassland management with prescribed Fire. Nebraska cooperative extension. EC, 148: 122-132.
- Rafiee, F., Jankju, M., Ejtehadi, H., 2015. Investigation on tolerant, adapted and sensitive plant traits to chronological wildfires. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 22(1): 73-85. (In Persian)
- Mirzaei Mossivand, A., Keivan Behjou, F., Zandi Esfahan, E., Ghorbani, A., 2015. Assessment of Fire Effects on Surface Cover Changes and Forage Production (Case Study: Delfan County, Lorestan Province, Iran). Journal of Rangeland Science, 5(1): 60-71. (In Persian)
- Shokri, M., Safaian, N., Atrakchali, A., 2002. Investigation of the effects of fire on vegetation ariations in Takhti Yeylagh-Golestan national park. Iranian J. of Natural Recourse, 55(2): 273. (In Persian)
- Rafiee, F., Jankju, M., Ejtehadi, H., 2015. Plant functional groups (PFTs) semi-arid rangelands marker to detect the secondary succession after fire. Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology, 38(8): 17-27. (In Persian)
- Bock, J. H., Bock, C. E., 1992. Vegetation response to wildfire on native versus exotic Arizon grassland. Journal of Vegetation Science, 3:439-446.
- Jankju, M., 2009. Range improvement and development. Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Mashhad, Iran, 225p. (In Persian)
- Valizadeh, M., Moghadam, M., 1997. Experimental design in agriculture. Parivar Pub., 395 p. (In Persian).
- Fatahi, B., Tahmasebi, A., 2010. The Effect of Fire on Vegetation Change in Mountain Zagros Mountain Rangelands (Case Study: Asadabad Neck Rocks, Hamedan Province 4 (2): 239-228. (In Persian)
- Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H., Cornwell, W. K., 2015. Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species. Functional Ecology DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12449.
- Ripley, B., Visser, V., Christin, P. A., Archibald, S., Martin, T., Osborne, C., 2015. Fire ecology of C3 and C4 grasses depends on evolutionary history and frequency of burning but not photosynthetic type. Ecology, 96(10): 2679-2691.
- Dwyer, L., Stewart, D., Hamilton, R., Houwing, L., 1992. Ear position and vertical distribution of leaf area in corn. Agronomy Journal, 84: 430-438.
- Tahmasebi, P., 2013. Investigating the destructive effects and potential of fire use as a means of managing the vegetation of semi-steppe pastures. Range and Watershed Management, 66 (2): 287-298. (In Persian)
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- Smith, T. M., Shugart, H. H., Woodward, F. I., (eds.) 1997. Plant functional types – their relevance to ecosystem properties and global change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- Lavorel, S., Cramer, W., (eds.) 1999. Special feature: plant functional types and disturbance. Journal of Vegetation Science, 10(5):603–730.
- Cary, G. J., Morrison, D. A., 1995. Effects of fire frequency on plant species composition of sandstone communities in the Sydney region – combinations of inter-fire intervals. Australian Journal of Ecology, 20(3): 418–426.
- Iwasa, Y., Kubo, T., 1997. Optimal size of storage for recovery after unpredictable disturbances. Evolutionary Ecology, 11(1): 41–65.
- Gill, A. M., Allan, G., 2008. Large fires, fire effects and the fire-regime concept. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17(6): 688–695.
- Lavorel, S., Garnier, E., 2002. Predicting changes in community composition and ecosystem functioning from plant traits: revisiting the Holy Grail. Functional Ecology, 16(5): 545-556.
- Kelly, C. K., Bowler, M. G., 2002. Coexistence and relative abundance in forest trees species. Science, 417: 437-440.
- Kahmen, S., Poschlod, S., 2008. Effects of grassland management on plant functional trait composition. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 128(3): 137–145.
- Paula, S., Arianoutsou, M., Kazanis, D., Tavsanoglu, Ç., Lloret, F., Buhk, C., Ojeda, F., Luna, B., Moreno, J., Rodrigo, A., 2009. Fire-related traits for plant species of the Mediterranean Basin. Ecology, 90(5): 1420-1420.
- Bond, W. J., Wilgen, B. W., 1996. Fire and Plants. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. (Chapman & Hall: London), 263.
- Spasojevic, M. J., Aicher, R. J., Koch, G. R., Marquardt, E. S., Mirotchnick, N., Troxler, T. G., Collins, S. L., 2010. Fire and grazing in a mesic tallgrass prairie: impacts on plant species and functional traits. Ecology: 91(6), 1651-1659.
- Keeley, J. E., Pausas, J. G., Rundel, P. W., Bond, W. J., Bradstock, R. A., 2011. Fire as an evolutionary pressure shaping plant traits. Trends in Plant Science: 16(8), 406-411.
- Guevara, J. C., Stasi, C. R., Wuilloud, C. F., Estevez, O. R., 1999. Effects of fire on rangeland vegetation in south-western Mendoza plains Argentina: composition, frequency, biomass, productivity and carrying capacity. J. of Arid Environments, 41(1): 27-35
- Cianciaruso, M. V., Silva, I. A., Batalha, M. A., Gaston, K. J., Petchey, O. L., 2012. The influence of fire on phylogenetic and functional structure of woody savannas: Moving from species to individuals. Perspect. Plant Ecol. 14(3): 205-216.
- Martins, F. d. S. R. V., Xaud, H. A. M., dos Santos, J. R., Galvão, L. S., 2012. Effects of fire on above-ground forest biomass in the northern Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 28(6): 591-601.
- Burnett, S. A., Hattey, J. A., Johnson, J. E., Swann, A. L., Moore, D. I., Collins, S. L., 2012. Effects of fire on belowground biomass in Chihuahuan desert grassland. Ecosphere, 3(11): 1-13.
- McPherson, G. R., 1995. The role of fire in desert grasslands. Pages 130–151 in: M.P. McClaran and T.R. van Devender, editors. The desert grassland. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, USA.
- Morgan, J. W., Lunt, I. D., 1999. Effects of time-since-fire on the tussock dynamics of a dominant grass in a temperate Australian grassland. J. of Biological Conservation, 88(3): 379-386.
- Provencher, L., Forbis, T. A., Frid, L., Medlyn, G., 2007. Comparing alternative management strategies of fire, grazing and weed control using spatial modeling. Journal of Ecological Modeling, 209(2): 249-263.
- Carleton, S. W., Loftin, S. R., 2000. Response of 2 semiarid grasslands to cool-season prescribed fire. J. Range Manage., 53:52-61.
- Haubensak, K., Antonio, C. D., Wixon, D., 2009. Effect of fire and environmental variables and composition in grazed salt desert shrub lands of the Great Basin (USA). Journal of Arid Environments, 73(6): 643-650.
- Garcia, N., 1977. The effects of fire on the vegetation of Donana national park. Journal of Spain. Tech. Rep, 3(1): 318-325.
- Vivan, L. M., Cary, G. J., 2011. Relationship between leaf traits and fire response strategies in shrub species of a mountainous region of southeastern Australia. Annals of Botany, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org, 1-12.
- Shariatmadari, H., 2011. Effect of fire on Plant functional type in two arid and semi-arid rangeland (Bazangan and Jowzak). M.Sc. thesis, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran, 130p. (In Persian).
- Apaza‐Quevedo, A., Lippok, D., Hensen, I., Schleuning, M., Both, S., 2015. Elevation, Topography, and Edge Effects Drive Functional Composition of Woody Plant Species in Tropical Montane Forests. Biotropica 47(4): 449-458.
- Reich, P. B., Peterson, D. W., Wedin, D. A., Wrage, K., 2001. Fire and Vegetation Effects on Productivity and Nitrogen Cycling Across a Forest–Grassland Continuum. Ecology, 82(6): 1703-1719.
- Dale, G., Brockway, A., Gatewood, R. G., Paris, R. B., 2002. Restoring fire as an ecological process in short grass prairie ecosystems: initial effects of prescribed burning during the dormant and growing seasons. J. Environmental Management, 65(2):135-152.
- Snyman, H. A., 2004. Estimating the short-term impact of fire on rangeland productivity in a semi-arid climate of South Africa. Journal of arid environments, 59: 685-697.
- Jones, B., Stanley, F. F., Leslie, D. M., Engle, D. M., Lochmiller, R. L., 2000. Herpetofaunal responses to brush management with herbicide and fire. Journal of Range Management, 53: 154-158.
- Kristofer, R. B., 2006. Soil physiochemical changes following 12 years of annual burning in humid-subtropical tall grass prairie: a hypothesis. Acta Ecologica, 30: 407-413.
- Omidzadeh Ardali, E., Zare Chahouki, A. M., Arzani, H., Ebrahimi, A. Tahmasebi, P., 2016. Comparison of Performance of three the multi-scale plots for evaluation of plant diversity in Karsanak Rangeland of Shahrekord. Plant Research, 30(1): 1-15. (In Persian)
- Arzani, H., Abedi, M., 2015. Rangeland assessment: Vegetation measurement. University of Tehran press, 304pp. (In Persian)
- Cornelissen, J. H. C., Lavorel, S., Garnier, E., Díaz, S., Buchmann, N., Gurvich, D. E., Reich, P. B., Ter Steege, H., Morgan, H. D., Van der Heijden, M. G. A., Pausas, J. G., Poorter, H., 2003. A handbook of protocols for standardized and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Australian Journal of Botany, 51(4): 335-380.
- Shryock, D. F., DeFalco, L. A., Esque, T. C., 2014. Life‐history traits predict perennial species response to fire in a desert ecosystem. Ecology and evolution, 4(15): 3046-3059.
- Ortman, J., Beran, D. D., 2008. Grassland management with prescribed Fire. Nebraska cooperative extension. EC, 148: 122-132.
- Rafiee, F., Jankju, M., Ejtehadi, H., 2015. Investigation on tolerant, adapted and sensitive plant traits to chronological wildfires. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 22(1): 73-85. (In Persian)
- Mirzaei Mossivand, A., Keivan Behjou, F., Zandi Esfahan, E., Ghorbani, A., 2015. Assessment of Fire Effects on Surface Cover Changes and Forage Production (Case Study: Delfan County, Lorestan Province, Iran). Journal of Rangeland Science, 5(1): 60-71. (In Persian)
- Shokri, M., Safaian, N., Atrakchali, A., 2002. Investigation of the effects of fire on vegetation ariations in Takhti Yeylagh-Golestan national park. Iranian J. of Natural Recourse, 55(2): 273. (In Persian)
- Rafiee, F., Jankju, M., Ejtehadi, H., 2015. Plant functional groups (PFTs) semi-arid rangelands marker to detect the secondary succession after fire. Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology, 38(8): 17-27. (In Persian)
- Bock, J. H., Bock, C. E., 1992. Vegetation response to wildfire on native versus exotic Arizon grassland. Journal of Vegetation Science, 3:439-446.
- Jankju, M., 2009. Range improvement and development. Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Mashhad, Iran, 225p. (In Persian)
- Valizadeh, M., Moghadam, M., 1997. Experimental design in agriculture. Parivar Pub., 395 p. (In Persian).
- Fatahi, B., Tahmasebi, A., 2010. The Effect of Fire on Vegetation Change in Mountain Zagros Mountain Rangelands (Case Study: Asadabad Neck Rocks, Hamedan Province 4 (2): 239-228. (In Persian)
- Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H., Cornwell, W. K., 2015. Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species. Functional Ecology DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12449.
- Ripley, B., Visser, V., Christin, P. A., Archibald, S., Martin, T., Osborne, C., 2015. Fire ecology of C3 and C4 grasses depends on evolutionary history and frequency of burning but not photosynthetic type. Ecology, 96(10): 2679-2691.
- Dwyer, L., Stewart, D., Hamilton, R., Houwing, L., 1992. Ear position and vertical distribution of leaf area in corn. Agronomy Journal, 84: 430-438.
- Tahmasebi, P., 2013. Investigating the destructive effects and potential of fire use as a means of managing the vegetation of semi-steppe pastures. Range and Watershed Management, 66 (2): 287-298. (In Persian)