تأثیر سیستم‌های مختلف زهکشی زیرزمینی بر دفع نیترات از اراضی کلزای دیم
الموضوعات :فرزاد حق نظری 1 , فاطمه کاراندیش 2 , عبداله درزی نفت چالی 3 , ایریکا سیمیونک 4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل
2 - گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل
3 - دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری
4 - دانشگاه کالیفرنیا ریورساید
الکلمات المفتاحية: اراضی شالیزاری, تلفات نیترات, زهکشی زیرزمینی, حفاظت منابع آب سطحی, کشاورزی دیم,
ملخص المقالة :
در پژوهش حاضر، که طی دو فصل زراعی 1395-1394 و 1396-1395 در اراضی شالیزاری تجهیز و نوسازی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری با وسعت 5/4 هکتار صورت گرفت، تاثیر سیستم‌های مختلف زهکشی بر روند دفع نیترات به منابع آب سطحی بررسی شد. این سیستم‌ها شامل سه نوع سیستم زهکشی زیرزمینی معمولی متشکل از عمق و فواصل مختلف زهکش به ترتیب 9/0 متر و 30 متر (D0.90L30)، و 65/0 متر و 30 متر (D0.65L30)، 65/0 متر و 15 متر (D0.65L15) و یک سیستم زهکشی زیرزمینی دو عمقی (Bilevel) متشکل از چهار خط زهکش به فاصله 15 متر با اعماق 9/0 و 65/0 متر به صورت یک در میان بودند. علاوه بر اندازه‌گیری روزانه‌ی دبی خروجی از زهکش‌ها، غلظت نیترات زه‌آب نیز با تناوب دو هفته یکبار در طول فصل‌های کشت تعیین شد. تغییرات روزانه‌ی دبی زهکش‌ها در سیستم‌های Bilevel، D0.65L15، D0.65L30 و D0.90L30 به ترتیب بین 231-0، 220-0، 227-0 و 250-0 سانتی‌مترمکعب بر ثانیه در نوسان بود. بررسی رابطه‌ی دبی-بارش نشان داد که شدت بارش 10 میلی‌متر در روز، حد آستانه‌ی کاهش توان زهکش بوده و بارش‌های فراتر از این حد می‌تواند مشکلات ماندابی در محدوده‌ی پژوهش ایجاد نماید. احداث سیستم‌های زهکشی منتخب می‌تواند سالانه 7/34-2/2 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیترات را به منابع آب سطحی دفع نماید؛ لکن احداث سیستم زهکشی D0.65L30 کم‌ترین مخاطره زیست‌محیطی را از این حیث خواهد داشت به این ترتیب، بهره‌بردای زیست‌محیطیِ پایدار از این سیستم‌ها برای توسعه‌ی کشت دیم، نیازمند بررسی‌های دقیق در هنگام انتخاب عمق و فواصل نصب زهکش خواهد بود.
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