Using Urban Smart Growth Approaches in Planning Terms of Tehran Metropolis Green Belt
الموضوعات :
Roozbeh Zamanian
1
(Ph.D. in Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Tehran, Iran.)
Hamid Majedi
2
(Associated Professor, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Tehran, Iran.)
Mohammad Hossein Sharifzadegan
3
(Associated Professor in Economic Development and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban
Planning, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran)
Gholam Reza Kazemiyan
4
(Assistant Professor in Urban Management, Faculty of Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i
University, Tehran, Iran)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Urban Policy, smart growth, Greenbelt, Tehran Metropolitan, Urban-rural fringe, Green belt,
ملخص المقالة :
Fast and unplanned city growth, has effects such as isolation of village societies, threatening urbancores and centers and small and weak societies, destruction of open spaces and open and natural regions. Smart growthoffers a sustainable way for urban developing with appropriate use of available sources, increase of urban services,developing neighborhoods with different uses, making public transportation available and integrated designing inhuman scale. Green belts idea,at first was based on controlling the growth between cities, preventing from mergingcities and separating specifications and details of city and village from each other. Although according to the fact that,there was not an agreement regarding the possible outcomes of green belts and controlling cities growth process amongcity experts, some with conservative ideas, believed that green belts are stopping barriers and negative factors in naturalgrowth process of cities and some others, thought that it is element of separating urban and non-urban habitats.In first approved comprehensive plan of Tehran (2006), suburban ranges were recognized as protected range for futurecity developing. This definition has no more places according to the problems of Tehran. In this article based onthe natural and environmental potentials of Tehran protected areas (Green belt) and many threats for its exposure toresidential construction, there are offered strategies and protecting rules with smart growth approach and green beltdefinition.
Anthony, J. (2004). Do state growth management regulations reduce sprawl?.Urban Affairs Review, 39 (3), 376-397.
Audirac, I., Furuseth, O. J., & Lapping, M. B. (1999). Unsettled views about the fringe: rural-urban or urban-rural frontiers?.Contested countryside: the rural urban fringe in North America., 7-32.
Binford, M. W., & Buchenau, M. J. (1993). Riparian greenways and water resources. Ecology of greenways, 69-104.
Bolund, P. & Hunhammar S., (1999). Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas, Ecological Economics, 29, 293–301.
Bruegmann, R., (2005). Sprawl: a compact history, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bunker, R., & Holloway, D. (2001). Fringe city and contested countryside: population trends and policy developments around Sydney. . Sydney: University of Western Sydney.
Burchell, R. W., Shad, N. A., Listokin, D., Phillips, H., Downs, A., Seskin, S., ...& Gall, M. (1998). The Costs of Sprawl—Revisited. Report 39. Transit Cooperative Research Program. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Caves, R.(2005).Encyclopedia of the City, Routledge.
CURE (Centre for Urban and Regional Ecology) (2002). Sustainable Development in the Countryside around Towns, Countryside Agency Working Papers CAX 111 & 112. (Vol.1 & 2), Cheltenham: Countryside Agency.
Deechan- geografi, (2013, Desember 17). Rural Urban Fringe. Retrieved February 18, 2015. From http://deechan-geografi.blogspot.com/.
Deng, F. F., & Huang, Y. (2004). Uneven land reform and urban sprawl in China: the case of Beijing. Progress in Planning, 61(3), 211-236.
Elson, M., (1993). The effectiveness of Green Belts. London: HMSO.
Ewing, R., (1997). Is Los Angeles-Style Sprawl Desirable?,Journal of the American Planning Association, 6(1), 107- 125.
Fishman, R. (1990). America’s new city. The Wilson Quarterly,14(1), 24-55.
Frumkin, H. (2002). Urban sprawl and public health.Public health reports, 117(3), 201.
Gallent, N., Anderson, J., & Bianconi, M., (2006). Planning on the Edge: The context for planning at the rural-urban fringe, New York, USA: Routledge.
Galster, G., Hanson, R., Ratcliffe, M. R., Wolman, H., Coleman, S., & Freihage, J. (2001). Wrestling sprawl to the ground: defining and measuring an elusive concept. Housing policy debate, 12(4), 681-717.
Ghorbani, R., & Noshad, S., (2008). Smart Growth Strategy in Urban Development, Principles and Approaches, Geography and Development Iranian Journal, 6 (12), 163-180.
Girling, C. L., & Helphand, K. I. (1997). Retrofitting suburbia. Open space in Bellevue, Washington, USA. Landscape and Urban Planning, 36(4), 301-313.
Gordon, P., & Richardson, H. W., (1997). Are Compact Cities a Desirable Planning Goal?, Journal of the American Planning Association. (63), 95 -107.
Gwrcftp, (2000,October). Patterns of Suburban Growth a graphic presentation of suburban development in Virginia: Past patterns and future options. Retrieved April 20, 2015, From http://www.gwrcftp.org/Regional_Planning/Planning_Reference_Docs/Patterns_of_Suburban_Growth.pdf/
Haeuber, R. (1999). Sprawl tales: Maryland's Smart Growth Initiative and the evolution of growth management. Urban Ecosystems, 3(2), 131-147.
Hallman, H. W. (1977). Small & Large Together: Governing the Metropolis (Vol. 56). SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
Howard, E., (1946). Garden Cities of Tomorrow. London: Faber & Faber.
Jacbos, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities, New York: Random House.
LaCour, N P. (1991). Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor: Planning Framework, Techniques, and Technology for Today and the Future. Proceedings from Selected Educational Sessions of the 1991 ASLA Annual Meeting, (pp, 38-74). Washington: American Society of Landscape Architects.
Little, C. E. (1990). Greenways for America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lopez, R., & Hynes, H. P. (2003). Sprawl in the 1990s: Measurement, distribution, and trends. Urban Affairs Review, 38 (3), 325-355.
Lynch, K. (1961). The pattern of the metropolis. Daedalus, 90(1), 79-98.
Tehran, (2008). Master Plan of Tehran. Retrieved April 20,2015. From http://www.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid= 209
Morris, D. E. (2013). It's a Sprawl World After All: The human cost of unplanned growth--and visions of a better future. British Columbia and Canada: New Society Publishers.
Peiser, R. (2001). Decomposing Urban Sprawl. Town Planning Review, 72(3), 275-298.
Peiser, R. B. (1989). Density and Urban Sprawl. Land Economics, 65 (3), 193-204.
Sharifzadegan, M. H., Fathi, H., & Zamanian, R. (2014). Using Strategic Choice Approach in Urban Regeneration Planning (Case Study: Dolatkhah Area in Tehran, Iran),International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 4(2), 45-52.
Soja, E.W. (1995). Postmodern urbanization. The six restructurings of Los Angeles, In: Watson, S., Gibson, K. (Eds.), Postmodern Cities and Spaces. Oxford: Blackwell, 125–137.
Taylor, J., Paine C., &FitzGibbon, J. (1995). From greenbelt to greenways: four Canadian case studies. Landscape and Urban Planning, 33(1),47 - 64.
Wang, J. A., He, C. Y., Dong, Y. C., Gao, L., & Xu, W. (2002). Analysis of land use/cover driving forces in the urban fringe of Beijing City. Adv Earth Sci, 17(2), 201-209.
Williams, K., Burton, E., & Jenks, M. (2001). Achieving Sustainable Urban Form. London and New York: E & FN Spon.
Wolman, H., Galster, G., Hanson, R., Ratcliffe, M., Furdell, K., &Sarzynski, A. (2005). The fundamental challenge in measuring sprawl: which land should be considered?.The Professional Geographer, 57(1), 94-105.
Yang, S. H. (2003). Urban Ecology. Beijing: Science Press.
Yokohari, M., & Amati, M. (2006). Temporal changes and local variations in the functions of London's green belt. Landscape and Urban Planning, 75,125-142.
Yokohari, M., Takeuchi, K., Watanabe, T.,& Yokota, S. (2000). Beyond greenbelts and zoning: a new planning concept for the environment of Asian mega-cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 47, 159-171.
