Borotellurite bio-silica glasses doped by erbium nanoparticles: Structural and thermal properties

الموضوعات : Journal of Theoretical and Applied Physics

Abdulkarim Muhammad Hamza ¹ , Umar Sa'ad Aliyu ² , Halimah Mohamed Kamari ³ , Ibrahim Gana Geidam ⁴ , Raouf El-Mallawany ⁵ , Nazrin Nazrin ⁶ , Muhammad Nasirudeen Baba ⁷

1 - Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2 - Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
3 - Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
4 - Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Yobe State University Damaturu, Nigeri
5 - Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Egypt
6 - Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
7 - Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

تاريخ الإرسال : 06 الخميس , رمضان, 1443 تاريخ التأكيد : 14 الأحد , شوال, 1443 تاريخ الإصدار : 02 الأربعاء , ذو القعدة, 1443

الکلمات المفتاحية: Erbium Nanoparticles, Structural properties, Glasses, Thermal Properties,

ملخص المقالة :

[(TeO2)0.8 (B2O3)0.2]0.8 (SiO2)0.2}0.99 (Ag2O)0.01]1-y - (Er2O3 NPs)y, and y=0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04 and 0.05 mole% were fabricated by the melt quenching technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to verify and confirm the glasses’ non-crystallinity. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) proved the achievement of silicate of 98.6% quality from rice husk. Fourier transform infrared d (FTIR) results exposed the basic structural units such as TeO4, TeO3, BO4, BO3, Si-O-Si, and O-Si-O within the network. The concentration of Er2O3 nanoparticles’ effects on the thermal properties of ErDBST glasses was duly discussed. From the profiling of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the glass crystallization temperature Tc, and transition temperature Tg are estimated. Also, the thermal stability factor, defined as Ts = Tc - Tg, was higher than 100 oC. From room temperature above the Tg for all the sample glasses, specific heat capacity Cq (≥1.4 J/gK-1) was obtained. The results showed that the glass thermal stability and the transition temperature increase with the addition of Er2O3 nanoparticles (NPs). These suggest that an ErDBST glass exhibit good thermal stability and consequently is a suitable candidate for fiber drawing.

نص كامل:



Borotellurite Bio-Silica Glasses Doped by Erbium Nanoparticles:

Structural and Thermal Properties

A. M. Hamza1,2,3, S. A. Umar1,3, M. K Halimah 1, I. G. Geidam1,4, R. El-Mallawany5*, S. N. Nazrin 1, and M. B. Nasirudeen3

1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

2National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure, Idu, Abuja, Nigeria.

3Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

4Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Yobe State University Damaturu, Nigeria.

5Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Egypt.

Corresponding Author E-Mail: [e-mail]

 

Abstract

[(TeO2)0.8 (B2O3)0.2]0.8 (SiO2)0.2}0.99 (Ag2O)0.01]1-y - (Er2O3 NPs)y, y=0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05 mole% were fabricated by the melt quenching technique (ErDBST ). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to verify and confirm the glasses’ non-crystallinity. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) proved the achievement of silicate of 98.6% quality from rice husk. Fourier transform infrared d (FTIR) results exposed the basic structural units such as TeO4, TeO3, BO4, BO3, Si-O-Si, and O-Si-O within the network. From the profiling of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the glass crystallization temperature Tc, and transition temperature Tg are identified.  The Tg, Tc, Ts, and Hruby parameters, Hr had been increased from 469 to 495, 700 to 768, 231 to 273 oC, and 0.469 to 0.644.  Also, the thermal stability factor, defined as Ts = Tc - Tg, was higher than 100 oC. Specific heat capacity Cq was in the range of 2.2 – 4.5 Jg-1K-1. The results showed that the glass thermal stability and the transition temperature increase with the addition of Er2O3 nanoparticles (NPs). These suggest that an ErDBST glass exhibit good thermal stability and consequently is a suitable candidate for different applications.

 

Keywords: Structural Properties, Thermal Properties, Glasses, Borotellurite Bio-Silica, Erbium Nanoparticles 

 

1. Introduction

The rare-earth ions (RE3+) applications now cover almost all necessary fields of technology. For a material scientist to find out the applications for these specific ions, the requirements are studying the properties (structural and thermal) of feasible materials like glasses and their relationship with macroscopic properties. However, to understand the required glass properties suitable for optical devices, detailed theoretical knowledge of the optical improvement mechanism resulting from the embedded NPs doped into the host glass is very important [1]–[3]. The use of silicon oxide (SiO2) as substrates for radiation shielding, optical fibers, electronic displays, and medical and dental implants is recommended to achieve mechanically strong glass [4]. Another thing of immense interest due to their high refractive indices both linear and non-linear, good chemical durability, good mechanical strength, and excellent transmission in the infrared wavelength and visible regions is the applications of tellurite glasses [5]–[10]. In recent times, glasses with modified optical properties for many technical and scientific applications have been made with two or more glass formers. The clean borate glasses have a high melting point, low refractive index, and high phonon energies, approximately 1300–1500 cm-1 [11]–[15]. They are good at designing novel optical materials due to their easy fabrication, cost-effectiveness, and good solubility in RE ion on large-scale shaping. Though, the unsuitability for efficient IR to visible up-convertor of the borate glasses results from their high vibrational energy [16]. Lakshminaraya et al. [17] investigated the thermal and structural properties of zinc molybdenum borotellurite glasses with different network modifier ions. Besides the above, tellurite glasses have interesting physical properties [18-21]. Furthermore, studies on thermal properties as specific heat capacity from DSC analysis have never been disclosed. Therefore, a glass system with five different chemical compositions in this study was fabricated, characterized, and investigated in the aspect of thermal properties as above mentioned.

The objectives of this article were to investigate both structural and thermal properties of the prepared glass series after to extraction of silicate from the rice husk, also to explore the possibility of the use of the studied glasses in fiber drawing. Parameters such as Tc, Tg, Ts = Tc - Tg, Cq, and Hruby parameter, Hr of the glasses were also investigated and studied.

 

2. Experimental procedure

Fabrication of glasses with chemical compositions of [{[(TeO2)0.8 (B2O3)0.2]0.8 (SiO2)0.2}0.99 (Ag2O)0.01]1-y (Er2O3 NPs)y, represented by ErDBST was achieved using melt quenching technique. Reagent grade oxides (99.99% purity, Alfar Aesar) and (98.6 % SiO2 from rice husk) were used as preparatory materials. The oxides mixed were melted in alumina crucibles at a temperature of 1100 oC for 3 hours. The melted glass oxides were transferred into a stainless mold. The glass (as-prepared sample) was annealed at 400 oC (for one hour 30 min) instantly after the quench and gradually cooled to room temperature. The process of annealing is to lessen the internal mechanical stress and obtain a mechanically stable glass. The 400 oC chosen for annealing was since other glasses with similar compositions were treated at the same temperature and is enough to decrease/eliminate the internal tensions (Jlassi et al., 2011). The glasses obtained were crushed to meet the requirements for structural and DSC analysis. The glasses’ thermal properties were studied using DSC in the range of room temperature to 1600 oC under air condition, at a heating rate of 10.00 oC/min via thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA/DSC) machine Metler Toledo brand (model TGA/DSC 1HT). The FTIR measurements of glass samples were carried out in the range of 200 to 4000 cm-1 by using Perkin Elmer FTIR 1660. Using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), the chemical quantitative analysis of the rice husk powder was achieved.

3. Results and discussion

The major elements present in rice husk ash that is essential in forming glass were analyzed using XRF, as shown in Table 1. Based on the XRF results, the primary component with 98.6 % is silica amid other compounds present, including SO3, CaO, K2O, Fe2O3, Ho2O3, MnO, CuO, and ZnO that can also serve as modifiers within the glass network. As typical requirements for silica from quartz, a larger percentage of iron of about 0.20% is accepted [22]. Though, Silica extracted from rice husk ash was purer compared to commercial silica, shown to be 98% pure [22], which is less than the extracted one. Also, the percentage of iron oxide (0.059%) in commercial silica is lower than that in the extracted silica from rice husk (0.091%). Moreover, the iron oxide appearance in the silica source only affects the resultant color of the glass. The iron oxide has a higher percentage which makes the colorless glass dark slightly. Consequently, its presence in the rice husk source should be controlled in the making of glass.

3.1 Spectra of XRD and FTIR 

Firstly, for all the samples, the XRD analysis was conducted to pattern the nature (non-crystalline) of the glasses, and the result is given in Figure 1. It is observed that the results failed to indicate any sharp peaks but showed a broad hump between 20 − 35°  therefore, affirming the samples’ amorphous nature [23]. Figure 2 shows the FTIR spectra for all studied glasses. The analysis is used to study the different functional group that exists in the glass network. The peak appears weak at 670 cm-1 due to the characteristics of pure TeO2 glass and assigned to vibrations of TeO3 and TeO4 structural units [24]. FTIR spectra of the two glass series are in the range of 518 – 547 cm-1, 667 – 674 cm-1, 800 – 1200 cm-1, and 1397 – 1440 cm-1 which make up the four absorption bands. However, the deconvolution revealed some vibrations at 218 – 292 cm-1 and 367 – 493 cm-1. The absorption peaks of keen interest occur around 250–300 cm−1, which can be attributed to both Er–O and TeO3 tp bonds in the network of the glass system [5].  The presence of bands around 518 – 547 cm-1 is assigned to the stretching vibrations of the TeO4 trigonal bipyramid, which suggests the possibility of coordination transformation of TeO4 to TeO3 via TeO3+1 unit [25]. The vibration bands around 667 – 674 cm-1 are attributed to the vibration of Te–O bonds in [TeO4] tbp groups with bridging oxygen [26]. The band around 684 – 820 cm-1 is attributed to the vibration of Te–O- in [TeO3] tp groups with non-bridging oxygen [27].

The absorption spectra of boron in the form of a boroxyl ring are given as BO4 and BO3 units in a glass structure. Around 800 – 1200 cm-1 region, corresponds to the stretching of tetrahedral BO4- units, while the transmission band around 1200 – 1800 cm-1 is associated with the B-O stretching of trigonal BO3 units [28]. Within the range of 400–600 cm−1, the vibration observed could be attributed to the Si–O–Si and O–Si–O bending modes of bridging oxygen in the glass structure [29]. Similarly, the vibration mode assigned to range 770 – 880 cm-1, 940 – 860cm-1, and 970 – 1095 cm-1 might also be due to the Si–O–Si symmetric stretch of bridging oxygen atoms between tetrahedra, Si–O–Si stretching of non-bridging oxygen atoms and Si–O–Si anti-symmetric stretch of bridging oxygen atoms between tetrahedral [30][29] respectively.

Origin 6.0 software was used to perform the deconvolution. In Figure 3, an example of the 0.03 ErDBST glass de-convoluted spectra was presented. The spectra show nine absorption bands assigned in the glass sample to various functional groups. The assignments for the bands are as well indicated in Figure 4. The bridging and non-bridging oxygens are formed simultaneously inside the glass structures. This is because of the different effects that erbium nanoparticles have on borate and tellurite glass. These changes structurally result in the modification of other properties of the glass. The band areas for all the concentrations are seen to vary independently with the concentration of dopant. These variations are due to the BO4 to BO3 conversion and TeO4 to TeO3 conversion and vice versa.  Also, Figure 4 shows the variation of TO3 and TO4 in Er3+ NPs doped glass system. The TO3 structural units increase in mole% from 0.01 to 0.03 of Er3+ NPs and then decrease in mole % at 0.04 and 0.05. The decrease in the band area with increasing dopant concentration indicates the non-bridging oxygen (NBO) formation within the glass structure. Whereas the decreasing trend of TeO4 shows the formation of bridging oxygens decreases and the formation of non-bridging oxygens increase with the addition of dopants. Further increase in Er2O3 NPs will cause TeO4 and BO4 to TeO3 and BO3 conversion respectively. From Figure 5, it is observed that the BO3 units are converted into BO4 units with the increasing erbium oxide and silver oxide content, and further, the band area of the BO4 band increases. Alternatively, both BO3 and BO4 decrease with the concentration increase in erbium nanoparticles, further increment in the dopant concentration tends to increase the BO3 at 0.05 mole% of erbium oxide nanoparticles and silver oxide. The decreasing trend shows the formation of bridging oxygen decreases and the formation of more non-bridging oxygen atoms with the addition of dopants [31]. The vibrations of Er2+ and Er3+ are not observed in the system because; the amount of erbium used in the glass composition is relatively small, which completely takes part in the glass formation.

 

3.2 Thermal analysis

Secondly, Figure 6 illustrates the erbium nanoparticles doped bio-silica borotellurite glass system based on the DSC curves. The detected values of the Tg, Tc, and Tm are listed in Table 2. The single and broad endothermic peak due to Tg shows the homogeneity in the two glass series. The exothermic peak, Tc, due to growth of the crystal, followed by another endothermic peak due to re-melting of the glass samples, Tm, was observed in all the erbium nanoparticles doped bio-silica borotellurite glasses at higher temperatures. The identification difficulty experienced in the glass transition peak Tg is due to the contraction of the glass [32]. These characteristics temperatures relied on the individual bond strength; therefore, the contraction does not affect the non-bridging oxygen present in the glass network.

 

The thermal stability is evaluated using the next equation, 

 

                                                                                            (1)

The higher the  value, give rise the delay in the nucleation process, the greater is the thermal stability, and the easier is the glass formation [33]. Moreover, Hruby parameter, Hr signifies the glass forming tendency and is given by

                                                                                 (2)

The difficulty in forming glasses with   requires a higher rate of cooling, while at a moderate quenching rate, glasses with   can easily be formed [34].

Another parameter used to estimate the ability of glass-forming is the reduced glass transition temperature, Trg obtained from the following:

                                 (3)

The glass transition temperature has a reduced value in the range of  .

 

The criterion on thermodynamic fragility (F) gives information about the changes structurally that occur within the glass matrix and can be estimated by using Equation (4) depending on the parameters of the glass transition.

                                                                                 (4)

where μ                 

However using Kissinger's method, the activation energy of the structural relaxation (Eg) is computed [35][36] as shown in Equation (5)

 

                                ln + constant                                (5)

where β is the heating rate and R is the universal gas constant. The slope of the plot of ln(Tg2/ β) and ln(β) versus (1000/Tg) respectively for the prepared glasses are used to compute the activation energies of the transition in the glass [37].

The specific heat capacity of the glass sample is an important parameter to use to determine the stability and functionality of a material [38]. The following equation is used to compute the sample’s specific heat capacity

                                                                           (3.6)

where m is the mass of the sample,  is the heat flux given by the DSC curve, m=mass of the sample, and  is the sample’s heating rate equal to 10 oC/min. The specific heat capacities for all prepared glass samples were found to increase with temperature, as given in Figure 7. The values are in the range of 2.2 – 4.5 Jg-1K-1. The noticeable increase could be affected by the cooling rate of the glass [39]. Previously, both specific heat capacity and devitrification properties of tellurite glasses had been measured [40,41].

The transition temperature, Tg, is plotted against the concentration of erbium nanoparticles with silver oxide doped glasses, as shown in Figure 8. It can be seen that the Tg of the glass series increases with an increase in dopant concentration in the figure. The increase in Tg with increment in Er3+ NPs/Ag+ contents is connected to an increase in the glass network rigidity because of the increase of NBO (TeO3). Additionally, the introduction of Ag2O results in the Te-O bond length in TeO3 units being smaller than in TeO4 units, which provides the information that the bond strength of TeO3 is higher than TeO4 [33]. This result is supported by FTIR data. Moreover, in all the samples, the weak crystallization peak Tc is ascribed to the formation of heterogeneous nucleation sites facilitated by the Ag2O. The Kissinger method is the approach used to discuss the dependence which yields the activation energy, Ea of the glass series as given in Table 2. the activation energy according to the approach is obtained from the plot of ln(Tg2/β) versus () as shown in Figure 9, and the evaluation of the activation energy, the slope of the straight line is used [37]. The value of the activation energy is constant with the increase in the concentration of erbium nanoparticles. This could be connected to the constant value of the heating rate used. The activation energy is 8010 J/mol for the studied glasses. The other two stability parameters studied are Hruby's factor (Hr) and thermal stability Ts that do not only represent the stability of the glass samples against devitrification but also indicate the glass-forming ability and thermal stability in the amorphous matrix [42].

 

Besides the above, Figure 10 represents the plot of the Hruby factor and thermal stability of [{[(TeO2)0.8 (B2O3)0.2]0.8 (SiO2)0.2}0.99 (Ag2O)0.01]1-y (Er2O3 NPs)y, glasses denoted by ErDBST,  mole%. The two parameters show an increase in dopant concentration creating an increasing trend. The increase could be due to the absence or minimal growth of crystalline structure within or on the surface of the glass as the concentration of Er2O3 NPs increases. This result is also verified by the XRD analysis. Alternatively, the wider the thermal stability, Ts, is, the harder the glass is against the deformation of amorphous nature and conversion to crystallized glass-ceramics, ceramics, and crystals [11]. Interestingly, the values of Ts in the present glasses increased with the addition of the erbium nanoparticle oxides. Moreover, a decrease is observed at a 0.04 molar fraction of Er3+ NPs. This decrement might be attributed to the rupture Te-O-Te linkage by Er2O3 and Ag2O.  The obtained values of Ts 100 °C and Hr 0.5 indicated excellent stability and glass-forming ability of the bio-silica borotellurite glasses. The thermodynamic fragility, F, and glass-forming tendency, Kg illustrated in Figure 11, are important parameters that give information about the changes in the structure that exists in the glass matrix. The values of the thermodynamic fragility decrease from 0.463 to 0.326. The decrement seen in the values indicates that the fragility across the studied glasses is decreasing due to the increase in the connectivity of the glass, which is confirmed through the decrease in the molar volume. The increase in the glass forming tendency suggests the structural changes within the glass, which results in the conversion of TeO4 to TeO3 [43-44].  The impact of the present sythesied new glass materials doped with nano-rare earth elements will be a candedate for sophisticated applications and could be compared with other tellurite glasses [45-47].

4. Conclusions

[(TeO2)0.8 (B2O3)0.2]0.8 (SiO2)0.2}0.99 (Ag2O)0.01]1-y (Er2O3 NPs)y, y=0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05 mole% glasses had been achieved and investigated structurally and thermally. The erbium nanoparticles doped borosilicate tellurite glasses were fabricated using the melt quenching technique. XRF, XRD, FTIR, and DSC had been measured for every sample. The amorphous nature of the glasses was confirmed by the XRD results and it has been concluded that the impact of erbium nanoparticles doped borosilicate tellurite glasses is as follows:

·       Firstly, FTIR confirmed the glass samples' vibrational groups, and these vibrational modes give structural information about the glass samples, which includes the basic structural units such as TeO4, TeO3, BO4, BO3, Si-O-Si, and O-Si-O in the glass system. The quality achievement of 98.6% of silicate from rice husk was verified by XRF, which showed that silica, with 98.6%, is the rice husk ash's primary component.

·        Secondly, the main thermal parameters Tg, Tc, Ts, and Hruby parameter, Hr had been increased from 469 to 495, 700 to 768, 231 to 273 oC, and 0.469 to 0.644. Values of specific heat capacity were in the range of 2.2 – 4.5 Jg-1K-1. So, Er2O3 NPs and Ag2O doped bio-silica borotellurite glass system thermal stability factor Tg is higher than 100 oC, which suggests that ErDBST glass is thermally stable glass and is suitable for a potential applications.

 

Acknowledgment: The financial support through the research Grant Putra (IPS) 9642300 from UPM is gratefully acknowledged.

 

5. References

[1]        N. N. Yusof, S. K. Ghoshal, and M. N. Azlan, “Optical properties of titania nanoparticles embedded Er3+ -doped tellurite glass: Judd-Ofelt analysis,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 724, pp. 1083–1092, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.07.102.

[2]        I. G. Geidam et al., “Thermo-physical and elastic properties of Bi2O3 doped silica borotellurite glasses,” Optik (Stuttg)., vol. 248, no. 2021, pp. 12–15, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.168201.

[3]        S. A. Umar et al., “Spectroscopic investigations of Er2O3 doped silica borotellurite glasses,” Opt. Mater. (Amst)., vol. 114, no. March, p. 110987, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.optmat.2021.110987.

[4]        S. A. Umar et al., “Oxide ion / electronic polarizability , optical basicity and linear dielectric susceptibility of TeO2 – B2O3 – SiO2 glasses,” Ceram. Int., vol. 47, no. 15, pp. 21668–21678, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.04.180.

[5]        A. M. Hamza, M. K. Halimah, F. D. Muhammad, and K. T. Chan, “Physical properties , ligand fi eld and Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters of bio- silicate borotellurite glass system doped with erbium oxide,” J. Lumin., vol. 207, no. May 2018, pp. 497–506, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.11.038.

[6]        M. . N. Azlan, M. K. Halimah, S. S. Hajer, A. B. Suraini, Y. Azlina, and S. A. Umar, “Enhanced Optical Performance of Tellurite Glass Doped with Samarium Nanoparticles for Fiber Optics Application,” Chalcogenide Lett., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 215–229, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.07.013.

[7]        M. N. Azlan et al., “Linear and Nonlinear Optical Efficiency of Novel Neodymium Nanoparticles Doped Tellurite Glass for Advanced Laser Glass,” Educ. JSMT, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 47–66, 2018.

[8]        R. A. Tafida et al., “Structural, optical and elastic properties of silver oxide incorporated zinc tellurite glass system doped with Sm3+ ions,” Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 246, no. February, p. 122801, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.122801.

[9]        S. H. Alazoumi et al., “Optical properties of zinc lead tellurite glasses,” Results Phys., vol. 9, no. March, pp. 1371–1376, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.rinp.2018.04.041.

[10]         S. A. Umar et al., “Structural , elastic and thermo ‑ physical properties of ­ Er 2 O 3 nanoparticles doped bio ‑ silicate borotellurite glasses,” SN Appl. Sci., vol. 291, pp. 1–10, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s42452-020-2112-x.

[11]         Z. A. Said Mahraz, M. R. Sahar, and S. K. Ghoshal, “Band gap and polarizability of boro-tellurite glass: Influence of erbium ions,” J. Mol. Struct., vol. 1072, no. 1, pp. 238–241, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.05.017.

[12]         A. Kaur, A. Khanna, and L. I. Aleksandrov, “Structural, thermal, optical and photo-luminescent properties of barium tellurite glasses doped with rare-earth ions,” J. Non. Cryst. Solids, vol. 476, no. June, pp. 67–74, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.09.025.

[13]         S. A. Umar et al., “Optical and structural properties of rice husk silicate incorporated borotellurite glasses doped with erbium oxide nanoparticles,” J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron., vol. 30, no. 2019, pp. 18606–18616, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10854-019-02213-z.

[14]         M. K. Halimah et al., “Study of rice husk silicate effects on the elastic, physical and structural properties of borotellurite glasses,” Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 238, no. July, p. 121891, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.121891.

[15]        Y. Azlina et al., “Graphene oxide deposition on neodymium doped zinc borotellurite glass surface : Optical and polarizability study for future fiber optics,” Opt. Mater. (Amst)., vol. 117, no. April, p. 111138, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111138.

[16]        A. Hamza et al., “Results in Physics Structural , optical and thermal properties of Er 3 + -Ag codoped bio-silicate borotellurite glass,” Results Phys., vol. 14, no. March, p. 102457, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102457.

[17]        G. Lakshminarayana et al., “Physical, structural, thermal, and optical spectroscopy studies of TeO2–B2O3–MoO3–ZnO–R2O (R = Li, Na, and K)/MO (M = Mg, Ca, and Pb) glasses,” J. Alloys Compd., 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.08.180.

[18] R.El-Mallawany, Longitudinal elastic constants of tellurite glasses, Journal of applied physics 73 (10), 4878-4880 (1993)

[19] RN Hampton, W Hong, G Saunders, RA El-Mallawany, Dielectric properties of tellurite glass, Physics and chemistry of glasses 29 (3), 100-5 (1988)

[20] A El-Adawy, R El-Mallawany, Elastic modulus of tellurite glasses, Journal of materials science letters 15 (23), 2065-2067 (1996)

[21] R El-Mallawany, M Sidkey, A Khafagy, H Afifi, Elastic constants of semiconducting tellurite glasses, Materials chemistry and physics 37 (3), 295-298 (1994)

[22]        Q. Liu, Y. Tian, W. Tang, X. Jing, J. Zhang, and S. Xu, “Comprehensive studies of the Ag + effect on borosilicate glass ceramics containing Ag nanoparticles and Er-doped hexagonal NaYF 4 nanocrystals : morphology , structure , and 2 . 7 μ m emission,” vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 913–923, 2018.

[23]        T. Lee, R. Othman, and F. Y. Yeoh, “Development of photoluminescent glass derived from rice husk,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 59, pp. 380–392, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.08.028.

[24]        S. T. Glasses, “Structural characterization and Thermal Behavior of Sm 3 + Ions Doped Pure and Applied Science Structural characterization and Thermal Behavior of Sm 3 + Ions Doped Sodium Tellurite Glasses,” ZANCO J. pure Appl. Sci., vol. 29 (2), no. January, pp. 32–42, 2017, doi: 10.21271/ZJPAS.29.2.4.

[25]        A. Awang, S. K. Ghoshal, M. R. Sahar, M. Reza Dousti, R. J. Amjad, and F. Nawaz, “Enhanced spectroscopic properties and Judd-Ofelt parameters of Er-doped tellurite glass: Effect of gold nanoparticles,” Curr. Appl. Phys., pp. 1813–1818, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.cap.2013.06.025.

[26]        Umar et al., “Physical, structural and optical properties of erbium doped rice husk silicate borotellurite (Er-doped RHSBT) glasses,” J. Non. Cryst. Solids, vol. 472, pp. 31–38, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.07.013.

[27]        B. Eraiah, “Optical properties of lead – tellurite glasses doped with samarium trioxide,” vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 391–394, 2010.

[28]        L. Bolundut, E. Culea, G. Borodi, R. Stefan, C. Munteanu, and P. Pascuta, “Influence of Sm3+:Ag codoping on structural and spectroscopic properties of lead tellurite glass ceramics,” Ceram. Int., vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 2931–2939, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.10.119.

[29]        S. A. Umar, M. K. Halimah, A. M. Hamza, and A. A. Abdulbaset, “The Structural , Physical and Optical Properties of Borotellurite Glasses Incorporated with Silica from Rice Husk,” J. Sci. Math. Lett., vol. 6, no. 2018, pp. 32–46, 2018.

[30]        N. Effendy, Z. A. Wahab, S. Abdul Aziz, K. A. Matori, M. H. M. Zaid, and S. S. A. Rashid, “Characterization and optical properties of erbium oxide doped ZnO–SLS glass for potential optical and optoelectronic materials,” Mater. Express, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 59–65, 2017, doi: 10.1166/mex.2017.1328.

[31]        N. Berwal, S. Dhankhar, P. Sharma, R. S. Kundu, R. Punia, and N. Kishore, “Physical , structural and optical characterization of silicate modi fi ed bismuth-borate-tellurite glasses,” J. Mol. Struct., vol. 1127, no. 2017, pp. 636–644, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.08.033.

[32]        S. N. N. M. K. H. F. D. Muhammad, “Comparison study of optical properties on erbium-doped and silver- doped zinc tellurite glass system for non-linear application,” J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron., vol. 0, no. 0, p. 0, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10854-019-00940-x.

[33]        J. E. Shelby, Introduction to Glass Science and Technology, Second Edi. New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University School of Engineering, Alfred, NY, USA: Royal Society of Chemitry, 2005.

[34]        M. Anand Pandarinath, G. Upender, K. Narasimha Rao, and D. Suresh Babu, “Thermal, optical and spectroscopic studies of boro-tellurite glass system containing ZnO,” J. Non. Cryst. Solids, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2015.11.028.

[35]        E. C. Paz et al., “Physical, thermal and structural properties of Calcium Borotellurite glass system,” Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 178, pp. 133–138, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.04.080.

[36] RAH El-Mallawany, Tellurite glasses handbook: physical properties and data, Second Edition, ISBN 9781439849835, Published by CRC-Press, USA, 502 Pages (2011)

[37]        E. Procedure, “The Physical Properties of P2 O5 – Sm2O3 – MnO2 Glass System,” vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 101–103, 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.02.011.

[38]        E. Morîntale, A. Harabor, C. Constantinescu, and P. Rotaru, “Use of heat flows from DSC curve for calculation of specific heat of the solid materials,” vol. 23, pp. 89–94, 2013.

[39]        J. E. K. Schawe, “Principles for the interpretation of modulated temperature DSC measurements. Part 1. Glass transition,” Thermochim. Acta, 1995, doi: 10.1016/0040-6031(95)02315-S.

[40] R El-Mallawany, Specific heat capacity of semiconducting glasses: Binary vanadium tellurite, physica status solidi (a) 177 (2), 439-444 (2000)

[41] R El-Mallawany, Devitrification and vitrification of tellurite glasses, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 6 (1), 1-3 (1995)

[42]        V. Kumar, Rupali, O. P. Pandey, and K. Singh, “Thermal and crystallization kinetics of yttrium and lanthanum calcium silicate glass sealants for solid oxide fuel cells,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 36, no. 22, pp. 14971–14976, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.05.124.

[43]        P. Joshi, S. Shen, and A. Jha, “Er3+ -doped boro-tellurite glass for optical amplification in the 1530-1580 nm,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 103, no. 8, 2008, doi: 10.1063/1.2908873.

[44]        D. Souri, “Crystallization kinetic of Sb-V2O5-TeO2 glasses investigated by DSC and their elastic moduli and Poisson’s ratio,” Phys. B Condens. Matter, vol. 456, pp. 185–190, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2014.09.001.

[45]         Dariush Souri a, Farhang Honarvar, Zahra Esmaeili Tahan, Characterization of semiconducting mixed electronic-ionic TeO2-V2O5-Ag2O glasses by employing ultrasonic measurements and Vicker's microhardness, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 699(2017)601-610.

[46]        Yazdan Shahmoradia , Dariush Souria, Mehdi Khorshidi, Glass-ceramic nanoparticles in the Ag2O–TeO2–V2O5 system: Antibacterial and bactericidal potential, their structural and extended XRD analysis by using Williamson–Smallman approach, Ceramics International 45 (2019), 6459-6466; (5) Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 31 , (2021) 2877-2890.

[47] Seyed Ali Salehizadeh, Dariush Souri, The glassy state of the amorphous V2O5–NiO–TeO2 samples ,Journal of Physics and Chemistry of solids 72 (2011), 1381-1385.

 

 

---