A Mini Review on Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Pathogenic Bacteria: Challenges and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies
الموضوعات : Biotechnological Journal of Environmental Microbiology
1 - ِِِDepartment of Microbiology,School of Medicine,Hamadan University of Medical Sciences,Hamadan,Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: Antibiotic resistance, Pathogenic bacteria, Resistance mechanisms, Novel therapies, Multidrug resistance,
ملخص المقالة :
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the major global health challenges of the current century, resulting from the inappropriate and excessive use of antibiotics in the fields of medicine, agriculture and the environment. Reports from the World Health Organization show that resistant infections have increased morbidity, mortality and treatment costs. With the slow pace of discovery of new antibiotics, a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms of resistance and the development of new therapeutic methods are essential. The main mechanisms of resistance include the production of drug-inactivating enzymes, changes in the location of drug targets, efflux pumps and reduced penetration of drugs into the cell. Horizontal gene transfer causes the rapid spread of resistance in bacterial populations. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains have created serious treatment problems. In addition, the shortage of new drugs and the misuse of antibiotics have exacerbated this crisis. New therapeutic approaches such as phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, pump inhibitors and CRISPR-Cas systems have brought new hope. Tackling drug resistance requires global collaboration, the development of new drugs and the implementation of careful antibiotic stewardship policies. These measures can prevent the spread of resistance and maintain the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapies in the future.
1) Elshobary, M. E., Badawy, N. K., Ashraf, Y., Zatioun, A. A., Masriya, H. H., Ammar, M. M., ... & Assy, A. M. (2025). Combating antibiotic resistance: Mechanisms, multidrug-resistant pathogens, and novel therapeutic approaches: An updated review. Pharmaceuticals, 18(3), 402.
2) Gajic, I., Tomic, N., Lukovic, B., Jovicevic, M., Kekic, D., Petrovic, M., ... & Opavski, N. (2025). A comprehensive overview of antibacterial agents for combating Multidrug-Resistant bacteria: the current landscape, development, future opportunities, and challenges. Antibiotics, 14(3), 221.
3) Qadri, H., Shah, A. H., & Mir, M. (2021). Novel strategies to combat the emerging drug resistance in human pathogenic microbes. Current drug targets, 22(12), 1424-1436.
4) Belay, W. Y., Getachew, M., Tegegne, B. A., Teffera, Z. H., Dagne, A., Zeleke, T. K., ... & Aschale, Y. (2024). Mechanism of antibacterial resistance, strategies and next-generation antimicrobials to contain antimicrobial resistance: a review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15, 1444781.
5) Sharma, S., Chauhan, A., Ranjan, A., Mathkor, D. M., Haque, S., Ramniwas, S., ... & Yadav, V. (2024). Emerging challenges in antimicrobial resistance: implications for pathogenic microorganisms, novel antibiotics, and their impact on sustainability. Frontiers in microbiology, 15, 1403168.
6) Adefisoye, M. A., & Olaniran, A. O. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance expansion in pathogens: a review of current mitigation strategies and advances towards innovative therapy. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, 5(6), dlad127.
7) Chinemerem Nwobodo, D., Ugwu, M. C., Oliseloke Anie, C., Al‐Ouqaili, M. T., Chinedu Ikem, J., Victor Chigozie, U., & Saki, M. (2022). Antibiotic resistance: The challenges and some emerging strategies for tackling a global menace. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis, 36(9), e24655.
