اثر یک جلسه تمرین وامانده ساز استقامتی برعملکرد بطنی مردان ورزشکار
الموضوعات : Open Access
1 - گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، واحد مهاباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مهاباد، ایران
2 - گروه فیزیولوزی ورزشی، واحد مرودشت ، دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی ، مرودشت ، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: تمرین هوازی بیشینه وامانده ساز (آزمون بروس) , فشار خون سیستول , فشار خون دیاستول , هزینه اکسیژن مصرفی میوکارد,
ملخص المقالة :
مقدمه : دستگاه قلبی-عروقی در حفظ حیات انسان اهمیت زیادی دارد. وظیفه این دستگاه حفظ یک محیط مناسب در تمام مایعات بافتی بدن برای بقا و عمل مناسب سلول هاست. هدف از انجام این تحقیق بررسی تغییرات عملکرد بطنی مردان نخبه متعاقب یک جلسه فعالیت ورزشی وامانده ساز استقامتی بود. روش شناسی تحقیق : تحقیق حاضر با توجه به ماهیت و روش اجرا از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی بود که بصورت نیمه تجربی و میدانی اجرا شد. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را مردان ورزشکار نخبه تشکیل دادند که تعداد 15 نفر از انها به صورت داوطلبانه در دسترس به عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شدند . پس از برگزاری جلسه توجیهی و پر کردن فرم رضایت اگاهانه پروتکل تمرین هوازی بیشینه وامانده ساز آزمون بروس برای گروه تمرین توضیح داده شد . سپس در ابتدا آزمون های فشار خون و سنجش اکسیژن میوکارد و ضربان قلب از ازمودنی ها به عمل آمد و در ادامه پروتکل تمرین هوازی(تست بروس ) توسط آزمودنی های تحقیق اجرا شد و بلافاصله آزمون های فشار خون و سنجش اکسیژن میوکارد و ضربان قلب از ازمودنی ها بعمل آمد در قسمت آماری توصیفی از میانگین و انحراف استاندارد استفاده شد و همچنین جهت تجزیه و تحلیل یافته های تحقیق از آزمون های آماری شاپیر – ویلک ، t وابسته استفاده شد. سطح معنی داری در تمامی اندازه گیری ها کمتر از 05/0 در نظر گرفته شد. یافته ها : نتاییج این تحقیق نشان داد یک جلسه تمرین وامانده ساز هوازی بر فشار خون دیاستول و فشار متوسط خون اثر معنی داری دارد ( 05/0 = p ). نتیجه گیری : بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق می توان گفت که در حین تمرین استقامتی فشار خون دیاستول و فشار متوسط سرخرگی کاهش معنی دار و ضربان قلب و هزینه اکسیژن مصرفی میوکارد افزایش معنی داری می یابد.و همچنین فشار خون سیستول بدون تغییر بود.
المصادر:
References
1- Fathi et al. (2015)
2- Khalili et al. (2013)> Effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on leptin and insulin resistance index in obese girls> Ibn Sina Journal of Clinical Medicine>Volume 20>Issue 1>Spring 2013>Page 59
3- Sharifan et al. (2018)> Effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise and omega-3 supplementation on pulmonary function in obese men> Razi Journal of Medical Sciences>1397>Volume 25>Issue 7>Page 27
4- Niaparest et al. (2016)> Effects of one session of continuous and intermittent aerobic exercise on peripheral blood pressure in a healthy and sedentary young population>Medicine Rehabilitation>Fall 2016>Volume 5>Issue 3>Page 95
5- Nabilpour et al. (2017)> Evaluation of the effectiveness of peripheral cardiorespiratory training on body composition and blood pressure response in individuals with hypertension>Urmia Medical Journal>Volume 29>Issue 3>June 2018>Page 174
6- Ramezani et al. (2017)> Effect of caffeine on blood pressure and inflammatory index in predicting cardiovascular events in men following exhausting activity>Shaheed University Scientific and Research Bimonthly>September 2017>Year 24>Issue 130
7- Ghahremani et al. (2017)> Effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on lipid peroxidation and endothelin-1 levels in inactive elderly women>Gorgan University of Medical Sciences>Volume 18>Issue 3>Year 2017>Page 52
8- Bavardi Moghadam et al. (2017)> Effect of eight weeks of training Aerobics on functional indices and knee range of motion of active elderly men with knee osteoarthritis > Razi Journal of Medical Sciences > Volume 24 > Issue 156 > 2017 > Page 100
9- Mohammad Reza Asad > The effect of eight weeks of resistance and combined aerobic training on LDL-HDL cholesterol levels and cardiorespiratory fitness in obese men > Payam Noor University > Article 7, Volume 1, Issue 3, Winter 2012, Page 57
10- Tajik et al. (2013) > The effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and weight loss diet on serum follistatin levels in inactive middle-aged women > Scientific and Research Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd > Volume 23 > Issue 5 > Page 411
11- Haghighi et al. (2013) > The effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and moderate doses of green tea consumption on body composition and lipid profile in overweight and obese women > Journal of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sciences Mashhad Medical>Article 2>Volume 58>Issue 7>Mehrovaban 2015>Page 369
12- Haghighi et al. (2010)> The effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise and green tea supplement consumption on body fat percentage and serum lipid profile of obese and overweight women>Journal of Mashhad Medical School>Mehrovaban 2013>Volume 56>Issue 4>Page 211
13- Behjati et al. (2017)> The effect of a course of resistance training on blood pressure and nitric oxide in elderly women>Scientific Research Journal of the Elderly>Volume 13>Issue 1>1397>Page 16
14- Vakili et al.>University of Tabriz
15- Khani et al. (2014)> The effect of 8 weeks of core stability training with a Swiss ball on the balance of adolescent soccer players>Scientific Journal Management>Article 5 Volume 2 Issue 3 Spring 2014>Page 47
16- Amiri et al. (2015)> The effect of 10 weeks of core stability training on static and dynamic balance in women with multiple sclerosis with emphasis on body type> Urmia Medical Journal, Volume 26, Issue 5, p. 410
17- Moghaddisi et al. (2014)> The effect of core stability training on pain, disability and trunk muscle endurance in women with chronic postpartum low back pain> Journal of Disability Studies> December 2017> p. 7
18- Soltani et al. (2010)> The effect of water aerobic training on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with multiple sclerosis> Mashhad University> October 2011
19- Seyed Ali Hosseini> The effect of exercise frequency on maximal oxygen consumption> Shahid Beheshti University> Thesis> Summer 2008
20- Fathi et al. (2011)> The effect of 6 weeks of step aerobic training on fitness Cardiovascular, body composition, flexibility, leg aerobic capacity and quality of life of female students at Isfahan University>Journal of Ergonomics>Volume 2>Issue 2>Summer 2014
21- Bijeh et al. (2014)> The effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on serum levels of apolipoprotein B, A-1 and lipid profile in overweight women > Physical Education and Sport Sciences Research Institute > Article 3 > Volume 7 > Issue 28 > Winter 2015 > Page 45
22- Daniyar et al. (2014)> The effect of 8 weeks of progressive resistance training on physical and motor status of children with cerebral palsy and hemiplegia in Ilam province > Quarterly Journal of Modern Rehabilitation > February 2014 > Volume 9 > Issue 1 > Page 1
23- Naeimi (2002)> The effect of duration and intensity of aerobic exercise on aerobic heart rate in sedentary young women > Jihad Daneshgahi Scientific Information Center Database > Volume 7 > Issue 4 > Page 289
24- Akbarnejad et al. (2010)> The effect of continuous and intermittent exercises on some cardiovascular risk factors in young women Chaq>Biological and Sports Sciences>Summer 2011>Page 77
25- Azizi et al. (2014)> The effect of eight weeks of high-intensity aerobic training on migraine headache indices> Ofq Danesh>Volume 20>Pair 96>Issue 3>Page 33
26- Hamedi Nia et al. (2013)> The effect of a course of aerobic training and green tea supplementation on serum leptin levels and insulin resistance in overweight and obese men>Biological and Sports Sciences>Winter 91>Issue 15>Page 23
27- Poladi Borj et al. (2015)> Comparison of the effect of different aerobic sports activities on blood pressure changes in middle-aged women> Razi Journal of Medical Sciences>Article 22>Issue 134>1394>Page 18
28- Etemadi Borujeni et al. (2015)> The effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training and resistance training on fat profile in patients with To Type 2 Diabetes>Isfahan Medical School>Volume 32>Issue 282>June 2014>Page 524
29- Siah Kohian et al. (2014)> Comparison of the effect of 8 weeks of isotonic exercise with aerobic threshold intensities (LTP1) and anaerobic threshold (LTP2) on cardiopulmonary parameters in young non-athlete men>Applied Exercise Physiology Research Letter>September 2017
30- Fallahi et al.>Comparison of the effect of selected continuous and intermittent aerobic exercise on heart rate recovery in patients with coronary artery bypass grafting>Shahid Beheshti University>Volume 3>Issue 2
31- Gaini et al. (2013)> Comparison of eight weeks of combined and aerobic exercise on functional capacity, body composition and strength of cardiac patients after coronary artery bypass grafting>Cardiac and Vascular Nursing Journal>Volume 2, Issue 1, Spring 2013>
32- Ghasemi et al. (2012)>Effect of aerobic exercise 15 weeks in improving cardiovascular fitness in flight personnel>Journal of Military Medicine>Volume 14, Issue 4, Winter 2012>Page 282
33 - Salehi Khaled, Moradi Fattah. The effect of selenium supplementation on lipid profile and cardiorespiratory function at rest and following an exercise session in active men. Scientific Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences 2019; 26 (2): 146-137
34- Jan Bozorgy Fatemeh, Ghazalian Farshad, Ebrahim Khosrow, Abed Natanzi Hossein, Gholami Mandana. The effect of one session of physical activity on cardiac vasopressin T and free fatty acids. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012; 29 (12): 51-60
URL: http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7298-fa.html
35- Andoli, Carpenter, Craigs, Loscaloz. 2002. Sicilian Fundamentals of Internal Medicine. Translators: Aghazadeh, B. Boroujerdi, Masoud. Edited by Dr. Bahram Ghazi Jahani, Tehran, Iran, Golban Publications.
36- Hosseini, Masoumeh. (2008). The effect of endurance, resistance and combined exercises on the heart structure of university women. Olympic Quarterly, Year 16, No. 4, Pages 29-37.
37- Hosseini, Masoumeh, 2008, The effect of endurance, resistance and combined exercises on the heart structure of university women, Olympic Quarterly, Year 16. Issue 4, pp. 37-29.
38- Roberges, Robert A., and Scott. (2005). Fundamentals of Exercise Physiology, translated by Dr. Abbasali Gaini and Dr. Valiollah Davidi Roshan, Volume 1, Samt Publishing.
39- Roberges, Robert A.; and Scott O. Roberts, 2005, Fundamentals of Exercise Physiology, translated by Dr. Abbasali Gaini and Dr. Vali... Davidi Roshan, Volume 1, Samt Publishing.
40- Norouzi, M. (1992). Studying the effect of relaxation methods on the level of anxiety of veterans hospitalized in hospitals affiliated with the Veterans and Oppressed Foundation. Master's thesis, Tehran, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
41- Sarlak, Zahra. Comparison of maximal oxygen consumption in non-athletic adolescent girls with different maturational status.
42- Behbarati, H., Hadith, Gholami, Zamani, Masoud, Feiz Elahi, ... & Azarbaijani. (2018). Comparison of one aerobic and anaerobic training session on blood leukocytes in non-athletic women. Quarterly Journal of Sports Sciences, 9(28), 39-48.
43- Farrell, P. A., Maksud, M. G., Pollock, M. L., Foster, C., Anholm, J., Hare, J., & Leon, A. S. (1982). A comparison of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides. and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in speed skaters, weightlifters and non-athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 48, 77-82.
44- Bailey, D. M., & Davies, B. (1997). Physiological implications of altitude training for endurance performance at sea level: a review. British journal of sports medicine, 31(3), 183-190.
45- Poderys, J., Buliuolis, A., Poderytė, K., & Sadzevičienė, R. (2005). Mobilization of cardiovascular function during the constant-load and all-out exercise tests. Medicina, 41(12), 1048-1053.
46- Burtscher, J., Strasser, B., Burtscher, M., & Millet, G. P. (2022). The impact of training on the loss of cardiorespiratory fitness in aging masters endurance athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 11050.
47- Franchini, E., Julio, U. F., Panissa, V. L., Lira, F. S., Gerosa-Neto, J., & Branco, B. H. (2016). High-intensity intermittent training positively affects aerobic and anaerobic performance in judo athletes independently of exercise mode. Frontiers in physiology, 7, 268.
48- Basavarajaiah S, Boraita A, Whyte G, Wilson M, Carby L, Shah A, Sharma S. Ethnic differences in left ventricular remodelling in highly-trained athletes: relevance to differentiating physiologic left ventricular hypertrophy from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:2256–2262.
49- Corrado D, McKenna WJ. Appropriate interpretation ossf the athlete‘s electrocardiogram saves lives as well as money. Eur Heart J 2007;28:1920–1922.
50- Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Antzelevitch C, Leoni L, Schiavon M, Buja G, Maron BJ, Thiene G, Basso C. ST segment elevation and sudden death in the athlete. In: Antzelevitch C (ed.), The Brugada Syndrome: from Bench to Bedside. Oxford: Blackwell Futura; 2005. p.119–129.
51- Huo, F. (1999). LIMITS OF STABILITY AND POSTURAL SWAY. A thesis submitted to the School of Rehabilitation Therapy in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada September, 1999
52- John,zhanh.(2007).effect of exercise and custom-made or thotics on blood pressure and heart rate variability: arandomizes controlled pilot studi.journal of chiroparactic medicine,6(5):56-65.
53- Karjalainen J, Kujala UM, Stolt A, Ma¨ntysaari M, Viitasalo M, Kainulainen K, Kontula K. Angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism predicts left ventricular hypertrophy in endurance athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:494–499.
54- Langdeau JB, Blier L, Turcotte H, O’Hara G, Boulet LP. Electrocardiographic findings in athletes: the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy and conduction defects. Can J Cardiol 2001;17:655–659.
55- Magalski A, Maron BJ, Main ML, McCoy M, Florez A, Reid KJ, Epps HW, Bates J, Browne JE. Relation of race to electrocardiographic patterns in elite American football players. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:2250–2255.
56- Majd,A.,joseph,L.(2012).A brief review : history to understand fundamentals of electrocardiography.journal of community hospital internal Medicine perspective ,2:14383.
References
1- Fathi et al. (2015)
2- Khalili et al. (2013)> Effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on leptin and insulin resistance index in obese girls> Ibn Sina Journal of Clinical Medicine>Volume 20>Issue 1>Spring 2013>Page 59
3- Sharifan et al. (2018)> Effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise and omega-3 supplementation on pulmonary function in obese men> Razi Journal of Medical Sciences>1397>Volume 25>Issue 7>Page 27
4- Niaparest et al. (2016)> Effects of one session of continuous and intermittent aerobic exercise on peripheral blood pressure in a healthy and sedentary young population>Medicine Rehabilitation>Fall 2016>Volume 5>Issue 3>Page 95
5- Nabilpour et al. (2017)> Evaluation of the effectiveness of peripheral cardiorespiratory training on body composition and blood pressure response in individuals with hypertension>Urmia Medical Journal>Volume 29>Issue 3>June 2018>Page 174
6- Ramezani et al. (2017)> Effect of caffeine on blood pressure and inflammatory index in predicting cardiovascular events in men following exhausting activity>Shaheed University Scientific and Research Bimonthly>September 2017>Year 24>Issue 130
7- Ghahremani et al. (2017)> Effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on lipid peroxidation and endothelin-1 levels in inactive elderly women>Gorgan University of Medical Sciences>Volume 18>Issue 3>Year 2017>Page 52
8- Bavardi Moghadam et al. (2017)> Effect of eight weeks of training Aerobics on functional indices and knee range of motion of active elderly men with knee osteoarthritis > Razi Journal of Medical Sciences > Volume 24 > Issue 156 > 2017 > Page 100
9- Mohammad Reza Asad > The effect of eight weeks of resistance and combined aerobic training on LDL-HDL cholesterol levels and cardiorespiratory fitness in obese men > Payam Noor University > Article 7, Volume 1, Issue 3, Winter 2012, Page 57
10- Tajik et al. (2013) > The effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and weight loss diet on serum follistatin levels in inactive middle-aged women > Scientific and Research Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd > Volume 23 > Issue 5 > Page 411
11- Haghighi et al. (2013) > The effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and moderate doses of green tea consumption on body composition and lipid profile in overweight and obese women > Journal of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sciences Mashhad Medical>Article 2>Volume 58>Issue 7>Mehrovaban 2015>Page 369
12- Haghighi et al. (2010)> The effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise and green tea supplement consumption on body fat percentage and serum lipid profile of obese and overweight women>Journal of Mashhad Medical School>Mehrovaban 2013>Volume 56>Issue 4>Page 211
13- Behjati et al. (2017)> The effect of a course of resistance training on blood pressure and nitric oxide in elderly women>Scientific Research Journal of the Elderly>Volume 13>Issue 1>1397>Page 16
14- Vakili et al.>University of Tabriz
15- Khani et al. (2014)> The effect of 8 weeks of core stability training with a Swiss ball on the balance of adolescent soccer players>Scientific Journal Management>Article 5 Volume 2 Issue 3 Spring 2014>Page 47
16- Amiri et al. (2015)> The effect of 10 weeks of core stability training on static and dynamic balance in women with multiple sclerosis with emphasis on body type> Urmia Medical Journal, Volume 26, Issue 5, p. 410
17- Moghaddisi et al. (2014)> The effect of core stability training on pain, disability and trunk muscle endurance in women with chronic postpartum low back pain> Journal of Disability Studies> December 2017> p. 7
18- Soltani et al. (2010)> The effect of water aerobic training on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with multiple sclerosis> Mashhad University> October 2011
19- Seyed Ali Hosseini> The effect of exercise frequency on maximal oxygen consumption> Shahid Beheshti University> Thesis> Summer 2008
20- Fathi et al. (2011)> The effect of 6 weeks of step aerobic training on fitness Cardiovascular, body composition, flexibility, leg aerobic capacity and quality of life of female students at Isfahan University>Journal of Ergonomics>Volume 2>Issue 2>Summer 2014
21- Bijeh et al. (2014)> The effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on serum levels of apolipoprotein B, A-1 and lipid profile in overweight women > Physical Education and Sport Sciences Research Institute > Article 3 > Volume 7 > Issue 28 > Winter 2015 > Page 45
22- Daniyar et al. (2014)> The effect of 8 weeks of progressive resistance training on physical and motor status of children with cerebral palsy and hemiplegia in Ilam province > Quarterly Journal of Modern Rehabilitation > February 2014 > Volume 9 > Issue 1 > Page 1
23- Naeimi (2002)> The effect of duration and intensity of aerobic exercise on aerobic heart rate in sedentary young women > Jihad Daneshgahi Scientific Information Center Database > Volume 7 > Issue 4 > Page 289
24- Akbarnejad et al. (2010)> The effect of continuous and intermittent exercises on some cardiovascular risk factors in young women Chaq>Biological and Sports Sciences>Summer 2011>Page 77
25- Azizi et al. (2014)> The effect of eight weeks of high-intensity aerobic training on migraine headache indices> Ofq Danesh>Volume 20>Pair 96>Issue 3>Page 33
26- Hamedi Nia et al. (2013)> The effect of a course of aerobic training and green tea supplementation on serum leptin levels and insulin resistance in overweight and obese men>Biological and Sports Sciences>Winter 91>Issue 15>Page 23
27- Poladi Borj et al. (2015)> Comparison of the effect of different aerobic sports activities on blood pressure changes in middle-aged women> Razi Journal of Medical Sciences>Article 22>Issue 134>1394>Page 18
28- Etemadi Borujeni et al. (2015)> The effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training and resistance training on fat profile in patients with To Type 2 Diabetes>Isfahan Medical School>Volume 32>Issue 282>June 2014>Page 524
29- Siah Kohian et al. (2014)> Comparison of the effect of 8 weeks of isotonic exercise with aerobic threshold intensities (LTP1) and anaerobic threshold (LTP2) on cardiopulmonary parameters in young non-athlete men>Applied Exercise Physiology Research Letter>September 2017
30- Fallahi et al.>Comparison of the effect of selected continuous and intermittent aerobic exercise on heart rate recovery in patients with coronary artery bypass grafting>Shahid Beheshti University>Volume 3>Issue 2
31- Gaini et al. (2013)> Comparison of eight weeks of combined and aerobic exercise on functional capacity, body composition and strength of cardiac patients after coronary artery bypass grafting>Cardiac and Vascular Nursing Journal>Volume 2, Issue 1, Spring 2013>
32- Ghasemi et al. (2012)>Effect of aerobic exercise 15 weeks in improving cardiovascular fitness in flight personnel>Journal of Military Medicine>Volume 14, Issue 4, Winter 2012>Page 282
33 - Salehi Khaled, Moradi Fattah. The effect of selenium supplementation on lipid profile and cardiorespiratory function at rest and following an exercise session in active men. Scientific Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences 2019; 26 (2): 146-137
34- Jan Bozorgy Fatemeh, Ghazalian Farshad, Ebrahim Khosrow, Abed Natanzi Hossein, Gholami Mandana. The effect of one session of physical activity on cardiac vasopressin T and free fatty acids. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012; 29 (12): 51-60
URL: http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7298-fa.html
35- Andoli, Carpenter, Craigs, Loscaloz. 2002. Sicilian Fundamentals of Internal Medicine. Translators: Aghazadeh, B. Boroujerdi, Masoud. Edited by Dr. Bahram Ghazi Jahani, Tehran, Iran, Golban Publications.
36- Hosseini, Masoumeh. (2008). The effect of endurance, resistance and combined exercises on the heart structure of university women. Olympic Quarterly, Year 16, No. 4, Pages 29-37.
37- Hosseini, Masoumeh, 2008, The effect of endurance, resistance and combined exercises on the heart structure of university women, Olympic Quarterly, Year 16. Issue 4, pp. 37-29.
38- Roberges, Robert A., and Scott. (2005). Fundamentals of Exercise Physiology, translated by Dr. Abbasali Gaini and Dr. Valiollah Davidi Roshan, Volume 1, Samt Publishing.
39- Roberges, Robert A.; and Scott O. Roberts, 2005, Fundamentals of Exercise Physiology, translated by Dr. Abbasali Gaini and Dr. Vali... Davidi Roshan, Volume 1, Samt Publishing.
40- Norouzi, M. (1992). Studying the effect of relaxation methods on the level of anxiety of veterans hospitalized in hospitals affiliated with the Veterans and Oppressed Foundation. Master's thesis, Tehran, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
41- Sarlak, Zahra. Comparison of maximal oxygen consumption in non-athletic adolescent girls with different maturational status.
42- Behbarati, H., Hadith, Gholami, Zamani, Masoud, Feiz Elahi, ... & Azarbaijani. (2018). Comparison of one aerobic and anaerobic training session on blood leukocytes in non-athletic women. Quarterly Journal of Sports Sciences, 9(28), 39-48.
43- Farrell, P. A., Maksud, M. G., Pollock, M. L., Foster, C., Anholm, J., Hare, J., & Leon, A. S. (1982). A comparison of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides. and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in speed skaters, weightlifters and non-athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 48, 77-82.
44- Bailey, D. M., & Davies, B. (1997). Physiological implications of altitude training for endurance performance at sea level: a review. British journal of sports medicine, 31(3), 183-190.
45- Poderys, J., Buliuolis, A., Poderytė, K., & Sadzevičienė, R. (2005). Mobilization of cardiovascular function during the constant-load and all-out exercise tests. Medicina, 41(12), 1048-1053.
46- Burtscher, J., Strasser, B., Burtscher, M., & Millet, G. P. (2022). The impact of training on the loss of cardiorespiratory fitness in aging masters endurance athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 11050.
47- Franchini, E., Julio, U. F., Panissa, V. L., Lira, F. S., Gerosa-Neto, J., & Branco, B. H. (2016). High-intensity intermittent training positively affects aerobic and anaerobic performance in judo athletes independently of exercise mode. Frontiers in physiology, 7, 268.
48- Basavarajaiah S, Boraita A, Whyte G, Wilson M, Carby L, Shah A, Sharma S. Ethnic differences in left ventricular remodelling in highly-trained athletes: relevance to differentiating physiologic left ventricular hypertrophy from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:2256–2262.
49- Corrado D, McKenna WJ. Appropriate interpretation ossf the athlete‘s electrocardiogram saves lives as well as money. Eur Heart J 2007;28:1920–1922.
50- Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Antzelevitch C, Leoni L, Schiavon M, Buja G, Maron BJ, Thiene G, Basso C. ST segment elevation and sudden death in the athlete. In: Antzelevitch C (ed.), The Brugada Syndrome: from Bench to Bedside. Oxford: Blackwell Futura; 2005. p.119–129.
51- Huo, F. (1999). LIMITS OF STABILITY AND POSTURAL SWAY. A thesis submitted to the School of Rehabilitation Therapy in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada September, 1999
52- John,zhanh.(2007).effect of exercise and custom-made or thotics on blood pressure and heart rate variability: arandomizes controlled pilot studi.journal of chiroparactic medicine,6(5):56-65.
53- Karjalainen J, Kujala UM, Stolt A, Ma¨ntysaari M, Viitasalo M, Kainulainen K, Kontula K. Angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism predicts left ventricular hypertrophy in endurance athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:494–499.
54- Langdeau JB, Blier L, Turcotte H, O’Hara G, Boulet LP. Electrocardiographic findings in athletes: the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy and conduction defects. Can J Cardiol 2001;17:655–659.
55- Magalski A, Maron BJ, Main ML, McCoy M, Florez A, Reid KJ, Epps HW, Bates J, Browne JE. Relation of race to electrocardiographic patterns in elite American football players. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:2250–2255.
56- Majd,A.,joseph,L.(2012).A brief review : history to understand fundamentals of electrocardiography.journal of community hospital internal Medicine perspective ,2:14383.
