خوانشی از رابطه ساکن و مسکن بر اساس نظریه قابلیت محیط گیبسون در خانه‌های قاجاری شیراز
الموضوعات :
فریبا فتحی
1
,
ویدا تقوائی
2
,
محمدابراهیم مظهری
3
1 - گروه معماری، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران.
2 - دانشیار، گروه معماری، دانشکده دکتر شریعتی و دانشگاه فنی و حرفه ای ، تهران، ایران.
3 - گروه معماری، دانشکده عمران و معماری، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: مسکن سنتی ایرانی, ساکنان خانه های تاریخی, قابلیت محیط, ادراکات حسی و معنایی, خانه‌های قاجار شیراز.,
ملخص المقالة :
رابطه انسان و محیط، به‌ویژه در بستر مسکن، یکی از بنیادی‌ترین وجوه زندگی انسانی است که تأثیر عمیقی بر کیفیت زیست روزمره دارد. مسکن نه صرفاً یک پناهگاه فیزیکی، بلکه بستری پویا برای تعاملات عاطفی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی انسان با محیط پیرامون است.
این پژوهش با اتکا بر نظریه قابلیت محیط جیمز گیبسون، به واکاوی رابطه میان ساکن و مسکن در خانه‌های تاریخی دوره قاجاریه در شهر شیراز می‌پردازد. داده‌ها از طریق مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و انجام مصاحبه‌های عمیق نیمه‌ساختاریافته با افرادی که دارای تجربه زیسته در این خانه‌ها هستند گردآوری شده و مشارکت‌کنندگان به‌روش نمونه‌گیری گلوله‌برفی انتخاب شده‌اند. تحلیل داده‌ها نیز به شیوه کدگذاری سه‌مرحله‌ای (باز، محوری و انتخابی) صورت گرفته است.
یافته‌های پژوهش به ارائه مدلی مفهومی منجر شد که در آن، نیازها، انگیزش‌ها و فعالیت‌های ساکن در نقش عوامل درونی، و فضا، معنا و مکان در نقش مؤلفه‌های محیطی مسکن، در تعامل مستمر و سازنده با یکدیگر قرار دارند. بر اساس چارچوب نظری گیبسون، ادراکات حسی نقش واسطی کلیدی در این تعامل ایفا کرده و بستر شکل‌گیری رفتارهای انسانی در فضاهای معماری محسوب می‌شوند.
خانه‌های قاجاری شیراز، علاوه بر پاسخ‌گویی به نیازهای عملکردی، واجد معانی فرهنگی و تاریخی ژرفی هستند که در تجربه زیسته ساکنان متجلی می‌گردد. این رابطه چندلایه، نقشی تعیین‌کننده در تکوین رفتار و هویت فضایی افراد ایفا کرده و نشان می‌دهد که درک دقیق از قابلیت‌های محیطی می‌تواند زمینه‌ساز حفظ و ارتقای هویت کالبدی و معنایی این خانه‌ها باشد.
بنابراین، مدل مفهومی ارائه‌شده نه‌تنها چارچوبی نظری برای تحلیل رابطه ساکن و مسکن در بستر خانه‌های تاریخی است، بلکه می‌تواند به‌عنوان راهنمایی عملی برای طراحان و پژوهشگران معماری در جهت خلق محیط‌های پایدار، زمینه‌گرا و انسان‌محور در معماری معاصر به کار گرفته شود.
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