تحلیل تطبیقی باغ کوشک های دوره قاجار و پهلوی با تاکید بر تحولات پوشش گیاهی
الموضوعات :
1 - گروه معماری، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 - گروه معماری، واحد پردیس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، پردیس، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: پوشش گیاهی, باغ کوشک, دوره پهلوی, دوره قاجار, معماری منظر,
ملخص المقالة :
پژوهش حاضر تلاش دارد با مرور تطبیقی معماری باغ کوشک‌های دو دوره قاجار و پهلوی، به بررسی تغییرات و تحولات پوشش‌های گیاهی در این دوره‌ها بپردازد. هدف این پژوهش، سنجش میزان معناداری تطور و تغییرات ساختار کالبدی، کارکردی و مفهومی میان دو دوره مذکور است. این مطالعه در چارچوب پارادایم عمل‌گرایی و با روش آمیخته (کیفی ـ کمی) انجام شده است. با توجه به ماهیت اکتشافی پژوهش، در بخش کیفی با راهبرد تحلیل محتوای تماتیک، مؤلفه‌ها از طریق کدگذاری در سه مرحله باز، محوری و انتخابی استخراج شدند و هفت مؤلفه در طراحی باغ کوشک‌ها مبتنی بر تحولات پوشش گیاهی شناسایی گردید. در بخش کمی، با بهره‌گیری از این مؤلفه‌ها، پرسشنامه‌ای محقق‌ساخت طراحی شد که روایی محتوایی و پایایی آن مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. برای مقایسه میان دو دوره، از آزمون من-ویتنی استفاده شد تا امکان مقایسه دو موقعیت وابسته (ارزیابی یک شاخص در دو دوره متفاوت توسط همان پاسخ‌گو) فراهم شود و در عین حال نسبت به نرمال نبودن توزیع حساس نباشد. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل افراد دارای تجربه میدانی یا پژوهشی در حوزه باغ‌های ایرانی دارای کوشک بود و حجم نمونه ۵۱ نفر انتخاب گردید. ابزار پژوهش، پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخت بود که روایی محتوایی و پایایی آن ارزیابی شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد باغ ایرانی در گذار از دوره قاجار به پهلوی دچار دگرگونی ظاهری، اما تداوم مفهومی شده و ساختار فضایی آن همچنان به‌عنوان یک زبان فضایی فرهنگی حفظ شده است. بر این اساس، راهکارهایی برای طراحی ارائه شده است
المصادر:
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2- Afshar Asal, Mehdi, & Khosravi, Mohammad Baqer. (2008). The Architecture of Iran during the Qajar Period. Art Quarterly, 36, 120–138. [In Persian]
3- Ahmadi, R., Ghahremani, S., Kivi, S.B., Bayat, F., Zareh, N., Rohani, A., Hamidi, R., Hamidi, N., Ghamisi, K. and Janianpour, P. (2022) Investigating Social Factors of Residential Satisfaction and the Impact on Housing Price in Spontaneous Settlements in Tehran Fringe. Open Access Library Journal, 9: e9176. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1109176
4- Alaei, A. (2008). Multi-storey pavilions in Iranian gardens. Golestan-e Honar, 4(1), 55–67. [In Persian]
5- Alexander, Christopher Wolfgang John. (2007). the Nature of Order: The Phenomenon of Life. Berkeley, CA: Center for Environmental Structure.
6- Arianpour, Alireza. (1986). Research and Recognition of Iranian Gardens and the Gardens of Shiraz. Tehran: Farhangsara Publications. [In Persian]
7- Augé, Marc. (1995). Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. London: Verso.
8- Barati, N. (2011). Garden or park? A conflict of concepts in two different languages. Manzar, 3(16), 12–15. [In Persian]
9- Barati, N., Al-Hashemi, A., & Minator Sajadi, A. (2017). The worldview of Iranians and the formation of the axial pattern of the Persian garden. Manzar (Landscape), (41). [In Persian]
10- Behbahani, Homa, and Soltani, Hasan. (2003). Indicators and Characteristics of Garden Design during the Qajar Era in Tehran. Environmental Studies, 29(30) (Special Issue on Environmental Design), 81-99.[In Persian]
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12- Bemanian, M., & Taghvai, M. (2008). A conceptual analysis of the plant in the Iranian garden. Iranian Architecture Studies, 6(2), 21–32. [In Persian]
13- Bhabha, Homi K. (1994). The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.
14- Boukani, P. K. (2015). Iranian garden design and its architectural elements (Analysis of Fin Garden in Kashan). Annual Conference on Research in Architecture, Urban Planning, and Urban Management. [In Persian]
15- Daneshdust, Y. (1990). Gardens of Tabas. Tehran: Soroush Publishing. [In Persian]
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20- Goodarzi, V. (2017). An analytical study of Iranian garden-making from the Achaemenid era to the end of the Pahlavi period. Urban and Rural Management, 16(48), 377–394. [In Persian]
21- Habib Farah, E., Qoddousifar, S. H. (2013). Genealogy of urban parks in the first Pahlavi era: Case study of Tehran’s National Garden. Armanshahr Architecture and Urban Development, 5(11). [In Persian]
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23- Hatefi Shoja, S. (2015). Re-exploring the meanings of plants in the Iranian garden. In International Conference on Architecture, Urbanism, Civil Engineering, Art and Environment; Future Horizons, Looking at the Past. [In Persian]
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25- Heydernataj, V., & Rezazadeh, M. (2015). Semantics of plants in Iranian gardens. Bagh-e Nazar, 11(30), 35–45. [In Persian]
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28- Jencks, Charles. (2002). The Architecture of the Jumping Universe: A Polemic: How Complexity Science is Changing Architecture and Culture. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Academy.
29- Jihani, H. R. (2013). Europeanization in Iranian gardens: Transformations of Tehran gardens in the 1300s AH. Manzar Quarterly, 5(2). [In Persian]
30- Kargar, B., Rahimi, A., & Alijani, H. (2016). Architectural decorations of the Ain al-Dowleh mansion in Tehran. International Conference on Elite in Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Urbanism. [In Persian]
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33- Kiani, M. (2014). Architecture of the First Pahlavi Era: Transformation of Thought and the Formation of Architecture during the Twenty-Year Period of Contemporary Iran (1911–1941). Tehran: Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies. [In Persian]
34- Lefebvre, Henri. (1991). the Production of Space (Donald Nicholson-Smith, Trans.). Oxford: Blackwell
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36- Mahdizadeh, S., & Hanachi, P. (2016). The role of Western architects and archaeologists in the restoration of Iran’s historical monuments during the Pahlavi era (1925–1979). Fine Arts – Architecture and Urban Planning, 21(3), 5–14. [In Persian]
37- Mansouri, S. A. (2005). An introduction to the aesthetics of the Iranian garden. Bagh-e Nazar, 2(3), 58–63. [In Persian]
38- Mansouri, S. A., & Heydarnataj, V. (2011). Investigating the origin of the Chahar-Bagh theory as a pattern in Persian garden art. Manzar (Landscape), 3(16), 16–23. [In Persian]
39- Masnavi, M. R., & Vahidzadegan, F. (2014). The concept and meaning of the Iranian garden in the Iranian-Islamic garden city. Journal of Role of the Universe, Volume 4, Issue 1. [In Persian]
40- Medghalchi, L., Ansari, M., & Bemanian, M. R. (2014). The spirit of place in the Iranian garden. Bagh-e Nazar, 11(28), 25–38. [In Persian]
41- Memarian, G. (2011). Iranian Architecture. Tehran: Soroush Danesh. [In Persian]
42- Mirfenderski, M. A. (2001). The garden in the concept of garden. Haft Shahr, 2(3), 24–30. [In Persian]
43- Mirmozafari, H., & Abdollahzadeh-Taraf, A. (2018). Recognition of the principles of urban square design during the First Pahlavi era. Bagh-e Nazar, 15(61), 25–38. [In Persian]
44- Motedayyen, H. (2010). The causes of the emergence of historical gardens in Iran. Bagh-e Nazar, 7(15), 15–62. [In Persian]
45- Motedayyen, H. (2017). History of Garden Design in the World. Tehran: Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture, and Urbanism. [In Persian]
46- Motedayyen, H., & Motedayyen, R. (2015). The English garden: Another Renaissance. Bagh-e Nazar, 12(34), 3–10. [In Persian]
47- Naghdibishi, R., Azmati, S., & Jamshidzadeh, K. (2023). An investigation of effective components in shaping contemporary Iranian architecture based on social changes (Case study: Niavaran Cultural Center and Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art). Modern Architecture Research, 3(3), 69–83. [In Persian]
48- Naima, G. R. (2006). Gardens of Iran. Tehran: Payam. [In Persian]
49- Nasr, E. (2010). The influence of European garden-making on the transformation of Iranian gardens during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods. Fine Arts, 35, 23–37. [In Persian]
50- Nili, R., et al. (2015). Healing aspects in the landscape design of Qajar gardens. Armanshahr Architecture and Urban Development, (11). [In Persian]
51- Norberg-Schulz, Christian. (1980). Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. New York, NY: Rizzoli.
52- Pirnia, M. K. (1994). Iranian gardens. Abadi Magazine, 4(15), 35–40. [In Persian]
53- Pope, A. (1998). Persian Architecture (G. S. Afshar, Trans.). Tehran: Farhangiyan Publishing. (Original work published in English) [In Persian]
54- Pourmand, H., & Keshtkargar Qalati, A. R. (2011). Analysis of existential causes for building the Iranian garden. Fine Arts – Architecture and Urban Planning, 47, 50–61. [In Persian]
55- Rouhani, G. (2011). Garden design and green space development. Tehran: Farhang Jame Publication. (6th ed.) [In Persian]
56- Sepanta, A. (1966). Brick decorations in Islamic architecture of Iran. Islamic Knowledge Journal (Awqaf Organization), 2, 85–88. [In Persian]
57- Shahcheraghi, A. (2009). Analyzing the process of environmental perception of the Iranian garden based on ecological psychology theory. Shahr Identity, 3(5), 71–84. [In Persian]
58- Shahcheraghi, A. (2015). Paradigms of Pardis. Tehran: Jihad Daneshgahi. [In Persian]
59- Sheibani, M., & Esmaeildokht, M. (2015). The Iranian Charbagh. Manzar, 7(33), 14–21. [In Persian]
60- Sirus, Y. (2014). The Achaemenid paradise as the origin of the Iranian garden. Manzar (Landscape), 6(2). [In Persian]
61- Soltani, M. (2007). Formation of urban parks in the contemporary era; transition from garden to park (Tehran case study). Bagh-e Nazar, 4(8), 48–58. [In Persian]
62- Soltanzadeh, H. (2003). From garden to park. Anthropology Journal, 2(4), 91–113. [In Persian]
63- Soroush, M. M. G., & Mokhtabad Amrei, S. M. (2013). Symbolism of Iranian gardens in the Islamic era. Hoviat-e Shahr (City Identity), 7(13). [In Persian]
64- Teymouri Gerdeh, S., & Heydernataj, V. (2014). The main visual elements of the garden depicted in miniatures of Iranian gardens. Bagh-e Nazar, 11(30), 26–35. [In Persian]
65- Toosi, M., & Emamifar, S. N. (2011). Semiotics and symbolism of elements in Iranian gardens with focus on Fin Garden of Kashan. Negareh, 6(17). [In Persian]
66- Wilber, D. N. (2005). The Gardens of Iran and Their Pavilions (M. Saba, Trans.). Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications. [In Persian]
67- Zamani, E., & Lilian, M. R. (2009). Recognition and analysis of elements in the Iranian garden with emphasis on religious-spiritual principles. Bagh-e Nazar, 6(11), 25–38. [In Persian]
1- Abu Nasri Haravi, Qasim ibn Yusuf. (1967). Irshad al-Zar'ah. Tehran: National Library of Iran.[In Persian]
2- Afshar Asal, Mehdi, & Khosravi, Mohammad Baqer. (2008). The Architecture of Iran during the Qajar Period. Art Quarterly, 36, 120–138. [In Persian]
3- Ahmadi, R., Ghahremani, S., Kivi, S.B., Bayat, F., Zareh, N., Rohani, A., Hamidi, R., Hamidi, N., Ghamisi, K. and Janianpour, P. (2022) Investigating Social Factors of Residential Satisfaction and the Impact on Housing Price in Spontaneous Settlements in Tehran Fringe. Open Access Library Journal, 9: e9176. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1109176
4- Alaei, A. (2008). Multi-storey pavilions in Iranian gardens. Golestan-e Honar, 4(1), 55–67. [In Persian]
5- Alexander, Christopher Wolfgang John. (2007). the Nature of Order: The Phenomenon of Life. Berkeley, CA: Center for Environmental Structure.
6- Arianpour, Alireza. (1986). Research and Recognition of Iranian Gardens and the Gardens of Shiraz. Tehran: Farhangsara Publications. [In Persian]
7- Augé, Marc. (1995). Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. London: Verso.
8- Barati, N. (2011). Garden or park? A conflict of concepts in two different languages. Manzar, 3(16), 12–15. [In Persian]
9- Barati, N., Al-Hashemi, A., & Minator Sajadi, A. (2017). The worldview of Iranians and the formation of the axial pattern of the Persian garden. Manzar (Landscape), (41). [In Persian]
10- Behbahani, Homa, and Soltani, Hasan. (2003). Indicators and Characteristics of Garden Design during the Qajar Era in Tehran. Environmental Studies, 29(30) (Special Issue on Environmental Design), 81-99.[In Persian]
11- Beheshti, S. M. (2008). The world of the Iranian garden. Golestan-e Honar Quarterly, 4(2), 8–12. [In Persian]
12- Bemanian, M., & Taghvai, M. (2008). A conceptual analysis of the plant in the Iranian garden. Iranian Architecture Studies, 6(2), 21–32. [In Persian]
13- Bhabha, Homi K. (1994). The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.
14- Boukani, P. K. (2015). Iranian garden design and its architectural elements (Analysis of Fin Garden in Kashan). Annual Conference on Research in Architecture, Urban Planning, and Urban Management. [In Persian]
15- Daneshdust, Y. (1990). Gardens of Tabas. Tehran: Soroush Publishing. [In Persian]
16- Dehghan, F. S., & Forghani, K. (2020). Phenomenology of the Kooshk landscape in the royal garden system and pathology of its transformations over time. Manzar, 12(51), 48–57. [In Persian]
17- Dehkordi (Al-Ebrahim), S. (2012). Water in Iranian culture, architecture and painting. Research Journal of Payam Noor University of Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, 6, Winter (Special issue on Humanities). [In Persian]
18- Diba, D., & Ansari, M. (1995). Iranian Garden. In Proceedings of the First Congress of Architecture and Urbanism of Arg-e Bam (pp. 25–42). Tehran: Cultural Heritage Organization. [In Persian] 19- Ghaem, H. (2017). Typology of vegetation in historical Iranian gardens. Manzar, 7(33), 65–73. [In Persian]
20- Goodarzi, V. (2017). An analytical study of Iranian garden-making from the Achaemenid era to the end of the Pahlavi period. Urban and Rural Management, 16(48), 377–394. [In Persian]
21- Habib Farah, E., Qoddousifar, S. H. (2013). Genealogy of urban parks in the first Pahlavi era: Case study of Tehran’s National Garden. Armanshahr Architecture and Urban Development, 5(11). [In Persian]
22- Hamzehnezhad, M., Saadatjou, P., & Ansari, M. (2014). Comparative study of Iranian garden design in Sassanid and Islamic eras based on heavenly descriptions. Journal of Paradise Studies, 3(5). [In Persian]
23- Hatefi Shoja, S. (2015). Re-exploring the meanings of plants in the Iranian garden. In International Conference on Architecture, Urbanism, Civil Engineering, Art and Environment; Future Horizons, Looking at the Past. [In Persian]
24- Heidarzadeh, E., & Behzadfar, M. (2019). The Impact of Population Density on Urban Quality of Life Indicators, Case Study: District 3 of Tehran. Research and urban planning, 10(37), 1-12. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22285229.1398.10.37.1.5 [In Persian].
25- Heydernataj, V., & Rezazadeh, M. (2015). Semantics of plants in Iranian gardens. Bagh-e Nazar, 11(30), 35–45. [In Persian]
26- Javadi, R., & Vasiq, B. (2022). Iranian Garden: Beyond an earthly garden—Architecture and its impact on urban green space design. Art and Eastern Civilization, (35), 57–70. [In Persian]
27- Javadi, Sh. (2013). Revisiting the ancient narrative of water and tree in Islamic Iran. Art and Eastern Civilization Quarterly, 1(1), 43–50. [In Persian]
28- Jencks, Charles. (2002). The Architecture of the Jumping Universe: A Polemic: How Complexity Science is Changing Architecture and Culture. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Academy.
29- Jihani, H. R. (2013). Europeanization in Iranian gardens: Transformations of Tehran gardens in the 1300s AH. Manzar Quarterly, 5(2). [In Persian]
30- Kargar, B., Rahimi, A., & Alijani, H. (2016). Architectural decorations of the Ain al-Dowleh mansion in Tehran. International Conference on Elite in Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Urbanism. [In Persian]
31- Khosrojerdi, N., & Mahmoudi, M. (2014). Semiotics of form and meaning in the architecture of Iranian gardens. National Conference on Architecture, Urbanism and Sustainable Development, 29. [In Persian] 32- Kiani, M. (2013). The role and status of decorative brickwork in the architecture of the First Pahlavi period. Fine Arts, 18(1), 15–28. [In Persian]
33- Kiani, M. (2014). Architecture of the First Pahlavi Era: Transformation of Thought and the Formation of Architecture during the Twenty-Year Period of Contemporary Iran (1911–1941). Tehran: Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies. [In Persian]
34- Lefebvre, Henri. (1991). the Production of Space (Donald Nicholson-Smith, Trans.). Oxford: Blackwell
. 35- Mahan, A., & Khorramrouyi, R. (2020). European garden design as a vague term (Examining the influence of Renaissance, Baroque, and Romantic garden styles on Tehran’s gardens during the Qajar period). Manzar, 12(53), 6–17. [In Persian]
36- Mahdizadeh, S., & Hanachi, P. (2016). The role of Western architects and archaeologists in the restoration of Iran’s historical monuments during the Pahlavi era (1925–1979). Fine Arts – Architecture and Urban Planning, 21(3), 5–14. [In Persian]
37- Mansouri, S. A. (2005). An introduction to the aesthetics of the Iranian garden. Bagh-e Nazar, 2(3), 58–63. [In Persian]
38- Mansouri, S. A., & Heydarnataj, V. (2011). Investigating the origin of the Chahar-Bagh theory as a pattern in Persian garden art. Manzar (Landscape), 3(16), 16–23. [In Persian]
39- Masnavi, M. R., & Vahidzadegan, F. (2014). The concept and meaning of the Iranian garden in the Iranian-Islamic garden city. Journal of Role of the Universe, Volume 4, Issue 1. [In Persian]
40- Medghalchi, L., Ansari, M., & Bemanian, M. R. (2014). The spirit of place in the Iranian garden. Bagh-e Nazar, 11(28), 25–38. [In Persian]
41- Memarian, G. (2011). Iranian Architecture. Tehran: Soroush Danesh. [In Persian]
42- Mirfenderski, M. A. (2001). The garden in the concept of garden. Haft Shahr, 2(3), 24–30. [In Persian]
43- Mirmozafari, H., & Abdollahzadeh-Taraf, A. (2018). Recognition of the principles of urban square design during the First Pahlavi era. Bagh-e Nazar, 15(61), 25–38. [In Persian]
44- Motedayyen, H. (2010). The causes of the emergence of historical gardens in Iran. Bagh-e Nazar, 7(15), 15–62. [In Persian]
45- Motedayyen, H. (2017). History of Garden Design in the World. Tehran: Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture, and Urbanism. [In Persian]
46- Motedayyen, H., & Motedayyen, R. (2015). The English garden: Another Renaissance. Bagh-e Nazar, 12(34), 3–10. [In Persian]
47- Naghdibishi, R., Azmati, S., & Jamshidzadeh, K. (2023). An investigation of effective components in shaping contemporary Iranian architecture based on social changes (Case study: Niavaran Cultural Center and Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art). Modern Architecture Research, 3(3), 69–83. [In Persian]
48- Naima, G. R. (2006). Gardens of Iran. Tehran: Payam. [In Persian]
49- Nasr, E. (2010). The influence of European garden-making on the transformation of Iranian gardens during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods. Fine Arts, 35, 23–37. [In Persian]
50- Nili, R., et al. (2015). Healing aspects in the landscape design of Qajar gardens. Armanshahr Architecture and Urban Development, (11). [In Persian]
51- Norberg-Schulz, Christian. (1980). Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. New York, NY: Rizzoli.
52- Pirnia, M. K. (1994). Iranian gardens. Abadi Magazine, 4(15), 35–40. [In Persian]
53- Pope, A. (1998). Persian Architecture (G. S. Afshar, Trans.). Tehran: Farhangiyan Publishing. (Original work published in English) [In Persian]
54- Pourmand, H., & Keshtkargar Qalati, A. R. (2011). Analysis of existential causes for building the Iranian garden. Fine Arts – Architecture and Urban Planning, 47, 50–61. [In Persian]
55- Rouhani, G. (2011). Garden design and green space development. Tehran: Farhang Jame Publication. (6th ed.) [In Persian]
56- Sepanta, A. (1966). Brick decorations in Islamic architecture of Iran. Islamic Knowledge Journal (Awqaf Organization), 2, 85–88. [In Persian]
57- Shahcheraghi, A. (2009). Analyzing the process of environmental perception of the Iranian garden based on ecological psychology theory. Shahr Identity, 3(5), 71–84. [In Persian]
58- Shahcheraghi, A. (2015). Paradigms of Pardis. Tehran: Jihad Daneshgahi. [In Persian]
59- Sheibani, M., & Esmaeildokht, M. (2015). The Iranian Charbagh. Manzar, 7(33), 14–21. [In Persian]
60- Sirus, Y. (2014). The Achaemenid paradise as the origin of the Iranian garden. Manzar (Landscape), 6(2). [In Persian]
61- Soltani, M. (2007). Formation of urban parks in the contemporary era; transition from garden to park (Tehran case study). Bagh-e Nazar, 4(8), 48–58. [In Persian]
62- Soltanzadeh, H. (2003). From garden to park. Anthropology Journal, 2(4), 91–113. [In Persian]
63- Soroush, M. M. G., & Mokhtabad Amrei, S. M. (2013). Symbolism of Iranian gardens in the Islamic era. Hoviat-e Shahr (City Identity), 7(13). [In Persian]
64- Teymouri Gerdeh, S., & Heydernataj, V. (2014). The main visual elements of the garden depicted in miniatures of Iranian gardens. Bagh-e Nazar, 11(30), 26–35. [In Persian]
65- Toosi, M., & Emamifar, S. N. (2011). Semiotics and symbolism of elements in Iranian gardens with focus on Fin Garden of Kashan. Negareh, 6(17). [In Persian]
66- Wilber, D. N. (2005). The Gardens of Iran and Their Pavilions (M. Saba, Trans.). Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications. [In Persian]
67- Zamani, E., & Lilian, M. R. (2009). Recognition and analysis of elements in the Iranian garden with emphasis on religious-spiritual principles. Bagh-e Nazar, 6(11), 25–38. [In Persian]
