مدلسازي روند تغييرات شوري خاک با استفاده از شاخصهاي پوشش گياهي، شوري و روش جنگل تصادفي (مطالعه موردي: شهرستان گميشان، استان گلستان)
الموضوعات : Optimal management of water and soil resourcesصالح آرخی 1 , سمیه عمادالدین 2 , محمد بهرامی 3
1 - دانشيار، گروه جغرافيا، دانشکده علوم انساني، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ايران.
2 - دانشيار، گروه جغرافيا، دانشکده علوم انساني، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ايران.
3 - دانش آموخته کارشناسي ارشد مخاطرات محيطي، دانشکده علوم انساني، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ايران.
الکلمات المفتاحية: شوري خاک, تخريب زمين, نقشه¬برداري, آناليز حساسيت, مدلسازي, منطقه گميشان, استان گلستان,
ملخص المقالة :
زمينه و هدف: شور شدن خاک يک فرآيند تخريب زمين است که منجر به تجمع بيش از حد نمکهاي محلول در خاک ميشود. با توجه نبود اطلاعات در رابطه با خصوصيات شوري و بويژه با رويکردهاي نقشهبرداري نوين و همچنين اهميت شوري خاک به عنوان يک ويژگي پويا و تأثيرگذار بر روي کيفيت خاک، تحقيق حاضر بر اساس مدلسازي مکاني شوري خاک با مدل جنگل تصادفي در منطقه مورد مطالعه شهرستان گميشان واقع در استان گلستان در بازه زماني 2000 تا 2024 انجام شده است.
روش پژوهش: در تحقيق حاضر 150 نقطه نمونهبرداري به روش روش اَبرمکعب لاتين انتخاب و 36 پارامتر بعنوان دادههاي محيطي در مدلسازي شامل: شاخصهاي پوشش گياهي، شاخصهاي شوري خاک و شاخصهاي باندهاي تصاوير ماهوارهاي (مانند باند آبي، سبز، قرمز و...) استفاده شده است. همچنين براي تهيه شاخصهاي مورد نظر از تصاوير ماهوارهاي لندست (سنجنده TM) سال 2000 و لندست 8 (سنجندۀ OLI) سال 2024 استفاده شد. پس از تهيه پارامترهاي محيطي و دادههاي شوري خاک، از مدل جنگل تصادفي (RF) براي مدلسازي استفاده گرديده شد. نتايج آمارههاي توصيفي براي EC سطحي خاك نشان ميدهد که مقدار EC خاك در 150 نمونه خاک از 28/0 تا 46/107 دسيزيمنس بر متر (ds/m) متغير بوده و انحراف معيار آن 58/2 است. مهمترين پارامترهاي حاصل از آناليز حساسيت مدل جنگل تصافي در مدلسازي شوري خاک، شاخصهاي پوشش گياهي مانند MNF، PCA و شاخصهاي باندهاي تصاوير ماهوارهاي ميباشند. با توجه به اينکه پوشش گياهي منطقه ضعيف است، بنابراين حضور و تجمع نمک در سطح خاک به راحتي توسط مؤلفههاي اصلي تصوير ماهواره لندست شناسايي ميشوند.
يافتهها: نتايج نشان داد كه ارتباط زيادي بين دادههاي خاك و متغيرهاي محيطي وجود دارد، به طوري كه نقشه نهايي شوري خاك را با ضريب تبيين 87/0 پيشبيني كرده است. مقايسه روند تغييرات شوري خاک از سال 2000 تا 2024 نشان ميدهد که منطقه گميشان در اين مدت به سمت شور شدن پيش ميرود. مقدار حداکثر و حداقل شوري در سال 2000 به ترتيب 93/0 و 65/54 و مقدار حداکثر و حداقل شوري در سال 2024 به ترتيب 14/1 و 87/71 دسيزيمنس بر متر (ds/m) ميباشد. نتايج مقايسه روند تغييرات کلاسهاي شوري خاک نشان داد که مساحت کلاسهاي بدون محدوديت، محدوديت کم و محدوديت زياد به ترتيب 848، 12110 و 15202 هکتار (63/0-، 95/8، 23/11- درصد) کاهش، و مساحت کلاسهاي محدوديت زياد، محدوديت خيلي زياد و محدوديت شديد به ترتيب 3256، 18906 و 5995 هکتار (41/2، 97/13 و 43/4 درصد) افزايش يافتهاند.
نتايج: روند تغييرات شوري در منطقه به سمت مرکز و جنوب افزايشي است كه با روند تغييرات مهمترين متغيرهاي كمكي تشخيص داده شده مانند PCA، همخواني دارد. از نتايج اين تحقيق ميتوان نتيجهگيري نمود که خاکهاي منطقه مورد مطالعه داراي محدوديت شوري و نيز تغييرپذيري زياد مکاني از نظر مقدار پارامترهاي خاک بخصوص شوري ميباشند. اين مسئله نشان ميدهد که براي اصلاح و بهسازي خاکهاي منطقه گميشان نياز به تهيه نقشههاي خاک ميباشد.
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