Effect of Environmental Factors on the Distribution of Fungi in Paddy Fields in Najaf
الموضوعات :
Ahmed Mohsen Majeed
1
,
Naser Jafari
2
,
Nihad Habeeb Mutlaq
3
1 - Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mzandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2 - Faculty of Basic science, University of Mazandaran, Department of plant biology, Babolsar, Iran
3 - University of Kufa, Department of Environment and pollution, Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
الکلمات المفتاحية: Distribution, Ecology, Environmental factor, Fungi, Paddy field, PCR.,
ملخص المقالة :
Fungi are the largest organisms found on Earth; hence, it is important to understand the factors influencing their distribution. In the present study, samples were collected in three stages of rice planting: before planting, during cultivation, and after cultivation from paddy fields in Najaf city. These samples were then cultured using potato dextrose agar medium. The BLAST tool (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) was used for the identification of the fungi, and their counts were determined using a microscope.The results showed that the identified fungi belonged to genera such as Aspergillus, Achroiostachys, Actinomucor, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Penicillium, Proteus, and Talaromyces. The most frequently identified fungi were Fusarium humuli, Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, Penicillium oxalicum, Aspergillus terreus, and Penicillium griseofulvum, respectively. The highest number of colonies and most significant environmental effects were observed before planting and after the agricultural stages. Species distribution was significantly correlated with environmental factors. Additionall y, principal component analysis revealed that the greatest impact of environmental parameters on species distribution was explained by the first and second components, which accounted for 46.05% and 30.20% of the variation, respectively.
Albano, P. G., J. Steger, M. Bošnjak, B. Dunne, Z. Guifarro, E. Turapova, Q. Hua, D. S. Kaufman, G. Rilov and M. Zuschin. 2021. Native biodiversity collapse in the eastern Mediterranean. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 288, (1942) 20202469.
Alghanem, S., A. M. Abu-Elsaoud, M. H. Soliman, H. a. S. Alhaithloul, M. Zia-Ur-Rehman, M. Usman and A. M. Abdel-Azeem. 2023. Effect of endophytic fungi in combating salinity and drought stress in date palm: A case study in Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 60, (4)
Bahram, M. and T. Netherway. 2022. Fungi as mediators linking organisms and ecosystems. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 46, (2) fuab058.
Bhagat, N., S. Kumar, R. Kumari and V. Bharti. 2023. A review on rumen anaerobic fungi: current understanding on carbohydrate fermentation and roughages digestion in ruminants. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 59, (3) 231-249.
Black, C. 1965. Methods of Soil Analysis/American Society of Agronomy. Inc
Casu, A., M. Camardo Leggieri, P. Toscano and P. Battilani. 2024. Changing climate, shifting mycotoxins: A comprehensive review of climate change impact on mycotoxin contamination. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 23, (2) e13323.
Chethana, K. T., I. S. Manawasinghe, V. Hurdeal, C. S. Bhunjun, M. Appadoo, E. Gentekaki, O. Raspé, I. Promputtha and K. D. Hyde. 2021. What are fungal species and how to delineate them? Fungal Diversity, 109, (1) 1-25.
Conde, S., S. Catarino, S. Ferreira, M. Temudo and F. Monteiro. 2024. Rice Pests and Diseases Around the World: Who, Where and What Damage Do They Cause? Rice Science,
De Holanda Fonseca, D. L., D. M. W. D. Silva and F. C. De Albuquerque Maranhão. 2024. Molecular characterization of clinical and environmental isolates from the Cryptococcus neoformans/C. Gattii species complexes of Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 1-12.
Guhl, E., K. Kisło and S. Oberhänsli. The influence of land use in the dispersion of fungal spores. Case study (Białowieża, Poland, August 2022). Master Summer School “Biodiversity Monitoring”, Białowieża, Poland, 15–25 August 2022, 47.
James, D. and K. Wells. 1990. Soil sample collection and handling: Technique based on source and degree of field variability. Soil testing and plant analysis, 3, 25-44.
Khoshru, B., E. Khoshmanzar, B. A. Lajayer and M. Ghorbanpour. 2023. Soil moisture–mediated changes in microorganism biomass and bioavailability of nutrients in paddy soil. In Plant Stress Mitigators:479-494: Elsevier. Number of 479-494 pp.
Kotsis, K. T. 2024. The Impact of War on the Environment. European Journal of Ecology, Biology and Agriculture, 1, (5) 89-100.
Lu, Y., X. Wang, L. C. D. S. Almeida and L. Pecoraro. 2022. Environmental factors affecting diversity, structure, and temporal variation of airborne fungal communities in a research and teaching building of Tianjin University, China. Journal of Fungi, 8, (5) 431.
Mustafa, G., S. Hussain, Y. Liu, I. Ali, J. Liu and H. Bano. 2024. Microbiology of wetlands and the carbon cycle in coastal wetland mediated by microorganisms. Science of The Total Environment, 175734.
Mutlag, N. and D. Hussain. New Records in Iraq and Arab Nations for some Fungi Isolated from Al-Barakia wastewater treat-ment plant in Al-Najaf Province.
Nieder, R. and D. K. Benbi. 2024. Potentially toxic elements in the environment–a review of sources, sinks, pathways and mitigation measures. Reviews on Environmental Health, 39, (3) 561-575.
Nikitin, D. A., E. A. Ivanova, M. V. Semenov, A. D. Zhelezova, N. A. Ksenofontova, A. K. Tkhakakhova and V. A. Kholodov. 2023. Diversity, ecological characteristics and identification of some problematic phytopathogenic Fusarium in soil: a review. Diversity, 15, (1) 49.
Philippot, L., C. Chenu, A. Kappler, M. C. Rillig and N. Fierer. 2024. The interplay between microbial communities and soil properties. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 22, (4) 226-239.
Raza, T., M. F. Qadir, K. S. Khan, N. S. Eash, M. Yousuf, S. Chatterjee, R. Manzoor, S. Ur Rehman and J. N. Oetting. 2023. Unrevealing the potential of microbes in decomposition of organic matter and release of carbon in the ecosystem. Journal of Environmental Management, 344, 118529.
Sharma, A. 2024. ASSESSMENT OF WATER STATUS OF SPRINGS AND HEALTH OF SPRINGSHEDS IN SIRMAUR DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH. Dr. YASHWANT SINGH PARMAR UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Sharma, B. 2014. Environmental chemistry. Krishna Prakashan Media
Sharma, M., M. Sharma, R. Shri and N. Nagar. 2011. Influence of culture media on mycelial growth and sporulation of some soil dermatophytes compared to their clinical isolates. Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 3, (8) 196-200.
Sun, J.-Z., X.-Z. Liu, E. H. Mckenzie, R. Jeewon, J.-K. Liu, X.-L. Zhang, Q. Zhao and K. D. Hyde. 2019. Fungicolous fungi: terminology, diversity, distribution, evolution, and species checklist. Fungal Diversity, 95, 337-430.
Tsao, P. 1960. A serial dilution end-point method for estimating disease potentials of Citrus phytophthoras in soil.
Vitasse, Y., S. Ursenbacher, G. Klein, T. Bohnenstengel, Y. Chittaro, A. Delestrade, C. Monnerat, M. Rebetez, C. Rixen and N. Strebel. 2021. Phenological and elevational shifts of plants, animals and fungi under climate change in the E uropean A lps. Biological Reviews, 96, (5) 1816-1835.
Yu, H., T. Wang, A. Skidmore, M. Heurich and C. Bässler. 2023. How future climate and tree distribution changes shape the biodiversity of macrofungi across Europe. Diversity and Distributions, 29, (5) 666-682.
Yusuf, F., H. M. Yakasai, S. Usman, J. B. Muhammad, M. Yaú, A. H. Jagaba and M. Y. Shukor. 2023. Dyes-decolorizing potential of fungi strain BUK_BCH_BTE1 locally isolated from textile industry effluents: characterization and LC-MS analysis of the metabolites. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 8, 100453.
Zafrin, M., S. Shamsi and M. A. Al Noman. 2024. Morpho-molecular charactrization of endophytic fungi associated with Aquilaria malaccensis lam. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy, 31, (1) 141-154.
