Investigate the Effects of Wastes Valorization of Corn Straw an Alternative Feed for Fattening Calves by Treated of Ammonia Gas
الموضوعات :S. Seifzadeh 1 , M. Sahraei 2 , M. Yazdanyar 3 , J. Seifdavati 4 , H. Abdi-Benemar 5
1 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Science Research, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ardabil, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
4 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
5 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: ammonia gas, biomass, corn grain straw, digestibility,
ملخص المقالة :
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of valorizing corn straw as an alternative feed for fattening calves by treating it with ammonia gas. Different levels of ammonia gas (AG) (0, 2, 3, and 4%) were injected into bags containing moistened corn straw. The plastic bags were stored at 20-25 °C for one month. The results showed that corn straw processed with 4% AG, compared to other experimental treatments, increased the amount of protein (P<0.05). Corn straw treated with 3% AG increased the amount of ether extract compared to the untreated group (P<0.05). Corn straw processed with 3% and 4% AG reduced acid detergent fiber (ADF) (P<0.05). Corn straw treated with 4% AG reduced neutral detergent fiber (NDF) compared to the control group. Additionally, the NDF of corn straw was reduced by using a 3% level of AG (P<0.05). Corn straw treated with 4% AG significantly improved the digestibility of organic matter (% DOM), digestibility of organic matter in dry matter (% DOMD), and metabolizable energy (ME) (P<0.05). Corn straw treated with 4% AG increased gas production at 6, 12, 48, and 72 hours of incubation, but no significant difference was observed at 24 and 36 hours of incubation. Nutritional parameters results of gas production (digestibility of organic matter (OMD), ME, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were not affected by processing with ammo-nia gas. The highest feed intake was recorded with processed corn straw at 9.108 kg, while the feed conversion ratio remained stable, indicating no significant improvement in weight gain efficiency. Total feed costs were lowest for calves without corn straw at $176.320, with minimal increases for unprocessed and processed corn straw options, highlighting the economic considerations of incorpo-rating corn straw into feeding strategies. In general, it can be concluded that treating corn straw with 4% ammonia gas improves its nutritional value by enhancing protein content and digestibility. Despite the increased feed intake, feed conversion efficiency remained unchanged, suggesting economic ad-vantages in calf feeding strategies.
Adebowale E.A. (1985). Response of sheep and goats fed maize straw treated with local alkali. Nigerian J. Anim. Prod. 12, 137-140.
Al-Masri M.R. (2005). Nutritive value of some agricultural wastes as affected by relatively low gamma irradiation levels and chemical treatments. Bioresour. Technol. 96, 1737-1741.
Anbarinejad N. (2018). Use of rumen microorganisms for biologi-cal conversion of agricultural waste under laboratory condi-tions. MS Thesis. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Babayemi O. J. (2006). Antinutritional factors, nutritive value, and in vitro gas production of Foliage and fruit of Enterolobium cyclocarpum. World J. Zool. l, 113-117.
Behgar M. (2009). Physical and chemical properties of some non-forage fibers and their effect of them on the fermentative and productive parameters of dairy cows. PhD Thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Beigh Y.A., Ganai A.M. and Ahmad H.A. (2017). Prospects of complete feed system in ruminant feeding: A review. Vet. World. 10, 424-437.
Berger L.L., Paterson J.A., Klopfenstein T.J. and Britton R.A. (1979). Effect of harvest data and sodium hydroxide treatment on the feeding value of corn stalklage. J. Anim. Sci. 49, 1312- 1343.
Blümmel M. and Orskov E.R. (1993). Composition of in vitro gas production and nylon bag degradability of roughages in pre-dicting food intake in cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 40, 109-119.
Cömert M., Şayan Y., Özelçam H. and Baykal G.Y. (2015). Ef-fects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation and anhy-drous ammonia treatment of wheat straw on in-situ degradabil-ity and, rumen fermentation and growth performance of year-ling lambs. Asian Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 28, 63-646.
Danesh M. (2012). Determination of feeding value of grain and bean straw and the effect of treated wheat straw with urea or ammonia on feed intake, digestibility, and fermentative pa-rameters in Balochi sheep. MS Thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
De Boever J.L., Aerts J.M., Vanacker J.M. and De Brabander D.L. (2005). Evaluation of the nutritive value of maize silages using a gas production technique. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 123, 255-265.
Duckworth M.J., Schroeder A.R., Shike D.W., Faulkner D.B. and Felix T.L. (2014). Effects of feeding calcium oxide on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and ruminal metabolism of cattle. Prof. Anim. Sci. 30, 551-560.
Feng J., Li Y. and Zhang E. (2018). Solid-state co-digestion of NaOH-pretreated corn straw and chicken manure under meso-philic condition. Waste Biomass Valor. 9, 1027-1035.
Flachowsky G., Ochrimenko W.I., Schneider M. and Richter G.H. (1996). Evaluation of straw treatment with ammonia sources on growing bulls. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 60, 117-130.
Graham H., Aman P. and Maguire M.F. (1985). Influence of an-hydrous ammonia treatment on the composition and degrada-tion of components of barley straw. Iranian Agric. Res. 24, 33-37.
Holden L.A. (1999). Comparison of methods of in vitro dry matter digestibility for ten feeds. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 1791-1794.
Jami E., Shterzer N., Yosef E., Nikbachat M., Miron J. and Miz-rahi I. (2014). Effects of including NaOH-treated corn straw as a substitute for wheat hay in the ration of lactating cows on performance, digestibility, and rumen microbial profile. J. Dairy Sci. 93(3), 1623-1633.
Karimi A., Safaei A. and Aghashahi A. (2019). Evaluation of the effect of treated maize stalklage with urea and molasses in fat-tening performance of Turky-Ghashghaii male lambs. J. Anim. Environ. 11(3), 45-50.
Khalid A., Arshad M., Anjum M., Mahmood T. and Dawson L. (2011). The anaerobic digestion of solid organic waste. Waste Manag. 31, e1744.
Liu J.X., Susenbeth A. and Sudekum K.H. (2002). In vitro gas production measurements to evaluate interactions between un-treated and chemically treated rice straws, grass hay, and mul-berry leaves. J. Anim. Sci. 80, 517-524.
Mahesh M.S. and Madhu M. (2014). Crop residues for sustainable livestock production. J. Adv. Dairy Res. 2, 10-16.
Menke K., Raa L., Steingass H., Fritz D. and Scheider W. (1979). The estimation of the digestibility and metabolisable energy content of ruminant feeding stuffs from the gas production technique when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 93, 217-222.
Menke K. and Steinggass H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value from chemical analyses and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 28, 7-55.
Nguyen V.N., Wanapat M., Khejornsart P. and Kongmun P. (2012). Nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation charac-teristics in swamp buffaloes fed chemically treated rice straw and urea. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 44, 629-636.
NRC. (1996). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 7th Ed. Na-tional Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
Oji U.I., Etim H.E. and Okoye F.C. (2007). Effects of urea and aqueous ammonia treatment on the composition and nutritive value of maize residues. Small Rumin. Res. 69, 232-236.
Orskov E.R. (2003). Consistency of differences in nutritive value of straw from different varieties in different seasons. The Rowett Research Institute, United Kingdom.
Prassad C.S. (1993). Domestic from Animal’s Indian Council of Agricultural Research. New Delhi, India.
Rahman S.M.E. (2001). Cattle fattening through urea molasses straw feeding and its effect on intake, growth and carcass characteristics. MS Thesis. Bangladesh Agricultural Univ., Mymen Sigh. Bangladesh.
Russell J.R., Loy D.D., Anderson J.A. and Cecava M.J. (2011). Potential of chemically treated corn stover and modified dis-tiller grains as a partial replacement for corn grain in feedlot diets. ISU Anim. Ind. Rep. 665, 2586-2595.
Sadeghi S., Valizadeh R., Naserian A. and Tahmasebi A. (2015). Nutritive value of wheat straw treated with gaseous or liquid ammonia through nylon bag and in vitro gas production tech-niques. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 7, 257-266.
Sadeghi S., Valizadeh R. and Naserian A. (2012). Nutritive value of ammonia treated wheat straw and Replace it with corn si-lage in the diet of Holstein heifers. MS Thesis. Ferdowsi Uni-versity of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Saenger P.F., Lemenager R.P. and Hendrix K.S. (1983). Effects of anhydrous ammonia treatment of wheat straw upon in vitro digestion, performance, and intake by beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 56, 15-20.
Sahoo B., Saraswat M.L. and Haque N. (2002). Influence of chemical treatment of wheat straw on carbon-nitrogen and en-ergy balance in sheep. Small Rumin. Res. 44, 201-206.
Sarnklong C., Cone J.W., Pellikaan W. and Hendriks W.H. (2010). Utilization of rice straw and different treatments to improve its feed value for ruminants: A Review. Asian Aus-tralasian J. Anim. Sci. 23, 680-692.
SAS Institute. (2004). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.4. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Schneider M. and Flachowsky G. (1990). Studies on ammonia treatment of wheat straw: effect of level of ammonia, moisture content, treatment time and temperature on straw composition and degradation in the rumen of sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech-nol. 29, 251-264.
Selim A.S.M., Pan J., Takano T., Suzuki T., Koike S. and Koba-yashi Y. (2004). Effect of ammonia treatment on physical strength of rice straw, distribution of straw particles and parti-cle associated bacteria in sheep rumen. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech-nol. 115, 117-128.
Shi M.J., Ma Z.X., Tian Y.J., Ma C., Li Y.D. and Zhang X.W. (2022). Effects of corn straw treated with CaO on rumen deg-radation characteristics and fermentation parameters and their correlation with microbial diversity in rumen. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 292, 115403-115411.
Simmons B.A., Loque D. and Ralph J. (2010). Advances in modi-fying lignin for enhanced biofuels production. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 13, 313-320.
Singh K.K., Das M.M. and Maity S.B. (2016). Effect of berseem-wheat straw-based silage on intake and utilization of nutrients in crossbred heifers. Range Manag. Agrofor. 37, 69-72.
Sommart K., Parker D.S., Rowlinson P. and Wanapat M. (2000). Fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis in an in vitro system using cassava, rice straw and dried ruzi grass as substrates. Asian Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 13, 1084-1093.
Taiwo A.A., Adebowale E.A., Greenhalgh J.F.D. and Akinsoyinu A.O. (1992). Effects of urea treatment in the chemical compo-sition and degradation characteristics of some crop residues. Nigerian J. Anim. Prod. 14, 67-79.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch poly-saccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Anim. Sci. 74, 3588-3597.
Yalchi T. (2010). Effects of urea and aqueous ammonia treatment on the nutritive value of triticale straw. J. Food Agric. Envi-ron. 8, 69-72.
Yang I., Cao J., Jin Y., Chang H.M., Jameel H., Phillips R. and Li Z. (2012). Effect of sodium carbonate pretreatment on chemi-cal compositions and enzymatic saccharification of rice straw. Bioresour. Technol. 124, 283- 291.
