تنش¬ سرما و راهکارهاي مقابله با آن در گیاهان زراعي
الموضوعات :
اسماعیل قلی نژاد
1
,
رضا درویش زاده
2
1 - دانشیار، گروه علمي علوم کشاورزي، دانشگاه پيام نور، تهران، ايران. * (مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - استاد، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه اروميه. ارومیه.
الکلمات المفتاحية: اجتناب, پتانسیل اسمزی, تحمل, تنش, مکانیسم تحمل سرما.,
ملخص المقالة :
زمینه و هدف: تنش سرما یکی از تنشهای غیرزیست مضر است و از نظر جغرافیایی عملکرد گیاهان را محدود می‌کند. سازگاری با سرما فرآیندی است که باعث ایجاد مقاومت در برابر تنش سرما در گیاهان مناطق معتدل میشود. تغییرات ساختاری و مورفولوژیکی مختلفی در این فرآیند دخیل هستند. همچنین عوامل آنزیمی و غیر آنزیمی در سازگاری به سرما نقش دارند. تجمع اجزای فعال زیستی، بیوسنتز فیتوهورمونها، تعادل یونی، تجمع اسمولیتها (املاح سازگارساز) و تغییرات در جذب مواد مغذی، اصلاح سیستم ریشه و مقاومت سیستمیک از تحقیقات جدیدی است که در این بررسی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. مقاله حاضر با هدف بررسی پژوهشهای علمی مرتبط با اثرات، مدیریت و کنترل تنش سرما در گیاهان زراعي انجام شده است.
روش بررسی: مقاله حاضر یک مقاله مروری است که با جستجو در مقالههای مرتبط در پایگاههای معتبر (Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SID) تهيه شده است و هدف آن بررسی اثرات، سازوکارهایهای تحمل، روشهای پژوهش، صفات مهم قابل اندازهگیری، مدیریت و کنترل تنش سرما ميباشد.
یافته ها: سرما و انجماد که به ترتیب در دمای كمتر از 15 و 0 درجه سانتیگراد رخ میدهد، هر دو از مهمترین تنشهای غیرزیستی هستند که بر بهرهوری گیاهان با كاهش جوانهزنی، غیر طبیعی شدن گیاهچه، كاهش انبساط برگ، پژمردگی، کلروز و نکروز برگ، و آسیب به اندامهای تولید مثل تأثیر میگذارند. علاوه بر این سرما باعث تغییر رژیم آب، توزیع مواد مغذی معدنی، فتوسنتز و سرعت تنفس، کاهش تشکیل میوه، افزایش ریزش گل و انحراف لوله گرده میشود که در نهایت منجر به کاهش تولید محصول در گیاهان میشود. تنش سرما با تخریب کلروفیل و كاهش بازده کوانتومی فتوسیستم 2 باعث افت فتوسنتز ميشود. سرما همچنين باعث افزايش محتواي مالون دی آلدئید، پروتئین محلول کل، نشت الکترولیت، فعالیت پراکسیدازها، گونههای اکسیژن فعال و تخریب پروتئین میشود. عمدهترین اثر نامطلوب تنش سرما در گیاهان آسیب وارده به غشای پلاسمایی است كه به دلیل کم آبی ناشی از تنش سرما است. در مجموع، تنش سرما منجر به از بین رفتن یکپارچگی غشا میشود كه نتيجه آن نشت املاح است.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: گیاهان به تنش سرما از طریق مکانیسم‌های مختلف مانند تنظیم مثبت بیان ژن‌های مرتبط با سازگاری به سرما مانند ژن‌های کدکننده دهیدرین، پروتئینهای تنظیم‌شده با سرما، افزايش پایداری غشای سلولی با تجمع قندها و پروتئینهای ضد یخ مانند دهیدرینها، اصلاح ترکیب لیپیدی برای افزایش نسبت اسيدهاي چرب غیراشباع به اشباع، افزایش برخی از هورمونهای گیاهی مانند اسید سالیسیلیک، اسید جاسمونیک، اتیلن و اسید آبسزیک، افزایش فعالیت آنتیاکسیدانها، تجمع املاح سازگارساز مانند اسیدهای آمینه، قندها، کربوهیدراتها، پرولین و گلیسین بتائین (ترکیبات نیتروژن با وزن مولکولی کم) به عنوان تنظیم كنندههاي اسمزی، تغییر در مقدار عناصر غذایی و افزایش تولید متابولیتهای ثانویه پاسخ میدهند.
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