پیشایندها و پیامدهای بخشش در دانشجویان دانشگاه کابل افغانستان
الموضوعات :
احسان الله احسان
1
(دانشجوی دکتری روان شناسی. گروه روان شناسی. دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی.دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز. اهواز ایران)
کیومرث بشلیده
2
(عضو هیات علمی. گروه روان شناسی. دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی. دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز. اهواز. ایران)
نسرین ارشدی
3
(گروه روانشناسی-دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی-دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران)
بهرام پیمان نیا
4
(گروه روان شناسی- دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی- دانشکاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران)
تاريخ الإرسال : 24 الإثنين , محرم, 1444
تاريخ التأكيد : 09 الإثنين , جمادى الثانية, 1444
تاريخ الإصدار : 01 الجمعة , شوال, 1444
الکلمات المفتاحية:
عزت نفس,
بخشش,
توافق جویی,
سلامت روانی- جسمی و خوش بینی,
ملخص المقالة :
چکیده
بخشش به عنوان یک فضیلت اخلاقی می تواند در بهبود روابط و تعاملات اجتماعی نقش بارزی داشته باشد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، آزمون شناسایی پیشایندهای و پیامدهای بخشش در دانشجویان دانشگاه کابل بود. نمونه‌ی پژوهش را، 300 نفر از دانشجویان تشکیل می دادند که به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. به منظور جمع آوری داده ها از پرسشنامه های بخشش (تامپسون، 2005)، توافق جویی (مک کری و کاستا، 1992)، عزت نفس (روزنبرگ، 1965)، انسجام خانواده (با الهام از مدل ترکیبی السون، 1999؛ رضویه و سامانی، 1379)، همدلی (EQ-8)، عقاید مذهبی (گلاک و استارک، 1965)، کیفیت زندگی (وار، کوسینسکی و کلر، 1996)، سلامت روانی- جسمی GHQ-12 (گلدبرگ و هیلیر ، 1979) و خوش بینی (شییر و کارور، 1994) استفاده شد. برای ارزیابی الگوی پیشنهادی از الگویابی معادلات ساختاری و آزمودن اثرهای واسطه ای از روش بوت استراپ نرم افزار AMOS 22 استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که تمام ضرایب مسیرهای مستقیم بین متغیرهای پژوهش، بجز مسیرهای انسجام خانواده، عقاید مذهبی، توافق جویی و کیفیت زندگی از لحاظ آماری در سطح (p<0/05) معنی دار است. طبق نتایج پژوهش، رابطه غیر مستقیم عزت نفس با سلامت روانی- جسمی و خوش بینی، توافق جویی با سلامت روانی- جسمی و همدلی با سلامت روانی- جسمی و خوش بینی از طریق میانجی گری بخشش معنی دارد بود. یافته های پژوهش حاضر، چارچوب مفیدی را برای شناسایی عوامل تأثیرگذار در شروع بخشش و پیامدهای حاصل از آن فراهم می کند.
المصادر:
References
1- Webb JR, Toussaint L, Conway-Williams E. Forgiveness and health: Psycho-spiritual integration and the promotion of better healthcare. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy. 2012;18(1-2):57-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854726.2012.667317
2- Sutton GW. Everything you always wanted to read about forgiveness but didn't have time to research. Journal of Psychology and Theology. 2021; 89-5. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091647120914023
3- Kumar A, Dixit V. Forgiveness: An incredible strength. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology. 2014;5(1):90-3.
4- Toussaint L, Webb JR. Theoretical and empirical connections between forgiveness, mental health, and well-being. Handbook of Forgiveness. 2005:349-362.
5- Freedman S, Enright RD. A review of the empirical research using enright's process model of interpersonal forgiveness; 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351123341-25
6- Záhorcová L, Halama P, Enright RD. Forgiveness as a factor of adjustment in bereaved parents. Journal of loss and trauma. 2020;25(2):188-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/
15325024.2019.1664786
7- Enright R. Psychological Science of Forgiveness: Implications for Psychotherapy and Education; 2011.
8- McCullough ME, Worthington Jr EL, Rachal KC. Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of personality and social psychology. 1997;73(2):321-36. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.321
9- Graziano WG, Tobin RM. Agreeableness and the five factor model. The Oxford handbook of the Five Factor Model. 2017;1:105-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.17
10- Graziano WG, Tobin RM. Agreeableness. In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior. The Guilford Press; 2009.
11- Baardstu S, Karevold EB, Von Soest T. Childhood antecedents of Agreeableness: A longitudinal study from preschool to late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality. 2017;67:202-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.10.007
12- Jolanian T, Saberi H, Bashardoust S. Prediction of forgiveness based on personality traits: The mediating role of conscious emotions. Journal of the Faculty of Medicine of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2020;2(63):16-26.
13- Hodge AS, Captari LE, Mosher DK, Kodali N, Hook JN, Davis DE, Van Tongeren DR. Personality and forgiveness: A meta-analytic review. InHandbook of forgiveness. 2019; 97-106. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351123341-10
14- Pour Esameli A, Bayrami M, Hashemi T. Relationships between personality factors and sub-components of forgiveness among students. Thought and Behavior. 2012;(23): 83-93.
15- Pandey R, Tiwari GK, Pandey R, Mandal
SP, Mudgal S, Parihar P, Rai PK, Tiwari AS, Shukla M. The relationship between self-
esteem and self-forgiveness: Understanding the mediating role of positive and negative self-compassion. Authorea Preprints; 2020. https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158981530.01103201
16- Turnage BF, Hong YJ, Stevenson AP, Edwards B. Social work students' perceptions of themselves and others: Self-esteem, empathy, and forgiveness. Journal of Social Service Research. 2012;38(1):89-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2011.610201
17- Neff KD. Self-compassion, self-esteem,
and well-being: self-compassion, self-esteem,
and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2011;5(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x
19- Rivera FI, Guarnaccia PJ, Mulvaney-Day N, Lin JY, Torres M, Alegría M. Family cohesion and its relationship to psychological distress among latino groups. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2008;30(3): 357-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986308318713
20- Scherer M, Worthington Jr EL, Hook JN, Campana KL, West SL, Gartner AL. Forgiveness and cohesion in familial perceptions of alcohol misuse. Journal of Counseling & Development. 2012;90(2): 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-6676.2012.00021.x
21- Edara I, Chen J. Incremental role of family relationships and hurt intensity in forgiveness of family offenders: A study of college students in Taiwan. Psychology. 2018; 9:1023-49. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.95065
22- Beygi A, Mohammadifar MA, Najafi M, Rezayi AM. Relationship of spirituality and forgiveness with family cohesion and adaptability in veterans. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health. 2016;8(1):33-9.
23- Zagrean I, Russo C, Di Fabio M, Danioni F, Barni D. Forgiveness and family functioning among young adults from divorced and married families. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 2020;61(8):543-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2020.1799307
24- Mohammad Aminzadeh D, Kazemian A, Esmaili M, Smeri Y. Prediction of perceived empathy based on emotional schemas and resilience in mothers with physically disabled children. Rehabilitation Scientific Research Quarterly. 2017;18(2):142-53. https://doi.org/10.21859/jrehab-180138
25- Mellor D, Fung SW, Binti Mamat Muhammad NH. Forgiveness, empathy and gender-A Malaysian perspective. Sex Roles. 2012;67:98-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0144-4
26- Macaskill A, Maltby J, Day L. Forgiveness of Self and Others and Emotional Empathy. The Journal of Social Psychology. 2002;142(5):663-65. https://doi.org/10. 1080/00224540209603925
27- Brose LA, Rye MS, Lutz-Zois C, Ross SR. Forgiveness and personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences. 2005;39(1):35-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.11.001
28- King M, Speck P, Thomas A. The Royal Free Interview for Spiritual and Religious Beliefs: development and validation of a self-report version. Psychological Medicine. 2001;31(06):1-22. https://doi.org/10.1037/t04618-000
29- Fincham FD, May RW. Self-forgiveness and well-being: Does divine forgiveness matter?. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2019;14(6):854-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1579361
30- Fincham FD, May RW. No type of forgiveness is an island: divine forgiveness, self-forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2021;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.1913643
31- Yazla E, Karadere ME, Küçükler FK, Karşıdağ Ç, İnanç L, Kankoç E, Dönertaş M, Demir E. The effect of religious belief and forgiveness on coping with diabetes. Journal of Religion and Health. 2018;57:1010-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0504-z
32- Sarlak M, Heydari H. Comparison of marital status, individual forgiveness, interpersonal forgiveness and quality of life in couples married 1-2 years and couples married 3-10 years. Consulting Research Quarterly. 2016;(62)15:188-70.
33- Nik Menesh Z, Kazemi Y, Amra S. Effectiveness of forgiveness group training on the quality of life of female students. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies. 2019;16(34):211-229.
34- Ye Y, Ma D, Yuan H, Chen L, Wang G, Shi J, Yu Y, Guo Y, Jiang X. Moderating effects of forgiveness on relationship between empathy and health-related quality of life in hemodialysis patients: a structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2019;57(2):224-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.10.511
35- Martin LA, Vosvick M, Riggs SA. Attachment, forgiveness, and physical health quality of life in HIV+ adults. AIDS Care. 2012;24(11):1333-1340. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2011.648598
36- Currier JM, Drescher KD, Holland JM, Lisman R, Foy DW. Spirituality, forgiveness, and quality of life: Testing a mediational model with military veterans with PTSD. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2015;26(2):167-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2015.1019793
37- Mudgal S, Tiwari GK. High level of self-forgiveness facilitates quality of life in males and females. International Research Journal. 2017;8(3):154-66.
38- Askari M, Bajlan L. The effect of forgiveness therapy on marital conflicts and the quality of
life of women referring to the welfare of Arak city. Counseling Research Quarterly. 2014;13
(50):118-39.
39- Baghban M. The effectiveness of marital well-being promotion training on the amount of couples' forgiveness. Islamic Research Journal of Women and Family. 2020;(21): 115-33. https://doi.org/10.52547/iswf.8.4.115
40- Charzyńska E, Gruszczyńska E, Heszen-Celińska I. The role of forgiveness and gratitude in the quality of life of alcohol-dependent persons. Addiction Research & Theory. 2020;28(2):173-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2019.1642332
41- Masjidi Arani A. "Dissertation on the effect of group therapy on mental health, quality of life and social support received by healthy women; 2012.
42- Mohammadi H. Effectiveness of intervention based on forgiveness on the quality of life and general health of mothers of children with autism. The third international conference on management and humanities researches. University of Tehran. 2018;1(5):740-52.
43- Movahedi A, Mirza Hosseini H. The effect of forgiveness therapy on coping with marital conflicts and quality of life. Journal of Principles of Mental Health. 2017;19(3):293-300.
44- Warsah I. Forgiveness viewed from positive psychology and Islam. IGCJ: Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal. 2020;3(2): 108-21. https://doi.org/10.25217/igcj.v3i2.878
45- Chen Y, Harris SK, Worthington Jr EL, VanderWeele TJ. Religiously or spiritually-motivated forgiveness and subsequent health and well-being among young adults: An outcome-wide analysis. The journal of Positive Psychology. 2019;14(5):649-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1519591
46- Long, KNG, Worthington EL, VanderWeele TJ, Chen Y. Forgiveness of others and subsequent health and well-being in mid-
life: a longitudinal study on female nurses. BMC Psychology. 2020;8(1): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00470-w
47- Raj P, Elizabeth CS, Padmakumari P. Mental health through forgiveness: Exploring the roots and benefits. Cogent Psychology. 2016;3(1): 30-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2016.1153817
48- Thoresen CE, Harris AH, Luskin F. Forgiveness and health. In M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament, & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 2000; 254-80.
49- Abdel-Khalek AM. Are optimists
happier and more satisfied with their are optimists Happier and more satisfied with their life? BAU Journal-Society Culture and
Human Behavior. 2020;2(1):1-19. https://doi.org/10.54729/2789-8296.1048
50- Srivastava S, Angelo KM. Optimism, effects on relationships. Encyclopedia of human relationships. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2009; 10:383.
51- Scheier MF, Carver CS. Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 1992;16:201-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173489
52- Scheier MF, Carver CS. Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications
of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology. 1985;4(3): 219-247. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219
53- Li C. Research on the dispositional optimism and forgiveness of middle
school teachers in the naxi area. In 2019 International Conference on Management, Education Technology and Economics. Atlantis Press; 2019. 465-68. https://doi.org/
10.2991/icmete-19.2019.111
54- Friedman P, Toussaint L. The relationship between forgiveness, gratitude, distress, and well-being: An integrative review of the literature. The International Journal of Healing and Caring. 2006;6(2):1-10.
55- Ramadhani A, Sanjaya D, Febriyanti D, Kustanti E. Predicting self-regulated learning among scholarship recipient students working on a thesis through forgiveness and its dimensions: the mediating role of optimism. InProceedings of the 5th International Conference on Indonesian Social and
Political Enquiries, ICISPE 2020, 9-10
October 2020, Semarang, Indonesia; 2021. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.9-10-2020.2304752
56- Mattis JS, Powell W, Grayman NA, Murray Y, Cole-Lewis YC, Goodwill JR. What would I know about mercy? Faith and optimistic expectancies among African Americans. Race and Social Problems. 2017; 9(1):42-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-016-9190-9
57- Homan HA. Modeling structural equations using Lisrel software (with modifications). Tehran: Organization for Studying and Compiling Humanities Books of Universities (Samt); 2008.
58- Bashlideh K. Research methods and statistical analysis of research examples with SPSS and AMOS (special for humanities). Ahvaz: Shahid Chamran University; 2016.
59- Thompson LY, Snyder CR, Hoffman L, Michael ST, Rasmussen HN, Billings LS,
Heinze L, Neufeld JE, Shorey HS, Roberts JC, Roberts DE. Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality. 2005;73(2):313-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
60- Costa PT. McCrae RR. Comparison of EPI and psychoticism scales with measures of the five- factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences. 1985;96:587-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(85)90008-X
61- Casta PT. McCrae RR. A contemplated revision NEO fivefactor inventory. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences. 2004;36:578-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00118-1
62- Haghshenas H. Project of five-factor personality, interpretation director and tests manner of NEO FFI-NEO PI-R. Shiraz: medical science of university and mental health services; 2004.
63- Salsali M, Silverstone PH. Low self-esteem and psychiatric patients: Part II-The relationship between self-esteem and demographic factors and psychosocial stressors in psychiatric patients. Annals of General Hospital Psychiatry. 2003;2(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2832-2-1
64- Mäkikangas A, Kinnunen U, Feldt T. Self-esteem, dispositional optimism, and health: Evidence from cross-lagged data on employees. Journal of Research in Personality. 2004;38(6):556-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.02.001
65- Alizadeh T. Examining the relationship between self-esteem and the source of control (internal-external) with the stress of infertility in women and men in Tehran. Master's Thesis, Teacher Training University, Tehran; 2003.
66- Sirajzadeh, SH. Religious attitudes and behaviors of teenagers in Tehran and its implications on the theory of secularization. Research Profile. 1995; 7-8: 105-20.
67- Saatchi M, Kamkari K, Askarian M. Psychological tests. Arsbaran; 2012.
68- Arjeneh M. The relationship between family cohesion and children's life expectancy and social self-efficacy. National conference of new psychology with emphasis on its applications in work and life; 2018.
69- Hoseinsabe F, Jahangard Z, Motamedi A. The relationship between emotional intelligence, attachment style and family cohesion on Facebook Users. New Media Studies, 2016; 2(6):1-25. https://doi.10.22054/cs.2016.7169
70- Jamshidi B, Razmia MR, Haghighatb S, Samani S. The relationship between family cohesion and flexibility with dimensions of perfectionism. IJPCP 2008; 14(2):199-205.
URL: http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-472-en.html
71- Samani S. A causal model for family correlates of emotional independence and adjustment. Doctorate thesis in educational psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz; 2002.
72- Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S. The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism And Developmental Disorders. 2004;34(2):63-175. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00
73- Lawrence EJ, Shaw P, Baker D, Baron-Cohen S, David AS. Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine. 2004;34(5):911-19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001624
74- Loewen PJ, Lyle G, Nachshen JS. An eight-item form of the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and an application to charitable giving. Retrieved from crcee. umontreal. ca/pdf/Eight% 20Question% 20ES_final. pdf. 2009.
75- Kontodimopoulos N, Pappa E, Niakas D, Tountas Y. Validity of SF-12 summary scores in a Greek general population. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2007;5(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-55
76- Ware Jr JE, Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Medical Care. 1996;34(3):220-33. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003
77- Montazeri A, Vahdaninia M, Mousavi
SJ, Omidvari S. The Iranian version of 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12): factor structure, internal consistency and construct validity. BMC Public Health. 2009;9(1):341. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-341
78- Goldberg DP, Hillier VF, A scaled version of genteral health questionnaire. Psychological Medicine. 1979; 9:131-45.
79- Yaqoubi H, Karimi M, Omidi A, Barouti A, Abedi M. Validation and factor structure of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in students. Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2012 ;6(2):153-160.
80- Sarmad Z, Hijazi E, Abbas B. Research methods in behavioral sciences. Agah; 2011.
81- Khodayi A, Zareh H, Alipour A, Shokri A. Psychometric properties of the revised version of life orientation test. Applied Psychology Quarterly. 2016;3(39):387-405.
82- Zandipour T, Shafieinia A, Hosseini F. Relationship between forgiveness of spouse's infidelity and mental health of married women. Counseling Research (News and Counseling Research). 2009;7(28):53-66.
83- Rahmani M, Chalaky W. Investigating the relationship between forgiveness and mental health among employees of the health department (health center) of Sari city in 2018-2019. International research conference in psychology, counseling and educational sciences; 2019.
84- Attari B, Munirpour N, Zargham Hajabi M. The relationship between happiness and self-acceptance, gratitude and forgiveness in the elderly: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Psychology of Aging. 2019;4(3): 197-211.
85- Hong W, Liu RD, Ding Y, Oei TP, Fu
X, Jiang R, Jiang S. Self-esteem moderates
the effect of compromising thinking on forgiveness among Chinese early adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;11:104. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00104
86- Terzino KA. Self-forgiveness for interpersonal and intrapersonal transgressions. Iowa State University; 2010.
87- Toussaint LL, Williams DR, Musick MA, Everson SA. Forgiveness and health: Age differences in a U.S. probability sample. Journal of Adult Development. 2001;8(4):249-57. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011394629736
88- Kimmes JG, Durtschi JA. Forgiveness
in romantic relationships: The roles of attachment, empathy, and attributions. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 2016;42(4):645-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12171
89- Onal Aa, Yalcin I. Forgiveness of others and self‐forgiveness: The predictive role of cognitive distortions, empathy, and rumination. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2017;17(68):
97-120. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2017.68.6
90- Chung MS. Pathways between attachment and marital satisfaction: The mediating roles of rumination, empathy, and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences. 2014; 70:246-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.032
91- Qalipour, N, Amiripour Esfandabadi A. A comparative study of self-esteem and optimism in obese and thin boys and girls of Ardabil city. 2nd International Conference on Humanities, Law, Social Science Studies and Psychology, Izmir, Turkey; 2022.
92- Qadri Gasek M, Jamali S, Nadi M, Mahdavi Nia I. A comparative study of the relationship between self-esteem and self-awareness and their effect on the optimism of primary school students in Birjand. The second national conference of sustainable development in educational sciences and psychology, social and cultural studies; 2014.
93- Zare N, Daneshpajooh F, Amini M, Razeqhi M, Falahzadeh M. The relationship between academic status and general health and self-esteem in students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Iranian Journal of Education in Medical Sciences. 2007;7(1):67-59.
94- Rajabi A, Alibazi H, Jamali A, Abbasi Q. Investigating the relationship between self-esteem and social support with mental health in students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies. 2015;12(21):83-104.
95- Bagherinia H, Yamini M, Ilderabadi I, Bagherinia F. The relationship between personality traits and mental health through resilience in nurses. Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2016;22(6):1063-70.
96- Dionigi A, Casu G, Gremigni P. Associations of self-efficacy, optimism, and empathy with psychological health in healthcare volunteers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(16):
6001. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17166001
97- Khodabakhsh M, Mansuri P. Relationship of forgiveness and empathy among medical and nursing students. Ofogh-E-Danesh. 2012;18(2 (56):45-54.
98- Khojste Mehr R, Karaei A, Rajabi G. Investigating a proposed model for the antecedents and consequences of passing in marriage. Psychological Studies. 2010;16(4):
154-184.
99- Zarei Mete Kalai A. Life skills and addiction prevention. Social Health and Addiction. 2017;4(14):69-96.
_||_
