اثر بخشی بازتوانی شناختی رایانه‌ای (CRT) بر بهبود حافظه‌ی کاری و کاهش نقص توجه مستمر در کودکان با نقص توجه/بیش فعالی ADHD) )
الموضوعات :
نسترن مسیبی
1
(کارشناس ارشد روانشناسی بالینی)
سید رضا میرمهدی
2
(استادیار گروه روانشناسی دانشگاه پیام نور)
الکلمات المفتاحية: اختلال نقص توجه / بیش فعالی, بازتوانی شناختی رایانه‌ای, حافظه‌ی کاری,
ملخص المقالة :
پژوهش حاضر با هدف اثربخشی بازتوانی شناختی رایانه‌ای بر بهبود حافظه‌ی کاری و کاهش نقص توجه مستمر در کودکان با نقص توجه / بیش فعالی (ADHD) انجام شد. روش این پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی با گزینش تصادفی گروه آزمایش و کنترل بود که با پیش آزمون – پس آزمون و پیگیری انجام گرفت. جامعه‌ی آماری شامل تمامی دانش آموزان دختر با نقص توجه / بیش فعالی مقطع ابتدایی شهر اراک بود که 20 نفر از آن‌ها به روش نمونه گیری هدفمند، انتخاب و با گمارش تصادفی، به دو گروه 10 نفره‌ی آزمایش و کنترل تقسیم شدند. به منظور ارزیابی نقص توجه مستمر از نرم افزار فارسی عملکرد پیوسته (CPT) و برای سنجش حافظه‌ی کاری، از آزمون کورنولدی استفاده شد. آزمودنی‌های گروه آزمایش به‌وسیله‌ی نرم افزار فارسی (WMT) به مدت 20 جلسه (45 دقیقه‌ای) تحت آموزش بازتوانی شناختی رایانه‌ای قرار گرفتند. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از تحلیل واریانس چند متغیره با اندازه گیری مکرر استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نشان داد بازتوانی شناختی رایانه‌ای در بهبود حافظه‌ی کاری و کاهش نقص توجه مستمر در کودکان با نقص توجه / بیش فعالی مؤثر است. به‌کارگیری روش بازتوانی شناختی رایانه‌ای می‌تواند موجب کاهش اختلال نقص توجه مستمر و بهبود حافظه کاری کودکان با اختلال (ADHD) گردد.
- A’zami S , Moqaddas A, Hemmati F, Ahmadi A, (2014). Effectiveness of Computer-Assisted Cognitive Remediation (CACR) and Psychostimulant Drugs in Planning Skill of Children with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Clinical Psychology, Volume 3, No.10, 1-17
- Abdi A, Arabani Dana A, Hatami A, Parand A, (2014), The Effect of Cognitive Computer Games on Working Memory, Attention and Cognitive Flexibility in Students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder , journal of exceptional children Volume 14, Number 1, 19-33
- Alirezaei Motlagh M, (2004). Evaluation and comparison of visual memory performance (immediate and long-term) in boys aged 6 to 12 with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder with normal counterparts, 2004 , Educational Sciences: Exceptional education, 30 , 12 to 15
- Alizadeh H, YousefZadeh F, Nouroozi D, Mohajer Z, (2014), The effect of computer training on children with attention deficit disorder/ADHD, Rahavaran Amoozesh, 1
- Alizadeh H, (2005), Theoretical explanation of attention deficit disorder/ ADHD: Behavioral inhibition pattern and self-control nature, Research in exceptional children, 5, Number 3, 323-348
- Alizadeh H, (2005), Attention deficit disorder/ ADHD, Tehran, Roshd Press
- Antenson , AD , Hoberd , A , Gramstad , A , Brubakk , AM & Skranes , B .( 2005), Guidelines for successfully parenting ADHD Children . Salt lake city , Utah . journal Neurology learn and Behavior center 12 (3) , 500 -530
- Armstrong I, Douglas M. (2003). Attention all blink in adults with ADHD: J Eye Mov. ; (152): 243-250
- Baddeley . A. D. (2000) . Working Memory : Theory and Practice , London . U.K : Oxford University press.
- Barkley , R. A .( 1997). Behavioral inhibition , sustained attention , and executive functions : Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD . Psychological Bulletin . 121, 65-94.
- Barkley , RA .( 1998) . Attention- Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder . A Handbook for diagnosis and treatment . New york : Guilford , 6(1) , 12-16.
- Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Edelbrock, C. S., & Smallish, L. (2005). The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An & year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 546-557.
- Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2000). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A clinical workbook(2ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
- Chalbianloo Gh, Abdi R, (2014), The Role of Alpha in Frontal and Temperament-character Dimensions in Predicting of Interpersonal Problems of Patents with Borderline Personality by Mediating of Emotion Discrimination, 17, 93-111
- Chronis AM, Jones HA, Raggi VL.(2006). Evidence – based psychological treatments for children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. (26) : 486-502
- Davids, E., & Gastpar, M. (2005).Attention deficithyperactivity disorder. Progressive Neuropsychopharmacologyand Biology of Psychiatry, 29, 865-77
- Dawson , P ., & Guare , R . (2004) . Executive skills in children and adolescents: A practical guide to assessment and intervention . New York : Guilford Press.
- Finn , M & McDonald , S.(2011) . Computerised cognitive training for older personsons with mild cognitive impairment : A pilot study using a ranomised controlled trial dasign . Brain mpairment , 12(3), 187 - 199
- Ganji M, (2014), Psychological pathology based on DSM-5, Tehran, Savalane Press.
- Ghamari Givi H, Narimani M., Mahmoodi H. , (2012), The Effectiveness of Cognition-Promoting softeware on executive function, response inhibition and working memory of children with syslexia and attention deficit/hyperactivity, journal of learning disabilities, Volume 1, Number 2, 98 - 115.
- Giedd, J.N., Castellanos, F. X., Casey, B. J., Kozuch, P., King, A. C., Hamburger, S. D., & Rapoport, J. L. (1994). Quantitative morphogy of the corpus callossum in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 665-669
- Goldberg , L & Dollinger , S .J .(1989).Treatment of a child’s sleep disturbance and related phobias in the family . In M . C .Roberts & C . E . Walker (Eds) , Casebook of child and pediatric psychology (pp.94-111). New York: Guilford press .
- Gordon, B.N., & Schroeder, C.S. (2001). Sexual problems of children. In C. E. Walker & M. C. Roberts (Eds.), Handbook of clinical child psychology (3rd ed., pp. 495-522).New York:Wiley
- .
- Hadian Fard H, Najarian b, ShekarShekan H, Mehrabi Zadeh Honarmand M, (2000), Preparation and development of the Persian version of continuous performance test, Psychology Journal, No 16, 388-404
- Hynd, G W., Smrud-Clikman, M., Loryds, A. R., Novey, E. S., Eliopulos, D., & Lyytrnen, H.(1991).Corpus callosum morphogy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Morphometric analysis of MRI. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 141-146
- Kaffman, M., Hallahan (2009). Bereavement responses of kibbutz and non-kibbutz children following death of father . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 435-442.
- Kazemi S, Saif A , (2010), The Effect of Executive Function Training on Children Wechsler ACID Profile of Students with Learning Disability, Journal Psychological methods and models. 33, 93-108
- Kesler SR , Lacayo NJ , Jo B . (2011). A pilot study of an online cognitive rehabilitation program for executive function skills in children with cancer –related brain injury , Departmen of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
- Kiani B, Hadianfard H , (2016), The Impact of Intervention Based on Mindfulness on Planning of Adolescents with Subthreshold Symptoms of Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder in Tower of London Test, Journal Psychological methods and models, 23, 117-134
- Kiptown , Green , C.S .& Bevelier , D .( 2006). Effect of Action video games on the spatial distribution of visuospatial attention . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human perception and performance , 32(6) , 465 – 478
- Klingberg , T , Fernell , E , Olesen P , J , Johnson , M Gustafsson P , Dahlstrom . K , Gillberg , C G , Forssberg , H , & Westerberg H .( 2005) . Computerized Training of working Memory in children with ADHD –A Randomized controlled Trial . Journal of the American Academy of child and Adolescent psychiatry , 44 (2) , 177 – 86
- Klingberg T , forssberg H & Westerberg , H. (2002) .Traiming of working Memory in children with ADHA . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology . ; 24 , 781 . 791
- Klingberg T.(2010) . Traning and plasticity of working memory . Trends in Cognitive
- Lezak , M.D. , Howieson , D . B, & Loring , D .W .( 2004). Neuropsychological Assessment (4th Ed .) . New York : Oxford University press.
- Mars . D , SKoartez. MC, Lokee & Sini . (2001) . prevalence of attention – deficit / hyperactivity disorder in a community sample of older adolescents . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 40 , 1037- 1044
- Milton . H .(2010) . Effects of A Computerized Working Memory Training Program on Attention . Working Memory , And Academics , In Adolescents With Severe ADHD / LD . psychology journal , 1 (14), 120 -122
- Nazifi M, Rasoul Zadeh-Tabatabaie K, Azad- Fallah P, Moradi A, (2012), The Effect of Computer-Assisted Cognitive Rehabilitation and Drug Therapy on Response Inhibition and Reaction Time of Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Cilinical Psychology, 4, No 1, 87-97
- Najmi B, (2007), Quality of attention deficit psychosocial / ADHD Behavioral Sciences Research, 5, No 1, 55-63
- Noukani M, (2010), Cognitive rehabilitation using computers to reduce attention deficit disorder (ADHD), PhD thesis of psychology, University of Rehabilitation Sciences and Social Welfare.
- Connel, R. G , Bellgrove , M . A & Robertson, I. H. (2007). Avenues for the Neuro- Remediatin of ADHD : Lessons from Clinical Neurosciences . In M. Fitgerald , M. Bellgrove
- Overton , & et al. (2003). Effects of methylphenidate , Desipramine, and L- dopa on attention and anhibition in children with ADHD . Journal of Behave .Brain Res. 145, 7-15.
- Pliszka , SR. (2007). Pharmacologic Treatment of Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder : Efficacy , Safety and Mechanisms of Action . Neuropsychol . Rev . ; 17: 61-72
- Rebecca Grayson, Andy Lewis & Vicky. (2005). Inhibition , ADHD , and Computer Games : The Inhibitory Performance of Children with ADHD ON Computerized Tasks and Games . journal of Attention Disorders , 4(8) . 160-168.
- Rostaman H, Talepasand S, Nazifi M, The Effect of Executive Function Training on Executive Performance and Behavioral Symptoms of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder , JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY SPRING 2013 , Volume 5 , Number 1 (17); 93 -106
- Schachter R , Pham B & king j .( 2001). How efficacious and safe is short – acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit disorder in children and adolescents ? A meta – analysis . Can . Med Assoc . (165) : 1475 – 1488
- Schweitzer , J. B. & et al . (2004). Effect of methylphenidate on executive functioning in adults with Atterntion- Deficit/ Hyperactivity disorder : normalization of behavior but not related brain activity . Journal of Biol . Psychiatry . 56 (8) , 597-606.
- Sergeant, J. A., Geurts, H., Huijbregts, S., Scheres, A., & Oosterlaan, J.(2003). The top and the bottom of ADHD: A neuropsychological perspective. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviws, 27, 583-592
- Shaffer , R . J , Jacokes , L, E., Cassily , J.. F & et al .( 2001). Effect of interactive metronome training on children with ADHD. The American Journal of Occupatioal Therapy . 55, 155-62.
- Shalev, L., Tsal, Y., & Mevorach , C . (2007) . Computerized progressive attentional training (CPAT) program: Effective direct intervention for children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 13(4), 382-388
- Snell, R. S. (1997). Clinical neuroanatomy (4th ed.). Philadelelphia: Lippincott- Raven.
- Soltani Kohbanani S, Sharifi Daramadi P, (2013), The Efficacy Of Working Memory Computer Assisted Program On Executive Functions Improvement In Deaf Students, Developmental Psychology (Journal Of Iranian Psychologists), Volume 10, Number 37, 51-60.
- Tannock , R, Skowicz , A & Schachar, R . (1995) .Differ – entail effects of methyphenidate on working memory in ADHD children whit and without co morbid anxiety .Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent.34, 886-895
- Webster, R E; Hall, C.W; Brown, M.B; Bolen, L.M(1996). Memory modality differences in children whit attention deficit hyperactive disorder with and without learning disabilities. Journal Psychology in the Schools. 33, 193-201
- Westerberg , H . , Jacobaeus . H , Hirvikoski , T , Clevberger , P., stensson M. L ., Bartfai , A ., et al . (2007) . Computerized working memory training after stroke – A pilot study . Brain Injury , 21 (1) , 21-29
- Wilkant , R , Drew , D & Waters J.( 1986) . Video games : Utilization of a novel strategy to improve perceptual motor skills and cognitive functioning in the non-institutionalized elderly.4 , 26-31
- Wolraich ML , Lambert EW , Bickman L , Simmons T , Doffing MA , Worley KA . (2004).Assessing the impact of parentand teacher agreement on diagnosing attention – deficit hyperactivitydisorder . J DEV BEHA V PEDIATR . ; 25 (1 ):41- 47
- Yuji, H. (1996). Computer games and information processing skills Perceptual and Motor Skills , Abstract, 83, PP:643-647
_||_