اختلالات فیزیولوژیکی در گیاه ترب Raphanus sativus L و روش‌های کنترل آن
الموضوعات :
1 - کارشناس ارشد، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران
2 - کارشناس ارشد، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشكده توليد گياهي، دانشگاه علوم كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي گرگان، گرگان، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: آنزیم, تنش, فیزیولوژیک, کاتالاز,
ملخص المقالة :
اختلالات فیزیولوژیکی تغییرات غیرطبیعی غیر آسیب شناختی در بافتهای گیاهی هستند که در پاسخ به تعامل بین ژنوتیپ و محیط بیان میشوند. تنشهای محیطی میتواند تأثیر زیادی بر ایجاد اختلالات فیزیولوژیکی در گیاهان داشته باشد. محیط از تنش های غیرزیستی پیچیده تشکیل شده است. ترب، یکی از سبزیجات ریشه ای مهم میباشد که در سطح وسیعی در جهان کشت میشود. با این حال، هنوز هم تولید ریشه ترب با کیفیت خوب به دلیل آسیب پذیری آن نسبت به اختلالات فیزیولوژیکی مختلف قبل از برداشت، بسیار دشوار است. اختلالات فیزیولوژیکی مهمی که عملکرد و کیفیت ریشه ترب را به میزان قابل توجهی کاهش میدهند عبارت از چنگالی شدن، اسفنجی شدن، ترک خوردن/شکاف خوردن، توخالی و قهوه ای شدن داخلی میباشند. عوامل غیرزیستی مختلف مانند تنش رطوبتی، نوسانات دما، محیط رشد، عدم تعادل عناصر غذایی، تراکم گیاه و زمان برداشت باعث اختلال در فعالیت‌های متابولیکی بافتهای ریشه میشوند. سیستمهای آنزیمی سوپراکسید دیسموتاز (SOD)، کاتالاز (CAT)، پراکسیداز (POX) و آسکوربات پراکسیداز (APX) نیز نقش مهمی در تخریب گونههای فعال اکسیژن (ROS) و پراکسید هیدروژن (H2O2) دارند. گیاهان دارای یک سیستم دفاعی پیچیده آنتی اکسیدانی شامل اجزای غیرآنزیمی و آنزیمی هستند که مسئول حذف گونههای اکسیژن فعال هستند.
المصادر:
Abdel, C.G. (2007). Production of well irrigated radishes (Raphanus sativus L.): 5–The influence of gibberellic acid (GA3) on growth and yield of local black radish cultivars grown under plot and furrow cultivations methods. Journal of Duhok University, 10, 40–49.
Abdel, C.G. (2016). Physiological disorders of four radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) cultivars storage roots grown in controlled cabinets under varying temperatures and irrigation levels. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences, 5, 185–198.
Akoumianakis, K.A., Karapanos, I.C., Giakoumaki, M., Alexopoulos, A.A., & Passam, H.C. (2011). Nitrogen, season and cultivar affect radish growth, yield, sponginess and hollowness. International Journal of Plant Production, 5, 111–120.
Asano, J. (1984). Effect of organic manures on quality of vegetables. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 18, 31–36.
Barker, A.V., & Bryson, G.M. (2016). Nitrogen. In Handbook of Plant Nutrition, 2nd ed.; Barker, A.V., Pilbeam, D.J., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 37–66.
Bhat, K.L. (2009). Physiological disorders of vegetable crops; Daya Publishing House: Delhi, India, pp. 73–116.
Cecilio Filho, A.B., Dutra, A.F., & Silva, G.S.D. (2017). Phosphate and potassium fertilization for radish grown in a latosol with a high content of these nutrients. Revista Caatinga, 30, 412–419.
Dhaliwal, M.S. (2007). Handbook of Vegetable Crops; Kalyani Publishers: New Delhi, India, pp. 120–199.
Dongarwar, L.N., Kashiwar, S.R., Ghawade, S.M., & Dongarwar, U.R. (2017). Performance of different radish (Raphanus sativus L.) varieties in black soils of Vidharbha-Maharashtra. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 20, 1–9.
Fukuoka, N. (2007). Effect of cytokinin and auxin application on vessel differentiation and development of hollow cavity in the roots of Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 76, 310–315.
Fukuoka, N., & Enomoto, T. (2001). The occurrence of internal browning induced by high soil temperature treatment and its physiological function in Raphanus root. Plant Science, 161, 117–124.
Fukuoka, N., & Enomoto, T. (2002). Enzyme activity changes in relation to internal browning of Raphanus roots sown early and late. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 77, 456–460.
Fukuoka, N., & Enomoto, T. (2007). Effects of sulfur application on enzyme activities in relation to the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and the occurrence of internal browning in Raphanus roots. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 76, 305–309.
Fukuoka, N., & Enomoto, T. (2007). Intervarietal differences in the occurrence of internal browning and the role of ascorbic acid in Raphanus roots. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 76, 144–148.
Fukuoka, N., & Enomoto, T. (2014). Relationship between the concentration of pectin-like substances and the severity of internal browning in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) roots induced by high soil temperature. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 89, 625–630.
Fukuoka, N., & Hamada, T. (2020). Effects of heat stress on the biological maillard reaction, oxidative stress, and occurrence of internal browning in Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Journal of Plant Physiology, 256, 153326.
Fukuoka, N., & Kano, Y. (1997). Relationship between the development of hollowing and the separation of vessel sectors in the central region of the root of Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 68, 59–72.
Fukuoka, N., Ikeshita, Y., & Enomoto, T. (2010). Relationship between the occurrence of internal browning and size of xylem parenchymatous cells in roots of Japanese radish. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 79, 27–33.
Fukuoka, N., Kudou, T., Sajiki, T., Masuda, D., Kanamori, Y., & Enomoto, T. (2007). Statistical analysis of the development of internal browning in Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus) in relation to thermal condition using logit model. Horticulture Research, 6, 559–564.
Fukuoka, N., Miyata, M., Hamada, T., & Takeshita, E. (2019). Occurrence of internal browning in tuberous roots of sweet potato and its related starch biosynthesis. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 135, 233–241.
Ghimire, S., Adhikari, B., Pandey, S., Belbase, K., Lamichhane, S., & Pathak, R. (2020). Effect of different organic manure on growth and yield of radish in Deukhuri, Dang, Nepal. Acta Scientific Agriculture, 4, 1–5.
Harris, D.R., Nguyen, V.Q., Seberry, J.A., Haigh, A.M., & McGlasson, W.B. (2000). Growth and postharvest performance of white radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 40, 879–888.
Heij, G., & Kobryn, J. (1988). Influence of day temperature and salt concentration on the incidence of sponginess in radish tubers (Raphanus sativus L.). NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 36, 309–313.
Kang, E.S., Ha, S.M., Cheong, S.R., Seo, M.W., Kwack, Y.B., Choi, K.J., & Chae, W.B. (2015). Optimum double-row spacing in the autumn cultivation of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture, 34, 204–209
Kano, Y. (1987). Roles of temperature in the occurrence of hollow root in Japanese radish cv. ‘Gensuke’. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 56, 321–327.
Kano, Y., & Fukuoka, N. (1991). Effect of planting density on the occurrence of hollow root in Japanese radish cv. Gensuke. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 60, 379–386
Kano, Y., & Fukuoka, N. (1992). Relationship between the occurrence of hollowing and lignification of parenchymatous cells in the root of Japanese radish cv. Gensuke. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 61, 359–366.
Kano, Y., & Fukuoka, N. (1995). Effects of soil temperature on hollowness in Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. ‘Gensuke’). Scientia Horticulturae, 61, 157–166.
Kano, Y., & Fukuoka, N. (1996). Effects of auxin application on the lignification of xylem parenchymatous cells and the development of hollowness in the root of Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 71, 791–799.
Kano, Y., & Fukuoka, N. (1996a). Suppressive effects of CPPU on lignification of xylem parenchymatous cells and on hollowing in the root of Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 65, 117–124.
Kathayat, K., & Rawat, M. (2019). Physiological disorders in vegetable crops. In advances in horticultural crop management and value Addition; Singh, S.K., Kaur, S., Eds.; Laxmi Publications: New Delhi, India, pp. 313–314.
Kawai, T., Hikawa, M., & Fujisawa, T. (1997). Effect of foliar spray of gibberellin on the incidence of internal browning in roots of Japanese radish. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 66, 543–548.
Kawashiro, H., & Takeda, H. (1988). Studies on factors influencing the occurrence of akashin a physiological disorder in radish, 1: Influences of temperature and cultivars. Bull. Chiba-Ken Agricultural Experiment Station, 29, 63–70.
Kaymak, H.C., & Guvenc, I. (2010). Evaluation of radish cultivars in terms of some physiological disorders. TÜBAV Journal of Science, 3, 23–29.
Kaymak, H.C., Guvenc, I., & Gurol, A. (2010). Correlation between endogenous elements and development of hollowing in the root of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cultivars. Zemdirbyste, 97, 97–104.
Konarska, A. (2005). Changes in development and structure of Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula Pers. root under aluminum stress condition. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 4, 85–97.
Kowalski, A., & Kaniszewski, S. (2017). Effect of organic fertilization on the quality and yield of two radish cultivars in greenhouse organic cultivation. Acta Horticulturae, 1164, 189–194.
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Abdel, C.G. (2016). Physiological disorders of four radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) cultivars storage roots grown in controlled cabinets under varying temperatures and irrigation levels. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences, 5, 185–198.
Akoumianakis, K.A., Karapanos, I.C., Giakoumaki, M., Alexopoulos, A.A., & Passam, H.C. (2011). Nitrogen, season and cultivar affect radish growth, yield, sponginess and hollowness. International Journal of Plant Production, 5, 111–120.
Asano, J. (1984). Effect of organic manures on quality of vegetables. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 18, 31–36.
Barker, A.V., & Bryson, G.M. (2016). Nitrogen. In Handbook of Plant Nutrition, 2nd ed.; Barker, A.V., Pilbeam, D.J., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 37–66.
Bhat, K.L. (2009). Physiological disorders of vegetable crops; Daya Publishing House: Delhi, India, pp. 73–116.
Cecilio Filho, A.B., Dutra, A.F., & Silva, G.S.D. (2017). Phosphate and potassium fertilization for radish grown in a latosol with a high content of these nutrients. Revista Caatinga, 30, 412–419.
Dhaliwal, M.S. (2007). Handbook of Vegetable Crops; Kalyani Publishers: New Delhi, India, pp. 120–199.
Dongarwar, L.N., Kashiwar, S.R., Ghawade, S.M., & Dongarwar, U.R. (2017). Performance of different radish (Raphanus sativus L.) varieties in black soils of Vidharbha-Maharashtra. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 20, 1–9.
Fukuoka, N. (2007). Effect of cytokinin and auxin application on vessel differentiation and development of hollow cavity in the roots of Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 76, 310–315.
Fukuoka, N., & Enomoto, T. (2001). The occurrence of internal browning induced by high soil temperature treatment and its physiological function in Raphanus root. Plant Science, 161, 117–124.
Fukuoka, N., & Enomoto, T. (2002). Enzyme activity changes in relation to internal browning of Raphanus roots sown early and late. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 77, 456–460.
Fukuoka, N., & Enomoto, T. (2007). Effects of sulfur application on enzyme activities in relation to the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and the occurrence of internal browning in Raphanus roots. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 76, 305–309.
Fukuoka, N., & Enomoto, T. (2007). Intervarietal differences in the occurrence of internal browning and the role of ascorbic acid in Raphanus roots. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 76, 144–148.
Fukuoka, N., & Enomoto, T. (2014). Relationship between the concentration of pectin-like substances and the severity of internal browning in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) roots induced by high soil temperature. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 89, 625–630.
Fukuoka, N., & Hamada, T. (2020). Effects of heat stress on the biological maillard reaction, oxidative stress, and occurrence of internal browning in Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Journal of Plant Physiology, 256, 153326.
Fukuoka, N., & Kano, Y. (1997). Relationship between the development of hollowing and the separation of vessel sectors in the central region of the root of Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 68, 59–72.
Fukuoka, N., Ikeshita, Y., & Enomoto, T. (2010). Relationship between the occurrence of internal browning and size of xylem parenchymatous cells in roots of Japanese radish. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 79, 27–33.
Fukuoka, N., Kudou, T., Sajiki, T., Masuda, D., Kanamori, Y., & Enomoto, T. (2007). Statistical analysis of the development of internal browning in Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus) in relation to thermal condition using logit model. Horticulture Research, 6, 559–564.
Fukuoka, N., Miyata, M., Hamada, T., & Takeshita, E. (2019). Occurrence of internal browning in tuberous roots of sweet potato and its related starch biosynthesis. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 135, 233–241.
Ghimire, S., Adhikari, B., Pandey, S., Belbase, K., Lamichhane, S., & Pathak, R. (2020). Effect of different organic manure on growth and yield of radish in Deukhuri, Dang, Nepal. Acta Scientific Agriculture, 4, 1–5.
Harris, D.R., Nguyen, V.Q., Seberry, J.A., Haigh, A.M., & McGlasson, W.B. (2000). Growth and postharvest performance of white radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 40, 879–888.
Heij, G., & Kobryn, J. (1988). Influence of day temperature and salt concentration on the incidence of sponginess in radish tubers (Raphanus sativus L.). NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 36, 309–313.
Kang, E.S., Ha, S.M., Cheong, S.R., Seo, M.W., Kwack, Y.B., Choi, K.J., & Chae, W.B. (2015). Optimum double-row spacing in the autumn cultivation of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture, 34, 204–209
Kano, Y. (1987). Roles of temperature in the occurrence of hollow root in Japanese radish cv. ‘Gensuke’. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 56, 321–327.
Kano, Y., & Fukuoka, N. (1991). Effect of planting density on the occurrence of hollow root in Japanese radish cv. Gensuke. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 60, 379–386
Kano, Y., & Fukuoka, N. (1992). Relationship between the occurrence of hollowing and lignification of parenchymatous cells in the root of Japanese radish cv. Gensuke. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 61, 359–366.
Kano, Y., & Fukuoka, N. (1995). Effects of soil temperature on hollowness in Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. ‘Gensuke’). Scientia Horticulturae, 61, 157–166.
Kano, Y., & Fukuoka, N. (1996). Effects of auxin application on the lignification of xylem parenchymatous cells and the development of hollowness in the root of Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 71, 791–799.
Kano, Y., & Fukuoka, N. (1996a). Suppressive effects of CPPU on lignification of xylem parenchymatous cells and on hollowing in the root of Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 65, 117–124.
Kathayat, K., & Rawat, M. (2019). Physiological disorders in vegetable crops. In advances in horticultural crop management and value Addition; Singh, S.K., Kaur, S., Eds.; Laxmi Publications: New Delhi, India, pp. 313–314.
Kawai, T., Hikawa, M., & Fujisawa, T. (1997). Effect of foliar spray of gibberellin on the incidence of internal browning in roots of Japanese radish. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 66, 543–548.
Kawashiro, H., & Takeda, H. (1988). Studies on factors influencing the occurrence of akashin a physiological disorder in radish, 1: Influences of temperature and cultivars. Bull. Chiba-Ken Agricultural Experiment Station, 29, 63–70.
Kaymak, H.C., & Guvenc, I. (2010). Evaluation of radish cultivars in terms of some physiological disorders. TÜBAV Journal of Science, 3, 23–29.
Kaymak, H.C., Guvenc, I., & Gurol, A. (2010). Correlation between endogenous elements and development of hollowing in the root of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cultivars. Zemdirbyste, 97, 97–104.
Konarska, A. (2005). Changes in development and structure of Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula Pers. root under aluminum stress condition. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 4, 85–97.
Kowalski, A., & Kaniszewski, S. (2017). Effect of organic fertilization on the quality and yield of two radish cultivars in greenhouse organic cultivation. Acta Horticulturae, 1164, 189–194.
Kumar, P., Kumar, P., Singh, M.K., & Kumar, R. (2020). Treasure of Vegetable Crops, 1st ed.; Sankalp Publication: Chhattisgarh, India, pp. 181–183.
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