Heavy Metals Pollution and Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater of Bikaner Block (Rajasthan)
الموضوعات :Leela Kaur 1 , Mukesh Kumar Sharma 2 , Monika Kumari Kumari 3 , Radha Kishan Saran 4
1 - Department of Environmental Science, Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner (Rajasthan), India
2 - National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
3 - Department of Environmental Science, Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner (Rajasthan), India
4 - Department of Environmental Science, Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner (Rajasthan), India
الکلمات المفتاحية: Groundwater quality, Sustainable water resource management, Heavy metals, Heavy metal pollution index, Health risk assessment,
ملخص المقالة :
The quality of groundwater is crucial while its management is ignored. The present study investigated heavy metals pollution and health risk assessment of groundwater quality of Bikaner block (Rajasthan), India. The concentrations of heavy metals above the permissible limits can cause harm to human health. The study evaluated cancer and non-cancer health risks of heavy metals in groundwater for both children and adults based on hazard quotients (HQ), hazard indices (HI), and cancer risks (CR). Samples were collected from 26 sampling sites of Bikaner block. The physiochemical analysis of water samples was done. Selected heavy metals are Al, As, B, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, U, V, and Zn which were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Metal index (MI) and heavy metal pollution index (HPI) were evaluated. Human health risks were assessed through ingestion and skin contact routes. The hazard quotient was in the order Hg > U > B > Sr > As > Cr > V for both children and adults. The HI was higher in children as compared to adults. The hazard index (HI) of more than 1 was of As, B, Cr, Hg, Sr, U, and V for adults and children. Cancer Risk of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb metals were detected and showed a higher risk for children than adults. Chromium was a major cancer risk factor in children than adults (0.000232). The results demonstrated the presence of metal pollution and metal risks to human health.
1. Ravenscroft P., Lytton, L., 2022. Seeing the invisible: A strategic report on groundwater quality. World Bank, Washington, D.C. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/37197 (Accessed January 11, 2024).
2. Bai X., Tian X., Li J., Wang X., Li Y., Zhou Y., 2022. Assessment of the hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanisms of groundwater in a typical alluvial-pluvial plain in China: An example from Western Yongqing County. Water. 14, 2395. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/w14152395
3. Jiang C., Zhao Q., Zheng L., Chen X., Li C., Ren M., 2021. Distribution, source, and health risk assessment based on the Monte Carlo method of heavy metals in shallow groundwater in an area affected by mining activities, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 224, 112679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112679
4. Abdelhalim A., Howard G., Howden N.J.K., Ahmed M., Ismail E., 2023. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in groundwater in the west of Minia area, Egypt. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 29(2), 571-596. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10807039.2022.2153010
5. Eid M.H., Eissa M., Mohamed E.A. et al., 2024. New approach into human health risk assessment associated with heavy metals in surface water and groundwater using Monte Carlo Method. Sci Rep. 14, 1008. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50000-y
6. Appiah-Opong R., Ofori A., Ofosuhene M., et al., 2021. Heavy metals concentration and pollution index (HPI) in drinking water along the southwest coast of Ghana. Appl Water Sci. 11, 57. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s13201-021-01386-5
7. Aswal R.S., Prasad M., Patel N.K. et al., 2023. Occurrences, sources, and health hazard estimation of potentially toxic elements in the groundwater of Garhwal Himalaya, India. Sci Rep. 13, 13069. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40266-7
8. Krishnan N., Saravanan, S., 2022. Assessment of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigation usage in Kanchipuram district of Palar basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Pol J Environ Stud. 31, 2637-2649. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/144914
9. Kumar R., Singh S., Kumar R., Sharma P., 2022. Groundwater quality characterization for safe drinking water supply in Sheikhpura district of Bihar, India: A geospatial approach. Front Water. 4, 848018. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.848018
10. Mawari G., Kumar N., Sarkar S., Frank A.L., Daga M.K., Singh M.M., Joshi T.K., Singh I., 2022. Human health risk assessment due to heavy metals in ground and surface water and association of diseases with drinking water sources: A study from Maharashtra, India. Environ Health Insights. 16, 11786302221146020. . https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302221146020
11. Ramesh R.P., Subramanian M., Lakshmanan E., Subramaniyan A., Ganesan G., 2021. Human health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulations for groundwater with uranium in southern India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 226, 112781. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112781
12. Shankar B.S., 2019. A critical assay of heavy metal pollution index for the groundwaters of Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, India. Environ Monit Assess. 191, 289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7453-9
13. Singh D.D., Thind P.S., Sharma M., Sahoo S., John S., 2019. Environmentally sensitive elements in groundwater of an industrial town in India: Spatial distribution and human health risk. Water. 11, 2350. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112350
14. Fahimah N., Salami I.R.S., Oginawati K., Mubiarto H., 2024. Appraisal of pollution levels and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with the emergence of heavy metals in Indonesian community water for sanitation, hygiene, and consumption. Emerg Contam. 10, 100313. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.emcon.2024. 100313
15. Mohammadi A.A., 2019. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water of Khorramabad, Iran. Methods X. 6, 1642-1651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.07.017
16. Moradnia M., Attar H.M., Hajizadeh Y. et al., 2024. Assessing the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of metals in the drinking water of Isfahan, Iran. Sci Rep. 14, 5029. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55615-3
17. Radfard M., Hashemi H., Baghapour M.A. et al., 2023. Prediction of human health risk and disability-adjusted life years induced by heavy metals exposure through drinking water in Fars Province, Iran. Sci Rep. 13, 19080. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-46262-1
18. Ortiz-Letechipia J., González-Trinidad J., Júnez-Ferreira H.E., Bautista-Capetillo C., Dávila-Hernández S. 2021. Evaluation of groundwater quality for human consumption and irrigation in relation to arsenic concentration in flow systems in a semi-arid Mexican Region. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 18, 8045. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158045
19. Bello S., Nasiru R., Garba N.N., Adeyemo D.J. 2019. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure from Shanono and Bagwai artisanal gold mines, Kano state, Nigeria. Sci Afr. 6, e00197. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.sciaf. 2019.e00197
20. Emmanuel U.C., Chukwudi M.I., Monday S.S., Anthony A.I., 2022. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water sources in three senatorial districts of Anambra State, Nigeria. Toxicol Rep. 9, 869-875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.011
21. Omali A.O., Arogundade J.T., Snow D., 2023. Assessment of health risks associated with contaminants in groundwater in the catchment area of selected dumpsites in Abuja north-central Nigeria. Discov Environ. 1, 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44274-023-00001-5
22. Ramadan J.A., Haruna A.I., 2019. Health risk assessment from exposure to heavy metals in surface and groundwater resources within Barkin Ladi, North Central Nigeria. J Geosci Environ Prot. 7, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2019.72001
23. Fallatah O., Khattab M.R., 2023. Evaluation of groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation purposes and human consumption in Saudi Arabia. Water. 15, 2352. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132352
[24. Kamunda C., Mathuthu M., Madhuku M., 2018. Potential human risk of dissolved heavy metals in gold mine waters of Gauteng Province, South Africa. J Toxicol Environ Health Sci. 10(6), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2018.0422
25. Eldaw E., Huang T., Elubid B., Mahamed A.K., Mahama Y. 2020. A novel approach for indexing heavy metals pollution to assess groundwater quality for drinking purposes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17, 1245. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041245
26. Rathore M.S., 2005. Groundwater exploration and augmentation efforts in Rajasthan - Review. Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur, Rajasthan. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08c6fe5274a27b20011db/R8169-AGRAR_Review_Rajasthan.pdf (Accessed on December 26, 2023).
27. APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 23rd ed., American Public Health Association: Washington D.C., 2017.
28. Mohan S.V., Nithila P., Reddy S.J., 1996. Estimation of heavy metals in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index. J Environ Sci Health – Part A Environ Sci Eng Toxicol. 31, 283-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529609376357
29. Tamasi G., Cini R., 2004. Heavy metals in drinking waters from Mount Amiata (Tuscany, Italy). Possible risks from arsenic for public health in the Province of Siena. Sci Total Environ. 327, 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.10.011
30. USEPA. 2013. Risk assessment. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. http://www.epa.gov/risk/human-health-risk-assessment (Accessed on January 02, 2024).
31. BIS. Specification for drinking water (IS:10500), Bureau of Indian Standards: New Delhi, India, 2012.
