Comparison of small-sided games and sprint training program on the testosterone, cortisol, blood cell count, and physical fitness indices in teenage soccer players
الموضوعات : Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones
Mona Sebghati Shiraz
1
(Exercise Physiology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Guilan, Iran)
Ramin Shabani
2
(Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.)
Mojtaba Mohammadi
3
(student)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Sprint training, small-sided games, testosterone, cortisol, Complete blood count, physical fitness,
ملخص المقالة :
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to comparison of SSG and sprint on testosterone, cortisol, blood cell count, and physical fitness indices in teenage soccer players. Material & Methods: In this experimental study, thirty-six teenage athletes (13.55±0.53) were randomly divided into control, SSG, and sprint groups. The subjects in the sprint group underwent 45-minutes short bursts of sprinting. The SSG group exercise program 45-minutes consisted of 8×3 minutes with 3 minutes of active recovery between sets was performed on a small Football pitch without a goalkeeper. In contrast, the control group continued their usual routine activities for 4 weeks (3days/week). Basal levels of K-TEST, RSA, and YO-Y0 tests, as well as blood indices of testosterone and cortisol and blood cells, were measured before commencement and after 4 weeks of training. Results: The results indicate that sprint training led to a significant increase in testosterone, T/C ratio, RBC, and WBC compared to the control group and significantly decrease in cortisol and agility performance. SSG also caused a significant increase in testosterone, testosterone to cortisol ratio, RBC, WBC, SII, and aerobic performance, with a significant decrease in cortisol and agility performance. Additionally, in the control group, cortisol showed a significant increase, and the testosterone to cortisol ratio was significantly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study revealed that both sprint and SSG training individually can have desirable effects on testosterone, cortisol, T/C ratio, WBC, and RBC and agility test. Sprint and SSG were found to be effective for these factors. The SSG training program increases WBC, SII and aerobic performance.
1. Nayıroğlu S, Yılmaz AK, Silva AF, Silva R, Nobari H, Clemente FM. Effects of small-sided games and running-based high-intensity interval training on body composition and physical fitness in under-19 female soccer players. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2022;14(1):1-10.
2. Dong K, Jeong G, Chun B. The Effects of Different Training Interventions on Soccer Players’ Sprints and Changes of Direction: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Applied Sciences. 2022;13(1):446.
3. Bekris E, Bourdas DI, Mylonis E, Ispirlidis I, Zacharakis ED, Katis A. Effect of 3 vs. 3 soccer small-sided game on various performance, inflammatory, muscle damage and hormonal indicators in semi-professional players. Sports. 2022;10(7):102.
4. Villaseca-Vicuña R, Otero-Saborido FM, Perez-Contreras J, Gonzalez-Jurado JA. Relationship between physical fitness and match performance parameters of Chile women’s national football team. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(16):8412.
5. Gregson W, Drust B, Atkinson G, Salvo V. Match-to-match variability of high-speed activities in premier league soccer. International journal of sports medicine. 2010;31(04):237-42.
6. Thorpe R, Sunderland C. Muscle damage, endocrine, and immune marker response to a soccer match. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2012;26(10):2783-90.
7. Castillo D, Raya-González J, Sarmento H, Clemente F, Yanci J. Effects of including endurance and speed sessions within small-sided soccer games periodization on physical fitness. Biology of sport. 2021;38(2):291-9.
8. Muscella A, Vetrugno C, Spedicato M, Stefàno E, Marsigliante S. The effects of training on hormonal concentrations in young soccer players. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2019;234(11):20685-93.
9. Salvador A, Costa R. Coping with competition: neuroendocrine responses and cognitive variables. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2009;33(2):160-70.
10. Chmura P, Podgórski T, Konefał M, Rokita A, Chmura J, Andrzejewski M. Endocrine responses to various 1× 1 Small-sided games in youth soccer players. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019;16(24):4974.
11. Island T. StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. Διαθέισιμο στο.
12. Thau L, et al. “Physiology, Cortisol.” StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, 28 August 2023. “Physiology, Cortisol.” StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, . 28 August 2023.
13. Clemente FM, Ramirez-Campillo R, Sarmento H, Praça GM, Afonso J, Silva AF, et al. Effects of small-sided game interventions on the technical execution and tactical behaviors of young and youth team sports players: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;12:667041.
14. Amiri M, Taghian F. The Effect of Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) and Small Side Games (SSG) Training on Some Performance-Related Physical Fitness Factors in Futsal Players. Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. 2020;16(32):187-205.
15. Selmi W, Hammami R, Kasmi S, Sehli S, Rebai H, Duncan M, et al. Effects of aerobic and speed training versus active control on repeated sprint ability and measures of self-confidence and anxiety in highly trained male soccer players. Sports medicine-open. 2023;9(1):63.
16. Winker M, Stössel S, Neu MA, Lehmann N, El Malki K, Paret C, et al. Exercise reduces systemic immune inflammation index (SII) in childhood cancer patients. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2022:1-4.
17. Zurek G, Danek N, Żurek A, Nowak-Kornicka J, Żelaźniewicz A, Orzechowski S, et al. Effects of dominance and Sprint interval exercise on testosterone and cortisol levels in strength-, endurance-, and non-training men. Biology. 2022;11(7):961.
18. Mathisen GE, Pettersen SA. The effect of speed training on sprint and agility performance in 15-year-old female soccer players. Lase Journal of Sport Science. 2015(6):63-72.
19. Walzik D, Joisten N, Zacher J, Zimmer P. Transferring clinically established immune inflammation markers into exercise physiology: focus on neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and systemic immune-inflammation index. European journal of applied physiology. 2021;121(7):1803-14.
20. Hůlka K, Strniště M. Fitness improvements of young soccer players after high volume or small sided games interventions. Biology of Sport. 2021;38(4):573-8.
21. Michailidis Y. Stress hormonal analysis in elite soccer players during a season. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2014;3(4):279-83.
22. Madadi H, Shadmehri S. Comparison of The Effect of Two Modes Small Sided Games on The Cortisol and Testosterone levels in Soccer players. Sport Physiology & Management Investigations. 2021;13(2):29-39.
23. Mitrotasios M, Souglis A, Ispyrlidis I, GIOLDASIS A, Mantzouranis K, Isaakidis A, et al. Effects of small-sided games on the haematological profile of soccer players. Journal of Physical Education & Sport. 2021;21(4).
24. Andrzejewski M, Podgórski T, Kryściak J, Chmura P, Konefał M, Chmura J, et al. Anabolic–catabolic hormonal responses in youth soccer players during a half-season. Research in Sports Medicine. 2021;29(2):141-54.
25. Tremblay MS, Copeland JL, Van Helder W. Influence of exercise duration on post-exercise steroid hormone responses in trained males. European journal of applied physiology. 2005;94:505-13.
26. Vitale JA, Povìa V, Belli E, Lombardi G, Banfi G, La Torre A. Are two different speed endurance training protocols able to affect the concentration of serum cortisol in response to a shuttle run test in soccer players? Research in Sports Medicine. 2020;28(2):293-301.
27. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports medicine. 2005;35:339-61.
28. Hill E, Zack E, Battaglini C, Viru M, Viru A, Hackney A. Exercise and circulating cortisol levels: the intensity threshold effect. Journal of endocrinological investigation. 2008;31:587-91.
29. De Luccia T. Use of the testosterone/cortisol ratio variable in sports. The Open Sports Sciences Journal. 2016;9(1).
30. Brini S, Ben Abderrahman A, Boullosa D, Hackney AC, Zagatto AM, Castagna C, et al. Effects of a 12-week change-of-direction sprints training program on selected physical and physiological parameters in professional basketball male players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(21):8214.
31. Larsen MN, Nielsen CM, Ørntoft C, Randers MB, Helge EW, Madsen M, et al. Fitness effects of 10-month frequent low-volume ball game training or interval running for 8–10-year-old school children. BioMed Research International. 2017;2017.
