A Review on National and International Legal Documents on Combating Sand and Dust Storms
الموضوعات :
Manijheh Ganjalinejhad
1
(PhD candidate, Department of Environmental Law, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
Farhad Dabiri
2
(Instructor, Department of Environmental Law, Graduate School of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
Sahar Zarei
3
(PhD in Environmental law, Department of Environmental Law, Faculty of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
Seyed Ali Salehpour
4
(PhD candidate, Department of Environmental Law, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
الکلمات المفتاحية: air pollution, dust, Domestic law, international documents, Legal vacuum,
ملخص المقالة :
In the current world, various types of pollution are the result of the adverse effects of human activities. One of these types of contaminations is air pollution, originated from dust. Over the years, governments and international organizations both governmental and non-governmental have made great efforts to manage and reduce the destructive effects of sand and dust storms. However, the fact is that there is a serious gap in relation to the legal documents related to management and the reduction of destructive effects of sand and dust storms. In other words, countries that are somehow involved with this phenomenon have not implemented effective measures for the compilation and approval of binding documents for the reduction of sand and dust storms. This failure is rooted in many issues, including political, economic, social, and cultural concerns. It is also worth mentioning that among the few documents on managing and reducing the destructive effects of dust, many of them at the regional level are between just two or more countries directly affected by this phenomenon. The present article, applying an analytical-descriptive method, seeks to examine the Iranian national laws and regulations as well as international legal documents on sand and dust storms; it also outlines the existing legal vacuum and provides related practical solutions. Studies show that so far, a law that directly and specifically deals with the issue of sand and dust storms has not been approved and the international community has not succeeded in drafting and ratifying a specific document in this regard.
Air Pollution Act (1995, 4 3) Retrieved from Islamic Parliament Research Center: http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/92532 Ankara Ministerial Declaration (2010, April 29)
Ankara ministerial declaration among the republic of turkey, Islamic republic of Iran, republic of Iraq, Syrian Arab republic on cooperation in the area of environment and meteorology. Retrieved from Turkish State Meteorological Service: http://www.wdcc.mgm.gov.tr/ankara-ministerial-decleration.aspx
ASEAN (2002, June 10) ASEAN agreement on transboundary haze pollution. Retrieved from Haze Action Online: http://environment.asean.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/06/ASEANAgreementonTransboundaryHazePollution.pdf
Atabi, F., Nazemi, M., Seddighi, A. A., & Tavakoli, N (2010) A review on commitments and regulations of convention of climate change and an assessment of Iran's commitments. Environmental Science and Tehchnology, 12, 145-153.
Bernstein, S (Winter 2004/Spring 2005 ) Legitimacy in global environmental governnace. Journal of international law& international relations, 1, 145.
Cabinet Approvals (2009, August 2) Clean air standards for the years 2009, 2010, 2011. Retrieved from Islamic Parliament Research Center: http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/136303
Cabinet Approvals (2009, 7 21) Regulation on preparedness and combat harmful effects of dust phenomena in the country. Retrieved from Islamic Parliament Research Center: http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/135879
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2017) Summary of progress in the implementation of Commission resolutions, Bangkok: Economic and Social Council.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2016) Resolution on Regional cooperation to combat sand and dust storms in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: UN Economic and Social Council.
Exec. order (2009, july 12) Retrieved from Islamic Parliament Research Center: http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/135879
General Assembly ( 2015) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly (70/195) on combating sand and dust storms, New York: UN General Assembly.
General Policies (2015, November 17) general environmental policies. Retrieved from Department of Environment: https://doe.ir/Portal/Home/default.aspx
Hoeseini, S. M (2012) A leagal study on sand and dust stroms from the perpective of transboundary pollution with a galance at the situation of Iran. Signetific Journal of Environment, 52, 2. I.R.Iran. Const. art.50, § 4.
Iran-Iraq Agreement (2011, June 8) Iran-Iraq memorandum of understanding on the cooperation in Available online at www.apj.iauardabil.ac.ir Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch Anthropogenic Pollution Journal, Vol 2 (1), 2018: 24-37 DOI: 1234.APJ.2017.1.2.1124 APJ 2588-4646 desertification. Retrieved from Hamshahri online: http://hamshahrionline.ir/details/87691/City/-
Iranenvironment Laws. (2009,2010,2011). Retrieved from Islamic Parliament Research Center: http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/136303
Legal Department of Presidency (2000) Environmental Rules and Regulations. Environmental Laws and regulations(2).
Paris Protocol (1982, December 3) The Paris Protocol to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Retrieved from the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: http://archive.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-cops1971-paris-protocol-to/main/ramsar/1-31-58-136%5E21003_4000_0
Ramsar Convention (1987, June 3) Regina Ammendments to the Ramsar Convention on wetlands. Retrieved from Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/regina_amendments_e.pdf
Regina Amendments (1987, June 3) amendments of the convention adopted by the extraordinary conference. Retrieved from The Ramsar Convention on wetlands : http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/regina_amendments_e.pdf
Second Committee (2015) Sustainable development, report no (A/70/472) New York: General Assembly.
Secretariat of Ramsar Convention. (2013). The Ramsar Convnetion Manual: a Guide to the Convention on Wetlands. (6th Editions). Gland, Switzerland.
Talaei, F., & Daryadel, E (2015) A case Study of Anzali Lagoon in the Framwork of Ramsar Convention: Challenges and Solutions. International Law Review, 52, 277-312.
The Montreux Record (2011, 09 08) The Montreux Record. Montreux, Switzerland. Retrieved from The Ramsar Convention: http://archive.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-montreux/main/ramsar/1- 31-118_4000_0.
The Montreux Record (2011, 09 08) The Montreux Record. Retrieved from The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: http://ramsar.rgis.ch/cda/en/ramsar-documents-montreux-montreux-record/main/ramsar/1- 31-118%5E20972_4000_0.
remove The Ramsar Convention (1987) The Convention on Wetlands text, as amended in 1982 and 1987. Retrieved from The Ramsar Convention: http://archive.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-textsconvention-on/main/ramsar/1-31-38%5E20671_4000_0.
Timoshenko, A. S (1988) “Protection of Wetlands by International Law, Pace Environmental Law” (Vol. 5). School of Law of Pace University, vol.5, issue 2, .
United Nations (1972, June 16) Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. Retrieved from UN Documents Gathering a body of global agreements: http://www.un-documents.net/unchedec.htm
United Nations (1994, October 14) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa. Retrieved from United Nations Treaty Collection: https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII10&chapter=27&lang=en
WHO (2012) Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks. Geneva- Switzerland: World Health Organization .
