Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Air Pollutants in Jiangsu Province, China
الموضوعات :
1 - Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology
الکلمات المفتاحية: Ozone, Data Analysis, Air quality index, Primary pollutants, Spearmans correlation coefficient,
ملخص المقالة :
Air pollution in China is a recurring issue and requires continuous attention and rigorous action. This research aims to study the standard air pollutants and air quality index in the Jiangsu province of China. The present study will complement the existing understanding on the distribution of criteria air pollutants in different cities of Jiangsu province and its seasonal variation. Spatial analysis indicated Xuzhou city in the northern part of the province to have high average values of particulate matter (PM2.5: 63.4 µg/m3, PM10: 115.4 µg/m3), sulphur dioxide (30 µg/m3), carbon monoxide (1.18 mg/m3), and air quality index (102.5). The air quality index showed a strong positive correlation with particulate matter in most cities in the province. All primary pollutant concentrations and air quality index were higher during winter, whereas ozone in summer. From temporal analysis it was evident that particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and air quality index reached maximum during January, and nitrogen dioxide and ozone during December and June, respectively. All air pollutant concentrations and air quality index from 2014 to 2018 were on a decreasing trend, except for urban ozone, which increased by 9.6 %.
Air Quality Standards, (2018). China: Air Quality Standards. https://www.transportpolicy.net/standard/china-air-quality-standards. Accessed 10 October 2021.
Carrington D, (2019). Air pollution particles found on foetal side of placentas – study. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/17/air-pollution-particles-found-on-foetal-side-of-placentas-study. Accessed 10 October 2021.
Chen CY, Hung HJ, Chang KH, Hsu CY, Muo CH, Tsai CH, Wu TN, (2017). Long-term exposure to air pollution and the incidence of Parkinson's disease: a nested case-control study. PLoS ONE, 12(8):0182834.
Chen QX, Yuan Y, Huang X, Jiang YQ, Tan HP, (2017). Estimation of surface-level PM2.5 concentration using aerosol optical thickness through aerosol type analysis method. Atmos. Environ., 159:26-33.
Cheng Y, Lee S, Gua Z, Ho K, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Chow JC, Watsona JG, Cao J, Zhang R, (2015). PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 chemical composition and source apportionment near a Hong Kong roadway. Particuology, 18:96-104.
China Provinces, (2016). Map of China - Province and Industry. https://www.bdo.global/getmedia/b1cfca59-6ba6-4a16-8bf4-db62b25866f8/China-provinces.pdf.aspx. Accessed 13 October 2021.
City Population, (2019). CHINA: Jiangsu. https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/cities/jiangsu. Accessed 13 October 2021.
Fan H, Zhao C, Yang Y, (2020). A comprehensive analysis of the spatio-temporal variation of urban air pollution in China during 2014–2018. Atmospheric Environment, 220:117066.
Guo P, Umarova AB, Luan Y, (2020). The spatiotemporal characteristics of the air pollutants in China from 2015 to 2019. PLoS ONE, 15(8): e0227469.
Huaqing P, Duanyang L, Bin Z, Yan S, Jiamei W, Hao S, Jiansu W, Lu C, (2016). Boundary-Layer Characteristics of Persistent Regional Haze Events and Heavy Haze Days in Eastern China. Advances in Meteorology, 2016:6950154.
Hussain R, Luo K, (2019). The Geological Availability and Emissions of Sulfur and SO2 from the Typical Coal of China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 19: 559-570.
Li H, Xu XL, Dai DW, Huang ZY, Ma Z, Guan YJ, (2020a). Air pollution and temperature are associated with increased COVID-19 incidence: A time series study. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 97:278-282.
Li R, Zhao Y, Zhao W, Meng Y, Zhang Z, Fu H, (2020b). Developing a novel hybrid model for the estimation of surface 8 h ozone (O3) across the remote Tibetan Plateau during 2005-2018. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20:6159-6175.
Li R, Wang Z, Cui L, Fu H, Zhang L, Kong L, Chen W, Chen J, (2019). Air pollution characteristics in China during 2015–2016: Spatiotemporal variations and key meteorological factors. Science of the Total Environment, 648:902-915.
Liu X, Gao X, (2018). A New Study on Air Quality Standards: Air Quality Measurement and Evaluation for Jiangsu Province Based on Six Major Air Pollutants. Sustainability, 10(10):3561.
Lu X, Hong J, Zhang L, Cooper OR, Schultz MG, Xu X, Wang T, Gao M, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, (2018). Severe Surface Ozone Pollution in China: A Global Perspective. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 5(8):487-494.
Ma T, Duan F, He K, Qin Y, Tong D, Geng G, Liu X, Li H, Yang S, Ye S, Xu B, Zhang Q, Ma Y, (2019). Air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the Yangtze River Delta region during 2014–2016. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 83:8-20.
MEP, (2012). Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality Index (on trial). http://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/jcffbz/201203/W020120410332725219541.pdf. Accessed 13 October 2021.
Mishra S, (2017). Is smog innocuous? Air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Indian Heart J., 69(4):425-429.
Mostofie, N., Fataei, E., Kheikhah Zarkesh M.M., Hezhabrpour Gh. (2014) Assessment centers and distribution centers dust(case study: NorthWest, Iran), International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences, 3(2):235-243.
Mukaka MM, (2012). A guide to appropriate use of Correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Med J., 24(3):69-71. PMID:23638278.
Qiao X, Jaffe D, Tang Y, Bresnahan M, Song J, (2015). Evaluation of air quality in Chengdu, Sichuan Basin, China: are China’s air quality standards sufficient yet? Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(5):250.
Rohde RA, Muller RA, (2015). Air Pollution in China: Mapping of Concentrations and Sources. PLoS One, 10(8):e0135749.
Sadigh, A., Fataei, E., Arzanloo, M., Imani, A.A.(2021). Bacteria bioaerosol in the indoor air of educational microenvironments: Measuring exposures and assessing health effects. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 19, 1635-1642.
Shin S, Burnett RT, Kwong JC, Hystad P, Van Donkelaar A, Brook JR, Copes R, Tu K, Goldberg MS, Villeneuve PJ, Martin RV, Murray BJ, Wilton AS, Kopp A, Chen H, (2018). Effects of ambient air pollution on incident Parkinson's disease in Ontario, 2001 to 2013: a population-based cohort study. Int J Epidemiol., 47(6):2038-2048.
Song R, Yang L, Liu M, Li C, Yang Y, (2019). Spatiotemporal Distribution of Air Pollution Characteristics in Jiangsu Province, China. Advances in Meteorology, 2019:5907673.
UN Environment Programme, (2017). Towards a Pollution-Free Planet. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/21800/UNEA_towardspollution_long%20version_Web.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 16 October 2021.
WHO, (2021). WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide: executive summary. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345334. Accessed 19 November 2021.
World Bank, (2021). World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG&country=CHN. Accessed 16 October 2021.
Wang F, Li Z, Wang F, You X, Xia D, Zhang X, Zhou X, (2021a). Air Pollution in a Low-Industry City in China’s Silk Road Economic Belt: Characteristics and Potential Sources. Front. Earth Sci., 9:527475.
Wang T, Xue L, Brimblecombe P, Lamc YH, Li L, Zhang L, (2017). Ozone pollution in China: A review of concentrations, meteorological influences, chemical precursors, and effects. Science of the Total Environment, 575:1582-1596.
Wang Y, Ali MA, Bilal M, Qiu Z, Mhawish A, Almazroui M, Shahid S, Islam MN, Zhang Y, Haque MN, (2021b). Identification of NO2 and SO2 Pollution Hotspots and Sources in Jiangsu Province of China. Remote Sens. 13:3742.
Wang Z, Zheng F, Zhang W, Wang S, (2018). Analysis of SO2 Pollution Changes of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region over China Based on OMI Observations from 2006 to 2017. Advances in Meteorology, 2018:1-15.
Xia X, Zhang A, Liang S, Qi Q, Jiang L, Ye Y, (2017). The association between air pollution and population health risk for respiratory infection: a case study of Shenzhen, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14(9):950.
Xu K, Cui K, Young LH, Wang YF, Hsieh YK, Wan S, Zhang J, (2020). Air Quality Index, Indicatory Air Pollutants and Impact of COVID-19 Event on the Air Quality near Central China. Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 20: 1204–1221.
Xu M, Mason J, (2018). China's Xuzhou begins environmental checks to meet 2018 clean air targets. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-pollution-steel/chinas-xuzhou-begins-environmental-checks-to-meet-2018-clean-air-targets-idUSKBN1HI1GU. Accessed 22 October 2021.
Xue T, Zhu T, Zheng Y, Zhang Q, (2019). Declines in mental health associated with air pollution and temperature variability in China. Nat Commun., 10(1):2165.
Yan S, Zhu B, Kang H, (2019). Long‐Term Fog Variation and Its Impact Factors Over Polluted Regions of East China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(3):1741-1754.
Yanfang W, (2018). Top 10 cities with most cars in China. http://www.china.org.cn/top10/2018-10/03/content_64416203_6.htm. Accessed 22 October 2021.
Yin P, He G, Fan M, Chiu KY, Fan M, Liu C, Xue A, Liu T, Pan Y, Mu Q, Zhou M, (2017). Particulate air pollution and mortality in 38 of China’s largest cities: time series analysis. BMJ, 356:j667.
Yin Z, Cui K, Chen S, Zhao Y, Chao HR, Chang-Chien GP, (2019). Characterization of the Air Quality Index for Urumqi and Turfan Cities, China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 19:282-306.
Yu Y, Wang J, Yu J, Chen H, Liu M, (2019). Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 in the Urban Agglomeration of China’s Yangtze River Delta, China. Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 28(1):445-452.
Zhang X, Zhao L, Cheng M, Liu H, Wang Z, Wu X, Yu H, (2018). Long-term changes in wet nitrogen and sulfur deposition in Nanjing. Atmospheric Environment, 195:104-111.
Zhang YL, Cao F, (2015). Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in China at a city level. Scientific Reports, 5:14884
Zheng B, Chevallier F, Ciais P, Yin Y, Deeter MN, Worden HM, Wang Y, Zhang Q, He Q, (2018). Rapid decline in carbon monoxide emissions and export from East Asia between years 2005 and 2016. Environmental Research Letters, 13(4):044007.
Zheng B, Tong D, Li M, Liu F, Hong C, Geng G, Li H, Li X, Peng L, Qi J, Yan L, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Zheng Y, He K, Zhang Q, (2018). Trends in China’s anthropogenic emissions since 2010 as the consequence of clean air actions. Atmos Chem Phys., 18:14095-14111.
