Concentration and Risk Assessment of Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead in Husked and De-husked Rice Samples from Niger and Kebbi States, Nigeria

الموضوعات :

Hadiza Muhammad ¹ (Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Nigeria)
Jeremoth Adama ² (Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Nigeria)
Adamu Kabiru ³ (Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria)
Adil El Yahyaoui ⁴ (National Office of Food Safety Sanitary Morocco)
Sami Darkaoui ⁵ (National Office of Food Safety Sanitary Morocco)
Youssef Maazouzi ⁶ (National Centre for Energy, Nuclear Sciences and Techniques, Morocco)
Hussaini Anthony Makun ⁷ (Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Nigeria)

تاريخ الإرسال : 16 الجمعة , شوال, 1442 تاريخ التأكيد : 11 الأربعاء , جمادى الأولى, 1443 تاريخ الإصدار : 02 الأربعاء , ذو القعدة, 1443

الکلمات المفتاحية: Contamination, Cadmium, Lead, Arsenic, Risk Assessment,

ملخص المقالة :

Toxic metals are implicated in many health implications especially in areas of indiscriminate mining activities. A total of 100 (50 husked and 50 de-husked) rice samples were randomly collected from Kebbi and Niger States, Nigeria. Arsenic, cadmium and lead were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Arsenic was highest (172.58 ± 5.75) µg kg-1 in husked rice from Koshaba while the de-husked rice samples from Gwadan gaji had highest concentration (114.29 ± 3.97) µg kg-1 of arsenic. Highest concentrations of cadmium was obtained in both the husked (43.29 ± 2.06) µg kg-1 and de-husked (66.13 ± 1.20) µg kg-1 rice samples from Tondi Yauri. Husked rice samples of Dukune had highest lead concentration (53.19 ± 3.09) µg kg-1 while the de-husked rice samples of Yauri had highest lead concentration (60.11 ± 2.18) µg kg-1. Percentage daily intake (%TDI) of arsenic was highest in most samples while contamination below detection limits was observed in few samples.

المصادر:

1. Reynders H., Bervoets L., Gelders M., De Coen W.M., Blust R., 2008. Accumulation and effects of metals in caged carp and resident roach along a metal pollution gradient. Sci Total Environ. 391, 82-95.


2. Galadima A., Garba Z.N., 2012. Heavy metals pollution in Nigeria: causes and consequences. Elixir Pollution. 45, 791-792.


3. Yu H., Wang J., Fang W., Yuan J., Yang Z., 2006. Cadmium accumulation in different rice cultivars and screening for pollution safe cultivars of rice. Sci Total Environ. 370(2-3), 302-309.


4. Ross S.M., 1994. Toxic Metals in Soil-Plant Systems. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Chichester in vitro study. Toxicol In Vitro. 6, 1670–1680.


5. Sridhara C.N., Kamala C.T., Samuel S.R.D., 2008. Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 69, 513-524.


6. Satarug S., Garrett S.H., Sens M.A., Sens D.A., 2011. Cadmium, environmental exposure, and health outcomes. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. 16(5), 2587–2602.


7. Singh N., Kumar D., Sahu A., 2007. Arsenic in the environment: effects on human health and possible prevention. J Environ Biol. 28(2), 359–365.


8. Arora M., Kiranb B., Rania S., Rania, A., Kaura B., Mittala N., 2008. Heavy metal accumulation in Vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. Food Chem. 111, 811-815.


9. Jarup L., 2003. Hazard of heavy metal contamination. Br Med Bull. 68(1), 167-182.


10. Femi A., 2013. Smuggling as bane of local rice production. The Vanguard Nigeria Newspaper. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/10/smuggled-rice-floods-nigerian-market-merchants-suffer-losses. (Accessed January, 7^th 2019).


11. Oluwatomi O., 2011. About rice production and processing. http://tribune.com.ng/index.php/wealth-creation-thru-agric/26645-about-rice-production-and-processing. (Accessed January, 7^th 2019).


12. Tchounwou P.B., Centeno J.A., Patlolla A.K., 2004. Arsenic toxicity, Mutagenesis, and Carcinogenesis - A health risk assessment and management approach. Mol Cell Biochem. 255, 47-55.


13. Wexler P., 1998. Encyclopedia. Toxicol. 2, 291- 292.


14. Li J.H., Rossman T.C., 1989. Inhibition of DNA Ligase activity by arsenite: A possible mechanism of its comutagenesis. Mol Toxicol. 2, 1-9.


15. Holmgren G.G.S., Meyer M.W., Chaney R.L., Daniels R.B., 1993. Cadmium, lead, cooper, and nickel in agricultural soils of the United States of America. J Environ Qual. 22, 335–348.


16. Najeeb U., Ahmad W., Zia M.H., Malik Z., Zhou W., 2017. Enhancing the lead phytostabilization in wetland plant Juncus effuses L. through somaclonal manipulation and EDTA enrichment. Arab J Chem. 10(2), S3310-S3317.


17. Lamhamdi M., El Galiou O., Bakrim A., Novoa-Munoz C.J., Arias-Estevez M., Aarab A., Lafont R., 2013. Effect of lead stress on mineral content and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) seedlings. Saudi J Biol Sci. 20(1), 29-36.


18. Gupta R.C., 2012. Veterinary toxicology: basic and clinical principles, 2^nd ed., Elsevier: London.


19. Ahamed M., Siddiqui M.K., 2007. Environmental lead toxicity and nutritional factors. Clin Nutr. 26, 400–408.


20. Flora S.J., Flora G., Saxena G., Mishra M., 2007. Arsenic and lead induced free radical generation and their reversibility following chelation. Cell Mol Biol. 53, 26–47.


21. Lidsky T.I., Schneider J.S., 2003. Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates. Brain. 126, 5–19.


22. Rao J.V.B., Vengamma B., Naveen T., Naveen V., 2014. Lead encephalopathy in adults. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 5(2), 161-163.


23. Castagnetto J.M., Hennessy S.W., Roberts V.A., Getzoff D.E., Tainer A.J., Pique E.M., 2002. MDB: the metalloprotein database and browser at the Scripps Re-search Institute. Nucleic Acids Res. 30(1), 379–382.


24. Thévenod F., Lee W.K., 2013. Toxicology of cadmium and its damage to mammalian organs. Met. Ions Life Sci. 11, 415–90.


25. Galan A, Garcia-Bermejo L, Troyano A, Vilaboa, N.E., Fernandez C. de Blas E., Aller P., 2001. The role of intracellular oxidation in death induction (apoptosis and necrosis) in human promonocytic cells treated with stress inducers (cadmium, heat, X-rays). Eur J Cell Biol. 80, 312–320.


26. Casalino E., Sblano C., Landriscina C., 1997. Enzyme activity alteration by cadmium administration to rats: the possibility of iron involvement in lipid peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys. 346, 171–179.


27. Dudley R.E., Klaassen C.D., 1984. Changes in hepatic glutathione concentration modify cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 72(3), 530–538.


28. Liu J.G., Zhu Q.S., Zhang Z.J., Xu J., Yang J., Wong H.M., 2009. Variations in cadmium accumulation among rice cultivars and the types and the selection of cultivars for reducing cadmium in the diet. J. Sci. Food Agric. 85: 147-153.


29. Giaginis C., Gatzidou E., Theocharis S., 2006. DNA repair systems as targets of cadmium toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 213, 282–290.


30. Candéias S., Pons B., Viau M., Caillat S., Sauvaigo S., 2010. Direct inhibition of excision/synthesis DNA repair activities by cadmium: analysis on dedicated biochips. Mutat Res. 694, 53–59.


31. Raber G., Stock N., Hanel P., Murko M., Navratilova J., 2012. An improved HPLC-ICPMS method for determining inorganic arsenic in food: application to rice, wheat and tuna fish. Food Chem. 134(1), 524-532.


32. Worley J., Kveeh S., 2011. Inductively couple plasma mass spectroscopy. ICP-MS. http:// www. cee.vt .edu/ewr/ environmental/teach/smprimer/icp/icp.html. Accessed November 6^th 2011.


33. El Aouidi S., Fakhi S., Laissaoui A., Malek A.O., Benmansour M., Ayach A., El Batal Y., Aadjour M., Tahri M., El Yahyaoui A., Benkdad A., 2017. Geochemical Characterization of the Black Shale from the Ama Fatma Coastal Site in the Southwest of Morocco. Am J Chem. 7(5), 153-162.


34. Rodriguev-Carrasco Y., Ruiz M.J., Font G., 2013. Exposure estimates to Fusarium mycotoxins through cereal intake. Chemosphere. 93(10), 2297-2303.


35. Katsuhara M., Sasano S., Horie T., Matsumoto T., Rhee J., Shibasaka M., 2014. Functional and Molecular Characteristics of Rice and Barley NIP Aquaporins Transporting Water, Hydrogen peroxide and arsenite. Plant Biotechnol. 31, 213-219.


36. Rusyniak D.E., Arroyo A., Acciani J., Froberg B., Kao L., Furbee B., 2010. Heavy metal poisoning: management of intoxication and antidotes. EXS. 100, 365–396.


37. Klaassen C.D., 2008. Casarette and Doull’s Toxicology. In: The basic science of poisons, 7^th ed., Mc Graw Hill: USA, 15(734), 936-939.


38. Quansah R., Armah F.A., Essumang D.K., Luginaah I., Clarke E., Marfoh K., Cobbina J.S., Nketiah-Amponsah E., Namujju B.P., Obiri S. Dzodzomenyo M., 2015. Association of arsenic with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes/ Infant Mortality: a Systemic review and mata-analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 123(5), 412-21.


39. Osawe O.W., Akinyosoye V.O., Omonona B.T., Okoruwa V., Salman K., 2017. Productivity Differentials in Rice Production Systems: Evidence from Rice Farmers in Five Agroecological Zones in Nigeria. J Nutr Food Sci. 2(3),18-25.


40. Farzan S.F., Karagas M.R., Chen Y., 2013. In utero and early life arsenic exposure in relation to long-term health and disease. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 272(2), 384-90.


41. Tolins M., Ruchirawat M., Landrigan P., 2014. The developmental neurotoxicity of arsenic: cognitive and behavioral consequences of early life exposure. Ann Glob Health. 80(4), 303-14.


42. Roy P., Ijiri T., Okadome H., Nei D., Orikasa T., Nakamura N., Shiina T., 2008. Effect of processing conditions on overall energy consumption and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Food Eng. 89, 343–348.


43. Watanabe T., Nakatsuka H., Ikeda M., 1989. Cadmium and lead contents in rice available in various areas of Asia. Sci Total Environ. 80, 175 – 184.


44. Henderson A.J., Ollila C.A., Kumar A., Borresen E.C., Raina K., Agarwal R., Ryan E.P., 2012. Chemopreventive Properties of Dietary Rice Bran: Current Status and Future Prospects. Adv Nutr. 3, 643-653.


45. Hui L., Na L., Yan W.L., Quan Y.C., Hu Y.L., Ce H.M., Ming H.W. 2017. Cadmium in rice: Transport mechanisms, influencing factors and minimizing measures. Environ Pollut. 224, 022-030.


46. Muhammad H.L., Shehu R.A., Bilbis L.S., Dangoggo S.M., 2019. Clarias angularis as a biological indicator of metal contamination of selected aquatic habitat of North-Western Nigeria. Sci Afr. 5, (e00104).


47. Aziz R., Rafiq M.T., Liu D., He Z., Stoffella P.J. Sun K., Xiaoe Y., 2015. Uptake of cadmium by rice grown on contaminated soils and bioaccumulation/toxicity in human cells (CaCo-2/HL-7702). J Agric Food Chem. 63, 3599-3608.


48. Muhammad H.L., Shehu R.A., Bilbis L.S., Dangoggo S.M., 2016. Comparative Bioaccumulative Potential of Copper, Cadmium and Lead by Gymnarchus niloticus and Heterobranchus bidorsalis in Pollution Prone Aquatic Environments of North-Western Nigeria. Am Chem Sci J. 12(2), 1-10.


49. Piomelli S., 2002. Childhood lead poisoning. Pediatri Clin N Am. 49, 1285–1304.


50. Bechara E.J., 1996. Oxidative stress in acute intermittent porphyria and lead poisoning may be triggered by 5-aminolevulinic acid. Braz J Med Biol Res. 29. 841–851.


51. Monteiro H.P., Abdalla D.S.P., Faljoni-Alario A., Bechara E.J., 1986. Generation of active oxygen species during coupled autoxidation of oxyhemoglobin and delta-aminolevulinic acid. Biochem Biophys Acta. 881, 100–106.


52. Vij A.G., 2009. Hemopoietic, hemostatic and mutagenic effects of lead and possible prevention by zinc and vitamin C. Al Ameen J Med Sci. 2, 27–36.


53. Payus C., Talip A.F., 2014. Assessment of heavy metals accumulation in paddy rice (Oryza sativa). Afr J Agric Res. 9(41), 3082-3090.


54. Adeloye D. Basquill C., Aderemi A., Thompson J.Y., Obi F., 2014. An estimate of the prevalence of Hypertension in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 32(1), 4-10.


55. WHO (World Health Organization) (2016). Global health observatory: Regulation and controls on lead. https://www.who.int/gho/phe/chemical_safety/lead_paint_regulations/en/. Accessed December 26^th 2016.