Induction of Oxidative Stress and Anatomical Changes by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Medicago sativa L.

الموضوعات :

Leyla Jafari ¹ , Maryam Khoshsokhan-Mozaffar ² , Elahe vatankhah ³

1 - Department of Biology, Basic science faculty, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
2 - Department of Biology, Basic science faculty, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
3 - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

تاريخ الإرسال : 30 الإثنين , ربيع الأول, 1439 تاريخ التأكيد : 20 الإثنين , صفر, 1440 تاريخ الإصدار : 01 الثلاثاء , شعبان, 1439

الکلمات المفتاحية: Oxidative stress, Medicago sativa, Environmental pollution, PAHs, Anthracene,

ملخص المقالة :

: In this study effect of anthracene on germination, anatomy and oxidative stress in Medicagosativa was evaluated. Seed germination, length and weight of seedlings were measured after seven days of treatment (2 and 4 mmol L-1). After twelve days, anatomical changes and activity of Superoxide Dismutase, Polyphenol Oxidase, Ascorbate Peroxidase, Glutathione Transferase, Soluble Peroxidase, Malondialdehyde in shoots and roots, as well as chlorophyll content of aerial parts, were determined. Also, morphological changes during the growth in complete plants were studied. The results showed that, anthracene had no significant effect on seed germination, but reduced the length of seedlings and the weight of them. The activity of mentioned enzymes in the shoot and often in the roots, in 4 mmol L-1 anthracene significantly was increased compared to the control plants. Anthracene treatment decreased significantly Malondialdehyde levels in shoot, while it increased significantly in roots and this treatment had no significant effect on chlorophyll a and b contents. Periderm diameter increased in treated roots and xylem extent reduced in treated shoots. It seems that the low water solubility of anthracene, also, the low sensitivity of alfalfa to PAHs, partially stabilize the plant to low concentration of Anthracene.

المصادر:

1. Heagle A., 1989. Ozone and crop yield. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 27, 397-423.
2. Preston E.M., Tingey D.T. 1988. The NCLAN pro-gram for crop loss assessment, in Assessment of crop loss from air pollutants. Springer. 45-62.
3. Schlagnhaufer C.D., Arteca R.N., 1997. Ozoneââ‚‌induced oxidative stress: mechanisms of action and reaction. Physiologia Plantarum. 100(2), 264-273.
4. Pilon-Smits E., 2005. Phytoremediation. Annu Rev. Plant Biol. 56, 15-39.
5. Simonich S.L., Hites R.A., 1994. Vegetation-atmosphere partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental science & technology. 28(5), 939-943.
6. Harvey R.G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: chemistry and carcinogenicity, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1991.
7. Klaassen C.D., Amdur M.O. Casarett and Doull's toxicology: the basic science of poisons. Vol. 5. McGraw-Hill: New York, 1996.
8. Ravindra K., Sokhi R., Van Grieken R., 2008. At-mospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation. Atmospheric Environment. 42(13), 2895-2921.
9. Ke L., Wang W., Wong T.W., Wong Y., Tam N.F., 2003. Removal of pyrene from contaminated sediments by mangrove microcosms. Chemosphere. 51(1), 25-34.
10. Burczynski M.E., Lin H.K., Penning T.M., 1999. Isoform-specific induction of a human aldo-keto reductase by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), electrophiles, and oxidative stress: implications for the alternative pathway of PAH activation catalyzed by human dihydrodiol dehydrogenase. Cancer Research. 59(3), 607-614.
11. Flowers L., Ohnishi S.T., Penning T.M., 1997. DNA strand scission by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon o-quinones: role of reactive oxygen species, Cu (II)/Cu (I) redox cycling, and o-semiquinone anion radicals. Biochemistry. 36(28), 8640-8648.
12. Hiura T.S., Kaszubowski M.P., Li N., Nel A.E., 1999. Chemicals in diesel exhaust particles generate reactive oxygen radicals and induce apoptosis in macrophages. The Journal of Immunology. 163(10), 5582-5591.
13. Alkio M., Tabuchi T.M., Wang X., Colón-Carmona A., 2005. Stress responses to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Arabidopsis include growth inhibition and hypersensitive response-like symptoms. Journal of Experimental Botany. 56(421), 2983-2994
14. Dixit P., Mukherjee P.K., Sherkhane P.D., Kale S.P., Eapen S., 2011. Enhanced tolerance and remediation of anthracene by transgenic tobacco plants expressing a fungal glutathione transferase gene. Journal of hazardous materials. 192(1), 270-276.
15. Liu H., Weisman D., Ye Y., Cui B., Huang Y., Colón-Carmona A., Wang Z., 2009. An oxidative stress response to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure is rapid and complex in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Science. 176(3), 375-382.
16. Wand H., Kuschk P., Soltmann U., Stottmeister U., 2002. Enhanced removal of xenobiotics by helophytes. Engineering in Life Sciences. 22(1ââ‚‌2), 175-181.
17. Ma X., Burken J.G., 2003. TCE diffusion to the atmosphere in phytoremediation applications. Environmental science & technology. 37(11), 2534-2539.
18. Shang T.Q., Gordon M.P., 2002. Transformation of [14C] trichloroethylene by poplar suspension cells. Chemosphere. 47(9), 957-962.
19. Yoon J.M., Oh B., Just C.L., Schnoor J.L., 2002. Uptake and leaching of octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine by hybrid poplar trees. Environmental science & technology. 36(21), 4649-4655.
20. Jansen M., Hill L., Thorneley R., 2004. A novel stressââ‚‌acclimation response in Spirodelapunctata (Lemnaceae): 2, 4, 6ââ‚‌trichlorophenol triggers an in-crease in the level of an extracellular peroxidase, capable of the oxidative dechlorination of this xenobiotic pollutant. Plant, Cell & Environment. 27(5), 603-613.
21. Eapen S., Singh S., D'souza S., 2007. Advances in development of transgenic plants for remediation of xenobiotic pollutants. Biotechnology Advances. 25(5), 442-451.
22. McCutcheon S., Schnoor J., 2003. Overview of phytotrans formation and control of wastes. Phytoremediation: Transformation and control of contaminants. Wiley & Sons: Iowa, U.S.A.
23. Baek K.-H., Kim H.-S., Oh H.-M., Yoon B.-D., Kim J., Lee I.-S., 2004. Effects of crude oil, oil components, and bioremediation on plant growth. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 39(9), 2465-2472.
24. Wittig R., Ballach H. J., Kuhn A., 2003. Exposure of the roots of Populusnigra L. cv. Loenen to PAHs and its effect on growth and water balance. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 10(4), 235-244.
25. Del Longo O.T., González C.A., Pastori G.M., Trippi V.S., 1993. Antioxidant defences under hyperoxygenic and hyperosmotic conditions in leaves of two lines of maize with differential sensitivity to drought. Plant and Cell Physiology. 34(7), 1023-1028.
26. Nakano Y., Asada K., 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and cell physiology. 22(5), 867-880.
27. Bradford M.M., 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical biochemistry. 72(1-2), 248-254.
28. Kar M., Mishra D., 1976. Catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase activities during rice leaf senescence. Plant physiology. 57(2), 315-319.
29. Mannervik B., 1985. The isoenzymes of glutathione transferase. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol. 57, 357-417.
30. Vos C., Schat H., Waal M., Vooijs R., Ernst W., 1991. Increased resistance to copperââ‚‌induced damage of the root cell plasmalemma in copper tolerant Silenecucubalus. Physiologia Plantarum. 82(4), 523-528.
31. Horwitz W., Chichilo P., Reynolds H., 1970. Offi-cial methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 11th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington.
32. Zhan Zh., Rengel Z., Meney K., 2010. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) differentially influence growth of various emergent wetland species. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 182, 689ââ‚‌“695.
33. Paskova V., Hilscherova K., Feldmannova M., Blaha L., 2006. Toxic effects and oxidative stress in higher plants exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their N-heterocyclic derivatives. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 25(12), 3238ââ‚‌“ 3245.
34. Smith M., Flowers T., Duncan H., Alder J., 2006. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on germination and subsequent growth of grasses and legumes in freshly contaminated soil and soil with aged PAHs residues. Environmental Pollution. 141(3), 519-525.
35. Fan S., Li P., Gong Z., Ren W., He N., 2008. Pro-motion of pyrene degradation in rhizosphere of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Chemosphere. 71(8), 1593-1598.
36. Ahmadi M., Alipour Z., FarrokhianFiruzi A., 2013. Investigation of the Possibility of Phytoremediating a Soil Contaminated with Anthracene. Journal of Chemical Health Risks. 3(3), 69-76.
37. Flocco C., Lobalbo A., Carranza M., Bassi M., Giulietti A., Cormack W.M., 2002. Some physiological, microbial, and toxicological aspects of the removal of phenanthrene by hydroponic cultures of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). International Journal of Phytoremediation. 4(3), 169-186.
38. Paez-Garcia A., Motes C.M., Scheible W.R., Chen R., Blancaflor E.B., Monteros M.J., 2015. Root traits and phenotyping strategies for plant improvement. Plants. 4(2), 334-355.
39. Zhan X., Yuan J.,Yue L., Xu G., Hu B., Xu R., 2015. Response of uptake and translocation of phenanthrene to nitrogen form in lettuce and wheat seedlings. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22(8), 6280-6287.
40. Gao Y., Li H., Gong S., 2012. Ascorbic acid en-hances the accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in roots of tall fescue (FestucaarundinaceaSchreb.). PloS one. 7(11), e50467.
41. Bałdyga B., Wieczorek J., Smoczyński S., Wieczorek Z., Smoczyńska K., 2005. Pea Plant Re-sponse to Anthracene Present in Soil. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 14(4), 397-401.
42. Huang X.D., McConkey B.J., Babu T.S., Greenberg B.M., 1997. Mechanisms of photoinduced toxicity of photomodified anthracene to plants: Inhibition of photosynthesis in the aquatic higher plant Lemnagibba (duckweed). Environ Toxicol Chem. 16, 1707ââ‚‌“ 1715.