Metals Contamination of Groundwater Resources of Enugu North District, SouthEast Nigeria

الموضوعات :

Vitus Agbazue ¹ , Nwachukwu Ekere ² , Benedict Ngang ³ , Janefrances Ihedioha ⁴

1 - Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Analytical/Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, University of Nigeria, Nigeria, Nsukka
2 - Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Analytical/Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, University of Nigeria, Nigeria, Nsukka
3 - Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Analytical/Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, University of Nigeria, Nigeria, Nsukka
4 - Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Analytical/Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, University of Nigeria, Nigeria, Nsukka

تاريخ الإرسال : 10 الخميس , ربيع الثاني, 1439 تاريخ التأكيد : 20 الإثنين , صفر, 1440 تاريخ الإصدار : 29 الأحد , رجب, 1439

الکلمات المفتاحية: Contamination, Groundwater, Seasonal variation, Metals, Enugu North, Boreholes,

ملخص المقالة :

Ground water samples were collected from boreholes in Enugu Northern District, South-east Nigeria and analyzed for some metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, K, Na and Zn) contents. The metals were determined at monthly intervals for three months in dry season and then repeated in rainy season using standard methods. The range of values obtained during dry season include: Na (0.0–21.28 mg/L), K (0.0–12.03 mg/L), Cu (0.0–23.01 mg/L), Fe (0.0–11.03 mg/L), and Zn (0.01–3.00 mg/L). During rainy season, the metal contents were of the following ranges: Na (0.0-21.28 mg/L), K (1.32-15.11 mg/L), Cu (0.03-28.37 mg/L), Fe (0.0-12.29 mg/L), and Zn (0.02-3.61 mg/L). Cd and Pb were not detected in all the samples studied. The mean values of the parameters were compared with recommended standard guideline values and some were above the guideline values for drinking water quality.  Seasonal variations of the parameters in the samples were observed with rainy season values higher. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS Windows Version 20 analysis showed statistically significant variations between metal contents in dry season and rainy season. Metal evaluation indices (MEI) indicated spatial and seasonal variations. Degree of metallic contamination computed showed that Cu and Fe were found to be in very high degree in both seasons.

المصادر:

1. Oyem, H.H., Oyem I. M., Usese, A. 2015.. Iron, manganese, cadmium, chromium, zinc and arsenic groundwater contents of Agbor and Owa Communities of Nigeria. Springer Nature: DOI: 10.116/s40064-015-067-0.
2. Geick, P. H. 2002. Dirty water: estimated deaths from water related diseases 2000 ââ‚‌“ 2020. Pacific Institute Research Report. California, USA. (Online). Available at http://www.pacinst.org. [Accessed on 16th June, 2016].
3. Hague 2000. Ministerial declaration of the Hague on water security the 21st century. The Hague, Netherlands. (Online). Available at http://www.waternunc.com/gb/secwwfl2.htm. [Accessed on 16th June, 2016].
4. Galadima, A., Garba, Z. N., Leke, L., Almustapha, N. M., Adam, I. K. 2011. Domestic water pollution among local communities in Nigeria. ââ‚‌“ causes and consequences. Euro J. of Sci. Res. 52(4), 592 - 603. ISSN 1450 ââ‚‌“ 216X. (Online). Available at http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm. [Accessed on 16th June, 2016].
5. Aboyeji, O. O. 2013. Fresh water pollution in some Nigerian local communities, causes, consequences and probable solutions. Academic J. of Interdiscipl. Stud. 2(13). DOI: 105901/AJIS.2013V2N13P111.
6. Beauvais, J. 2016. Groundwater and drinking water: moving forward for Americaââ‚‌™s drinking water. EPA Connect: The official blog for the EPA. (Online) available at http://www.epa.gov [accessed on 30th June, 2016].
7. EPA (2014) Promoting technology innovation for clean and safe water: water technology innovation blueprint- version 2. US Environmental Protection Agency,
8. Helmer R., Hespanohl, I. [Eds.] 1997. Water pollution control: A guide to the use of water quality management principles. WHO/UNEP. (Online) available at http://www.earthprint.com accessed on 30th June, 2016.
9. Owa, F.D.2013. Water Pollution: Sources, Effects, Control and management. Mediterranean J. Soc. Sci. 4(8), 65 ââ‚‌“ 68.
10. Oluseun, A. O. 2013. Freshwater pollution in some Nigerian local communities: causes, consequences and probable solutions. Mediterranean J. Soc. Sci. 2(13), 111 - 119.
11. Ibeto, C. N., Okoye, C. O. B. 2009 Elevated cadmium level in blood of the urban population in Enugu state, Nigeria. World Appl. Sci. J. 7(10), 1255 ââ‚‌“ 4952.
12. Ibeto, C. N., Okoye, C. O. B. 2010 High level of heavy metals in blood of the urban population in Nigeria. Res. J. of Envriron. Sci. 4(4), 371 ââ‚‌“ 382.
13. Howard Hu, M. D. Human health and heavy metals exposure in M McCauley (ed.) Life support: the environment and human health. MIT Press. United Kingdom, 2002.
14. Ngang, B.U., Agbazue, V. E. 2016. A seasonal assessment of groundwater pollution due to biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and elevated temperatures in Enugu northern senatorial district, south east Nigeria. IOSR J. Applied Chem. 9(7), 66 ââ‚‌“ 73. Doi: 10.9790/5736-0907016673.
15. Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette (2007). Legal Notice on Publication of the Details of the Breakdown of the National and State Provisional Totals 2006 Census., 15 May, [Online] Available from www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbapps/connections. (Accessed on 5th August, 2014).
16. Ekere, N. R., Agbazue, V. E., Ihedioha, J. N., Eze, I .S. 2014: Health- risk assessment in relation to heavy metals in water sources in rural regions of South East Nigeria. Int. J. Phys. Sci. , 9(6), 109 ââ‚‌“ 116.
17. Official methods of analysis of the association of analytical chemists (AOAC) 15th edition, ed. K., Helrich, (1990): Suite 400 2200 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, Virginia 22201 United States of America: AOAC Inc.
18. Engwa, A. G., Tagbo, N. R., Iyala, C. P. J., Unaegbu, M . 2015: Physicochemical and microbial analysis of portable water sources in Enugu Metropolis, J. Public Health and Epidemiol., 7(3), 65-70.
19. Okoye, C. O. B., Adiele, G. C. 2014. Physicochemical and bacteriological qualities of groundwater resources in Ezinihitte Mbaise Local Goverrnment Area of Imo State, Nigeria, Int. J. Chem. Sci., 12(1), 23-38..
20. Okoye, C. O. B., Ugwu, J. N., Ibeto, C. N. 2010. Characterization of rural water resources for potable water supply in some parts of south eastern Nigeria, J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, 35 (1), 83 ââ‚‌“ 88.
21. Mgbenena, N. M., Obodo, G. O., Okonkwo, N. A., Onwokeme, V. I. 2014, Physicochemical assessment of borehole waters in Ovim, Isiukwuato LGA, Abia State, Nigeria, IOSR J App Chem, 7(10), 31 ââ‚‌“ 33.
22. Omaka, O. N, Offor, I. F., Onwe, I. M. 2015. Hydrogeochemical attributes and groundwater quality in Ngbo community of Ohaukwu area council, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, Ambiente & Água- interdiscipl J. of Applied sci., 10 (1): 35 ââ‚‌“ 47.
23. Uzoije, A. P., Onunkwo, A. A., Ibeneme, I. S., Obioha, E. Y. 2014. Hydrogeology of Nsukka south-east- a preliminary approach to water resources development, American J. Engnr Res, 2014, 3(1), 150 ââ‚‌“ 162,
24. Onwugara, N. I. , Ajiwe, V. I. E., Nnabuenyi, H. O. 2013. Physicochemical studies of water from selected boreholes in Umuahia north Local Government Area of in Abia State, Nigeria, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci., 1(3), 34 ââ‚‌“ 44.
25. WHO, (2011): WHO Guidelines for drinking water quality, 4th edition, Geneva: 472 ââ‚‌“ 475, [0nline] available at http://www.who.int/en.html (accessed on June, 2014).
26. Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON): 2007. Nigeria Industrial Standard (NIS): Nigeria standard for drinking water quality (NSDWQ,-2007). Abuja, Nigeria: (SON).
27. European Union (EU) .2014. drinking water regulations 2014: statutory instruments, ed. P. Hogan, S. I. No. 122, Dublin: EU Government Publications Stationary Office.
28. Edet, A. E., Offiong, O. E. 2002. Evaluation of water quality pollution indices for heavy metal contamination monitoring. A study case from Akpabuyo-Odukpani area, Lower Cross River Basin (southern Nigeria). Geo J. 57, 295 ââ‚‌“ 304.
29. Bodis, B. B., Larhemo, D., Rapant, P. S. 1997. Application of groundwater contamination index in Finland and Slovakia. Envir. Geol. 36, 55 ââ‚‌“ 64.
30. Rubio, B.,. Nombela, M. A,. Bila, F. 2000. Geochemistry of major and trace elements in sediments of Ria de Vigo (NW Spain): An assessment of metal pollution. Marine Pollut Bull 40, 968-980.