Heavy Metals in Commercial Food for Infants and Small Children Origin from the Sarajevo Market
الموضوعات :Elma Omeragic 1 , Amir Causevic 2 , Aleksandra Marjanovic 3 , Miroslav Sober 4
1 - University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
2 - Institute for Public Health of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3 - University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
4 - University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
الکلمات المفتاحية: Toxic metals, Food for infants and small children, Toxicological risk,
ملخص المقالة :
The objective of this study was to determine total mercury, lead and cadmium contents in commercial food for infants and small children marketed on the Sarajevo area of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and to estimate the toxicological risk associated with the consumption of food for infants and small children regarding mercury, lead and cadmium. A total of 30 samples were analysed. The content of lead and cadmium was analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Total mercury content was measured with a direct mercury analyser. The limits of cadmium, lead and inorganic mercury for infants and small children was calculated according to the dietary intake limits established by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and recommended body weights for European toddlers and infants. Overall, the contents of lead, mercury and cadmium in analyzed commercial food for infants and small children samples were considered quite low. Depending on the frequencies of daily usage the ready for use products for infants and small children there is the some circumstances in which exposure to lead and cadmium appeared to be of health concern.
1. Chance G.W., 2001. Environmental contaminants and children’s health: Cause for concern, time for action. Paediatr Child Health. 6(10), 731–743. DOI: 10.1093/pch/6.10.731.
2. Tong S., Von Schirnding Y.E., Prapamontol T., 2000. Environmental lead exposure: a public health problem of global dimensions. Bull World Health Organ. 78(9), 1068-1077.
3. Duraković, Z.: Klinička toksikologija. Grafos Zagrab, 2000.
4. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM), 2010. Scientific Opinion on Lead in Food. EFSA Journal. 8(4), 151. DOI:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1570. Available online: www.efsa.europa.eu
5. Gardener H., Bowen J., Callan P.S., 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods. Science of the Total Environment. 651, 822–827.
6. Shumann K., 1990. The toxicological estimation of the heavy metal content (Cd, Hg, Pb) in food for infants and small children, Z Ernährungswiss. 29(1), 54-73. DOI: 10.1007/BF02019535.
7. Winiarska-Mieczan A., Kiczorowska B., 2012. Determining the content of lead and cadmium in infant food from the Polish market. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 63(6), 708–712.
8. Castelli M., Rossi B., Corsetti F., Mantovani A., Spera G., Lubrano C., Silvestroni L., Patriarca M., Chiodo F., Menditto A., 2005. Levels of cadmium and lead in blood: an application of validated methods in a group of patients with endocrine/metabolic disorders from the Rome area. Microchem J. 79, 349–355.
9. International Agency for Research on Cancer: Cadmium and cadmium compounds. Monographs, Lyon IARC Press, 1997.
10. Bose O’Reilly S., McCarty K.M., Steckling N., Lettmeier B., 2010. Mercury exposure and children’s health. Curr Prob Pediat Adolesc Health Care. 40,186–215.
11. Martins C., Vasco E., Paixã E., Alvito P., 2013. Total mercury in infant food, occurrence and exposure assessment in Portugal. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B. 6(3), 151–157. DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.775603
12. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM), 2011. Scientific Opinion on tolerable weekly intake for cadmium. EFSA Journal. 9(2), 19. DOI:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1975.
13. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM), 2012. Scientific Opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food. EFSA Journal. 10(12),1-241. DOI:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2985.
14. EFSA Scientific Committee, 2012. Guidance on selected default values to be used by the EFSA Scientific Committee, Scientific Panels and Units in the absence of actual measured data, 10(3), 1-32. DOI:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2579.
15. EFSA European Food Safety Authority, 2009. Lead dietary exposure in the European population. EFSA Journal. 10(7), 2831–2889.
16. EFSA European Food Safety Authority, 2012. Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population, EFSA Journal 10(1),1-37. DOI:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2551. Available online: www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal
17. Hernández-Martínez R., Navarro-Blasco I., 2012. Estimation of dietary intake and content of lead and cadmium in infant cereals marketed in Spain. Food Control. 26(1), 6–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.12.024
18. Škrbić B., Jelena Živančev J., Jovanović G., Farre M., 2017. Essential and toxic elements in commercial baby food on the Spanish and Serbian market, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B.10, 27-38. DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1242661
19. EFSA European Food Safety Authority: Scientific Opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food. EFSA Journal. 10(12), 1-241. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2985.
20. Directive 1881/2006/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 19 December 2006 as regards maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of European Communities, 2006, L364, pp. 5–24. < http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2006/1881/2020-07-01>
