Response of Yield and Yield Attributes of Different Rice Genotypes to Soil Arsenic
الموضوعات : Research On Crop EcophysiologyMOSUD IQBAL 1 , GKM MUSTAFIZUR RAHMAN 2 , GM PANAULLAH 3
1 - Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh
2 - Department of Soil Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
3 - -Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh
الکلمات المفتاحية: yield, Growth stage, Keywords: Arsenic, rice genotypes, pot experiment, yield attriubutes,
ملخص المقالة :
Mosud Iqbal1*, Gkm Mustafizur Rahman2, Gm Panaullah1, M Mizanur Rahman2 and Jatish Chandra Biswas1 1 -Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh 2 -Department of Soil Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh *Corresponding author Email: miqbalbrri@gmail.com, mosudiqbal@yahoo.com Received: 20 June 2015 Accepted: 5 December 2015 Abstract Arsenic (As) contamination is a widespread problem in rice soils of Bangladesh. It can cause health hazards depending on soil As levels and rice varieties grown. Two pot experiments were conducted at net house, Department of Soil Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur in Boro (winter rice) and Transplanted Aman (monsoon rice) seasons of 2012 to study response of yield and yield attributes on different rice genotypes at different growth stages to soil arsenic. Sixteen rice varieties/breeding lines (8 for each season) were grown in pots soils having 0, 20, 40 and 60 ppm As. In each season, three sets of rice plants were grown up to maximum tillering (MT), flowering and maturity stages and different plant parameters were recorded depending of sampling stages. Soil As levels greatly reduced (2-85%) rice shoot yield at MT and flowering stages and grain yield (7-97%). Number of panicles and spikelet per panicle were adversely affected by soil As levels. Rice varieties/breeding lines showed differential responses to soil As levels. The effect of As on BRRI dhan47 in both the seasons and BRRI dhan53, BINA dhan8 in Transplanted Aman (T. Aman) season was insignificant up to 20 ppm soil As level having statistically similar grain yield.
Research on Crop Ecophysiology Vol.11/1 , Issue 1 (2016), Pages: 1- 17
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Original Research |
Response of Yield and Yield Attributes of Different Rice Genotypes to Soil Arsenic
Mosud Iqbal1*, Gkm Mustafizur Rahman2, Gm Panaullah1, M Mizanur Rahman2 and Jatish Chandra Biswas1
1 -Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh
2 -Department of Soil Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author Email: miqbalbrri@gmail.com, mosudiqbal@yahoo.com
Received: 20 June 2015 Accepted: 5 December 2015
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination is a widespread problem in rice soils of Bangladesh. It can cause health hazards depending on soil As levels and rice varieties grown. Two pot experiments were conducted at net house, Department of Soil Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur in Boro (winter rice) and Transplanted Aman (monsoon rice) seasons of 2012 to study response of yield and yield attributes on different rice genotypes at different growth stages to soil arsenic. Sixteen rice varieties/breeding lines (8 for each season) were grown in pots soils having 0, 20, 40 and 60 ppm As. In each season, three sets of rice plants were grown up to maximum tillering (MT), flowering and maturity stages and different plant parameters were recorded depending of sampling stages. Soil As levels greatly reduced (2-85%) rice shoot yield at MT and flowering stages and grain yield (7-97%). Number of panicles and spikelet per panicle were adversely affected by soil As levels. Rice varieties/breeding lines showed differential responses to soil As levels. The effect of As on BRRI dhan47 in both the seasons and BRRI dhan53, BINA dhan8 in Transplanted Aman
(T. Aman) season was insignificant up to 20 ppm soil As level having statistically similar grain yield.
Keywords: Arsenic, rice genotypes, pot experiment, growth stage, yield, yield attriubutes
Introduction
Shallow tube wells (STWs) are utilized to use sub-surface water for irrigating about 70% of total arable land in Bangladesh (BGS, 1999) mostly for rice production. This As contaminated irrigation water is blamed for increasing arsenic (As) levels in paddy soils and soil solutions (Meharg and Rahman, 2003; Van Geen et al., 2006; Dittmar et al., 2007) and thus interned into food chain which has been considered a major threat to human health in Bangladesh.
Naturally and artificially elevated levels of As in irrigation water or soil can reduce growth and productivity of rice (Abedin et al., 2002a; Delowar et al., 2005; Islam et al., 2004; Rauf, et al., 2011) because of its toxic effect. Arsenic impairs metabolic processes and thus reduces plant growth and development (Marin et al., 1993). Soil As, decreases plant height (Carbonell-Barrachina et al., 1995; Abedin et al., 2002b; Jahan et al., 2003; Karimi et al., 2010); reduces tillering ability (Kang et al., 1996; Rahman et al., 2004); lessen shoot growth (Cox et al., 1996; Carbonell-Barrachina et al., 1998); lowers fruit and grain yield (Carbonell-Barrachina et al., 1995; Abedin et al., 2002c; Kang et al., 1996); and sometimes leads to death (Marin et al., 1992; Baker et al., 1976).
However, limited literatures are available on the influence of soil As on growth of rice at different growth stages and yield and yield attributes of widely cultivated rice varieties in dry (irrigated Boro rice) and wet (T. Aman) seasons. Thus, the present study was conducted (a) to examine the effect of soil As on growth of rice varieties at different stages and (b) to observe the effect of soil As on yield and yield attributes of different rice varieties.
Materials and methods
Description of experimental site
The pot experiment was conducted at net house of Department of Soil Science Research Field in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU). This experiment site had good sunshine throughout the day. The climate of this area is sub-tropical, characterized by high temperatures during April–August, high rainfall during the monsoon season (June-August) and low temperatures during winter (November–February). Though the experiment was conducted in net house, normal environmental conditions were maintained inside the net house. Therefore, the conditions inside the net house did not differ from that of outside.
Soil collection and pot preparation
Soils were collected from BSMRAU Research field at a depth of 0-15 cm. Soils were stack in net house and air dried. Prior to potting, soil was ground and mixed well. For determining initial soil arsenic content, physical and chemical properties, 20 samples were made from different site of soil stack. These dried soil samples were further ground to pass through 2mm sieve for analysis of physical and chemical properties of soil as per standard protocols (Table 2.1) and pass through 100 µm sieve for initial arsenic content determination. Soil pH, organic carbon, total N, available P, exchangeable K, available S and available Zn were analyzed by the methods given in Table 1.
Moisture content of selected soil samples were determined by gravimetric method. Initially, each pot was filled with 10 kg dry soil followed by addition of soil test based fertilizer. Pot soil was flooded with water and kept it standing over night. In the following day, Sodium Arsenate (Na2HAsO4.7H2O) at 0, 20, 40 and 60 ppm (oven dry soil basis) was mixed. After mixing of sodium arsenate with soil, pots were kept standing for three days without irrigation prior to transplanting. Then arsenic-free tap water was used to make pot soils suitable for transplanting. Fifty days-old Boro and 40 days-old T. Aman seedlings were used at two seedlings pot-1. About 3–4 cm water level was maintained above pot soil from transplanting to physiological maturity with arsenic-free tap water. Top dressing and other intercultural operations were done during growing season.
Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of initial soil of the pot experiment, BSMRAU, Gazipur, 2012
Properties | Value | References |
Soil texture | Silty Clay Loam | Hydrometer method (page et al., 1989) |
pH (1:2.5) | 5.98 | Glass Electrode pH meter method with soil water ratio 1: 2.5 (McLean, 1982) |
Organic carbon | 1.10 (low) | Walkley and Black’s wet oxidation method as described by Jackson (1973) |
Total N (%) | 0.092 (low) | Kjeldhal systems (Bremner and Mulvancy, 1982) |
Available P (ppm) | 20 (optimum ) | Olsen Method (Olsen et al., 1954) |
Exchangeable K (meq/100 g soil) | 0.12 (low) | Ammonium acetate extraction method (Barker and Surh, 1982) |
Available S (ppm) | 20.15 (medium) | Turbidimetric method (Page et al., 1989) |
Available Zn (ppm) | 4 (high) | DTPA Extraction method (Page et al., 1989) |
*: For each growth stage in each column means with at least one common letter are not statistically different based on LSD test at 5% probability level.
Treatments and experimental design
Sixteen rice varieties including Bangladeshi and exotic (Chinese, IRRI and USA) were used as test varieties (eight varieties in each growing seasons Boro and T.Aman). Three sets of plants were grown considering three growth stages i.e. maximum tillering (MT), flowering (FL) and maturity stages. Four levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 ppm) of arsenic concentration were spiked using sodium arsenate in the present research. Randomized complete block design with three replications was followed in present study.
Harvesting and data collection
All plants were harvested at (MT), (FL) and maturity stages separately. Shoot yield was recorded after oven drying at 70oC for 72 hours at MT and FL stages. Panicle numbers, spikelet per panicle, sterility percentage, 1000-grain weight and grain yield per pot at 14% moisture content were also recorded at maturity stage. Traits measured were reduction percentages of shoot, grain yield and various yield component except sterility percentage. In case of sterility percentages percent increase were calculated. Following formula were used in case of all parameters. R or I (%) = {(Y1-Y2)/Y1}*100
Where R or I (%) represent reduction or increase percentages, Y1 represents yield at 0 ppm soil As level while Y2 stand for yield at 20, 40 and 60 ppm soil As levels separately. Statistical analyses were done using statistix 10 software.
Results and Discussions
Effect of soil as on growth of rice
Boro season. As contaminated soil had marked influence on shoot yield of all tested rice varieties (Table 2). Shoot yield decreased significantly with increasing soil As levels. At MT stage, shoot yield of BRRI dhan47, Zhe 733 and Tie 90-1 were statistically identical at 0 and 20 ppm soil As but significantly varied at 40 and 60 ppm As levels compared to control (0 ppm As). There was about 59%, 55% and 72% shoot yield reduction at MT with BRRI dhan47, Zhe733 and Tie90-1 at 60 ppm As compared to control (Figure 1). This indicates that Tie90-1 showed more sensitivity to As contamination compared to BRRI dhan47 and Zhe733. However, shoot yields at MT significantly reduced in BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan29, BRRI dhan45, Jefferson and IR44595 at any As levels compared to control (Table 2). Even at 20 ppm soil As level, there was 14-33% shoot yield reduction with BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan29, BRRI dhan45, Jefferson and IR44595 compared to control. At flowering stage, statistically similar shoot yields were recorded with BRRI dhan47, Jefferson, Zhe733, IR44595 and Tie 90-1 at 0 and 20 ppm soil As levels. However, shoot weight reduced significantly at 40 and 60 ppm As with above mentioned five varieties. At flowering, there was about 15-38% shoot yield reduction with BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan29 and BRRI dhan45 at 20 ppm As compared to control, although maximum reduction (38.44%) was recorded with BRRI dhan29 and the least (15.30%) with BRRI dhan28 (Figure 2). These findings indicated that some of the rice varieties are very sensitive to As concentration at any growth stages (BRRI dhan29, BRRI dhan45, IR44595 and Tie90-1), but some of the tested varieties can tolerate 20 ppm soil As at both MT and flowering stages (BRRI dhan47, Jefferson, Zhe733 and BRRI dhan28). Biswas. (2009) and Rauf et al. (2011) reported first time in Bangladesh that BRRI dhan47 showed some tolerance against As toxicity.
Table 2 .Shoot yields (g/pot) of boro rice varieties at maximum and flowering growth stages as influenced by soil As levels
Growth stages | Rice varieties | |||||||||
As levels (ppm) | BRRI dhan28 | BRRI dhan29 | BRRI dhan45 | BRRI dhan47 | Jefferson | Zhe733 | IR44595 | Tie90-1 | ||
Maximum tillering | 0 | 37.33a | 46.00a | 32.33a | 33.33a | 16.67a | 21.33a | 35.00a | 22.00a | |
20 | 32.00b | 30.67b | 23.00b | 32.33a | 14.00b | 18.67a | 29.33b | 19.00a | ||
40 | 26.00c | 20.00c | 12.72c | 26.00b | 11.33c | 13.33b | 19.00c | 9.67b | ||
60 | 15.00d | 10.00d | 7.33d | 13.67c | 7.00d | 9.67c | 11.53d | 5.67b | ||
CV (%) | 4.05 | 7.18 | 8.39 | 9.47 | 9.90 | 10.58 | 3.46 | 17.55 | ||
Flowering | 0 | 32.67a | 43.33a | 28.67a | 31.00a | 15.67a | 19.67a | 33.00a | 19.33a | |
20 | 27.67b | 26.67b | 20.33b | 30.33a | 15.00a | 17.33a | 30.33a | 17.33a | ||
40 | 19.00c | 15.67c | 12.00c | 24.33b | 10.33b | 11.33b | 17.67b | 8.33b | ||
60 | 10.67d | 8.33d | 6.00d | 11.67c | 6.33c | 8.33b | 9.67c | 5.33c | ||
CV (%) | 2.87 | 10.87 | 10.29 | 10.79 | 6.30 | 11.35 | 10.00 | 7.95 | ||
*: For each growth stage in each column means with at least one common letter are not statistically different based on LSD test at 5% probability level.
Figure 1. Shoot yield reduction percentages in boro rice at MT stage as influenced by variable soil As levels in comparison to control.
Figure 2. Shoot yield reduction percentages in boro rice at flowering stage as influenced by variable soil As levels in comparison to control.
Addition of As at 20, 40 and 60 ppm rates significantly influenced yield contributing characters of Boro rice. Reduction in panicle production percentages of all tested varieties are presented in figure 3. At 20 ppm As rate, the lowest (4%) reduction in panicle production was observed with IR 44595 followed by Jefferson (9%) and BRRI dhan47 (10%) and the highest (35%) with Tie 90-1 followed by Zhe 733 (34%). The lowest (21% and 28%) reduction in panicle production were recorded with Jefferson followed by BRRI dhan47 (25% and 45%) at 40 and 60 ppm soil As levels. Maximum reduction in panicle production was found with Tie 90-1 (59%) followed by Zhe 733 (55%) at 40 ppm As level and with Tie 90-1 (80%) followed by BRRI dhan29 (79%) at 60 ppm soil As level. These imply that Jefferson and BRRI dhan47 are capable of producing more panicle in presence of As, while Tie 90-1 and BRRI dhan29 are sensitive to As contamination. Kang et al. (1996); Rahman et al. (2004, 2007a) Rauf et al. (2011) are also noted minimum tiller number with graded soil arsenic concentrations.
Reduction percentages in spikelet production were lower with BRRI dhan47, Tie 90-1, IR 44595 and Jefferson at 20 ppm soil As level but at 40 and 60 ppm, the lowest reduction percentage in spikelet production was observed with BRRI dhan47 (36-42%) followed by Jefferson (Figure. 4). The highest reduction percentages of spikelet number per panicle were found with BRRI dhan45 (63-80%) followed by BRRI dhan29 (62-80%) at 40 and 60 ppm soil As levels. The present findings are in agreement with Azad et al., 2012 who reported decreased spikelet production of BR11 with increased As concentration of irrigation water.
The highest (370%) sterility percentage was recorded in BRRI dhan29 at 60 ppm soil As level followed by Zhe 733 (350%); but at 40 ppm, the highest sterility percentage was recorded in Zhe 733 (220%) followed by BRRI dhan45 (200%) (Figure 5). Minimum sterility (25-175% and 30-180%) was observed in BRRI dhan47 and BRRI dhan28, respectively.
There was no reduction in percentage of 1000-grain weight with IR44595 at 20 ppm soil As level and the lowest (3-4%) reduction percentages were found with BRRI dhan47 at 40 and 60 ppm soil As levels (Figure 6), respectively. The highest reduction percentage in 1000-grain weight was recorded with Jefferson at 20 and 40 ppm soil As levels but at 60 ppm, the highest reduction was found with BRRI dhan45. Onken and Hossner. (1995); Milam et al. (1988) also found significant (p < 0.001) reduction in1000-grain weight at higher arsenate levels.
Figure 3. Reductions (%) in panicle number of boro rice varieties as influenced by soil As levels compared to control.
Figure 4. Reductions (%) in spikelet number of boro rice varieties at various soil As levels.
Figure 5. Spikelet sterility percentages with different boro rice varieties as influenced by soil As levels compared to control.
Figure 6. Reductions (%) in 1000-grain of boro rice varieties as influenced by soil As levelscompared to control.
T. Aman season. Shoot yields of rice varieties at MT and flowering stages depends on soil As levels (Table 3). Shoot yields of all tested rice varieties were lower at flowering stage than MT. At MT, there was statistically no significant shoot yield reduction up to 20 ppm soil As with BRRI dhan53, BINA dhan8 and BRRI dhan47. However, there was gradual decline in shoot yield with these three rice varieties; while on the other hand, shoot yield reduced significantly with IR76895, IR71676, Starbonnet, Aijionante and BRRI dhan49 at any soil As levels compared to control. It seems that BRRI dhan53, BINA dhan8 and BRRI dhan47 can continue their growth even in presence of 20 ppm soil As, although 2-8% reduction in shoot weights were observed with these varieties compared to control. At MT, there was 2.2-3.5 times shoot yield reduction with BRRI dhan53, BINAdhan8 and BRRI dhan47 at 60 ppm soil As compared to control. However, shoot yield reduction was about 4-6 times with other tested varieties compared to control. Almost similar growth patterns were observed at flowering stage. These clearly indicate that there are varietal differences in terms of As tolerance levels for sustaining growth of rice. Panaullah et al. (2009) also reported that shoot biomass production reduced to about one-third at high soil-arsenic concentration compared to high soil-arsenic levels.
From figure 7 and 8, it is observed that there were the highest shoot yield reductions
(> 80%) at 40 and 60 ppm As at MT and flowering growth stages irrespective of varieties. The lowest shoot yield reduction (<20%) was recorded at 20 ppm soil As level. Minor shoot yield reductions (<10%) were observed with BRRI dhan47, BINA dhan8 and BRRI dhan53 at 20 ppm soil As, but at greater As levels shoot yield reduction increased upto 60% in both MT and flowering stages. The highest shoot yield reduction (85%) was observed in Starbonnet followed by BRRI dhan49, at MT. At flowering stage, the highest shoot yield reduction (81%) was found in BRRI dhan49 followed by Starbonnet, IR76895 and IR71676. Jahan et al., 2003 and Rahman et al., 2004 also reported that shoot yield reduction was the eventual impact of As phytotoxicity at high soil As concentrations.
Table 3. Shoot yields (g/pot) of aman rice varieties at MT and flowering stages as influenced by soil As levels
Growth stages | As dose (ppm) | Rice varieties | |||||||
IR 76895 | IR 71676 | Starbonnet | Aijionante | BRRI dhan53 | BRRI dhan49 | BINA dhan8 | BRRI dhan47 | ||
Maximum tillering | 0 | 30.33a | 33.00a | 40.00a | 27.67a | 58.67a | 48.33a | 41.67a | 35.33a |
20 | 26.33b | 27.67b | 34.67b | 23.00b | 54.33a | 41.00b | 40.33a | 34.67a | |
40 | 11.67c | 12.67c | 11.00c | 10.67c | 42.67b | 27.67b | 30.67b | 26.67b | |
60 | 6.00d | 7.33d | 6.67d | 7.00d | 15.67c | 10.33c | 16.33b | 16.33c | |
CV (%) | 1.49 | 1.79 | 3.18 | 2.11 | 6.9 | 6.09 | 8.68 | 2.85 | |
Flowering | 0 | 28.33a | 29.33a | 38.33a | 26.00a | 49.67a | 49.00a | 38.67a | 34.67a |
20 | 23.00b | 25.33b | 32.33b | 21.33b | 45.67a | 42.67b | 36.67a | 32.33a | |
40 | 10.3c3 | 11.67c | 10.67c | 10.00c | 35.33b | 22.33c | 26.00b | 25.67b | |
60 | 5.33d | 6.67d | 6.00d | 5.67d | 19.00c | 8.67d | 15.00c | 17.33c | |
CV (%) | 6.35 | 6.86 | 9.05 | 5.33 | 17.2 | 6.34 | 11.91 | 6.44 | |
*: For each growth stage in each column means with at least one common letter are not statistically different based on LSD test at 5% probability level.
Figure 7. Shoot yield reduction (%) of aman rice varieties at MT as influenced by soil as levels compared to control.
Figure 8. Shoot yield reduction (%) of aman rice varieties at flowering stage as influenced by soil As levels compared to control.
There was significant reduction in panicle production with BRRI dhan49 and IR76895 at any As levels compared to control. The highest reduction (18-47%) in panicle number per hill was observed with IR76895 followed by BRRI dhan49, Aijionante, Starbonnet and IR 71676 (Figure 9) and the lowest reduction percentages (1-7%) were found in BRRI dhan53 followed by BRRI dhan47 and BINA dhan8 at 20 and 40 ppm soil As levels, respectively. At 60 ppm soil As, the highest reduction (69.03%) was found in IR71676 followed by BRRI dhan49, IR76895, Starbonnet and BINA dhan8 and the lowest (30.68%) in BRRI dhan53 followed by Aijionante and BRRI dhan47. Rahman et al. (2004, 2007a) also found reduced panicle production with increasing soil As concentrations. However, BRRI dhan53, BRRI dhan47, Aijionante and BINA dhan8 were As tolerant rice varieties in terms of panicle production. Reduction in percentage of spikelet per panicle of BINA dhan8, BRRI dhan47, BRRI dhan53 and Aijionante were lower among all rice varieties at 20 ppm As level (Figure 10). But at 40 and 60 ppm soil as level, the lowest (5.36%) reduction in percentage was found in BRRI dhan53 followed by and BRRI dhan47, BINA dhan8 and BRRI dhan49 and the highest (37.89%) was observed with IR71676 followed by IR76895, Starbonnet and Aijionante. Spikelet in a panicle of BRRI dhan49 was less affected by incremental As level than panicle number per hill. From figure 11, the highest sterility percentage (91%) was found in BRRI dhan49 followed by Aijionante, IR71676, Starbonnet and IR76895 and the lowest (10%) in BRRI dhan53 followed by BRRI dhan47, BINA dhan8 at 20 ppm soil As level. Though spikelet number of BRRI dhan49 was less affected by As level, spikelet sterility was higher, the ultimate effect of soil As concentration. Spikelet sterility as the result of elevated soil As concentration also stated by Azad et al. (2012). Reductions of 1000-grain weight due to As load were also observed among tested rice varieties (Figure 12). More or less similar reduction percentages were found in all rice varieties when 20 ppm soil As was added, but at 40 ppm As level, the highest reduction percentage (3.94%) was found in BRRI dhan49 followed by IR76895 and Aijionante and the lowest reduction (1.00%) in BRRI dhan53 followed by BRRI dhan47. At 60 ppm soil As level, the highest (5.73%) and the lowest (2.94%) reduction percentage were observed in IR71676 and BRRI dhan47 rice varieties, respectively.
Figure 9. Reductions (%) in panicle number of aman rice varieties as influenced by soil As levels.
Figure 10. Reductions (%) of spikelet per panicle of aman rice varieties as influenced by soil As levels.
Figure 11. Sterility percentages of different aman rice varieties as influenced by soil As levels.
Figure 12. Reductions (%) in 1000-grain weight among aman rice varieties as influenced bysoil As levels.
Grain yield and its reduction
Boro season. Grain yield of rice progressively decreased because of soil As gradient from 0 to 60 ppm (Table 4). Only BRRI dhan47 showed significant tolerance at 20 ppm soil As compared to control. At 40 and 60 ppm soil As levels, grain yield of BRRI dhan47 decreased significantly than control (0 ppm soil As). These findings are supported by yield contributing characters of BRRI dhan47. Although BRRI dhan29 is a high yielding variety, its grain yield reduced by about 57% at 20 ppm soil As. BRRI dhan45 was also highly affected by soil As level.
Table 4. Grain yields (g/pot) of boro rice varieties at varied soil As levels
As Levels | Rice Varieties | |||||||
BRRI dhan28 | BRRI dhan29 | BRRI dhan45 | BRRI dhan47 | Jefferson | Zhe733 | IR44595 | TIE90-1 | |
0 ppm | 41.33a | 73.33a | 39.16a | 46.97a | 10.66a | 28.39a | 55.49a | 30.5a |
20 ppm | 35.03b | 31.62b | 22.19b | 43.53a | 7.19b | 12.84b | 35.96b | 18b |
40 ppm | 11.61c | 9.44c | 8.26c | 24.07b | 4.26c | 4.99c | 17.61c | 6.58c |
60 ppm | 4.99d | 1.71d | 1.5d | 10.13c | 1.34d | 1.37d | 4.12d | 2.05c |
CV | 10.97 | 9.62 | 12.7 | 11.73 | 13.99 | 32.11 | 9.03 | 29.49 |
*: In each column means with at least one common letter are not statistically different based on LSD test at 5% probability level.
Rice grain yield reduction percentages in Boro season varied depending on variety and soil As levels (Figure 2.13). The lowest reduction (7.32%) was recorded in BRRI dhan47 at 20 ppm soil As level compared to control. When soil As was maintained at 40 and 60 ppm, grain yield reduction percentages in BRRI dhan47 were the lowest (48.75% and 78.43%, respectively). The highest grain yield reduction percentage (97.67%) was recorded in BRRI dhan29 followed by BRRI dhan45 (96.17%) and Zhe733 (95.17%) at 60 ppm soil As level. These results are in conformity with yield component reduction percentages of rice. Hossain et al. (2006) also found yield reductions by more than 40 and 60% for two popular rice varieties (BRRI Dhan28 and Iratom-24), at 20 ppm As added soils compared to control. Montenegro and Mejia. (2001), Abedin et al. (2002a), Panaullah et al. (2009), Huq et al. (2006), Rahman et al. (2007a), Azad et al. (2012) also reported similar results.
Figure 13. Grain yield (g/pot) reduction percentages of boro rice varieties at variable soil As levels.
T. Aman season. Grain yields of wet season rice decreased with the increasing of soil As levels depending on varieties (Table 5). In BRRI dhan47 and BINA dhan8, statistically identical grain yields were found up to 20 ppm soil As level and then declined in all cases. Significant grain yield reduction took place in IR76895, IR71676, Starbonnet, Aijionante, BRRI dhan53 and BRRI dhan49 even at 20 ppm soil As. The highest grain yield was found in BRRI dhan53 at 0 ppm soil As followed by BRRI dhan49. However, with 20 ppm As load the highest grain was recorded with BRRI dhan53 followed by BINA dhan8. At 40 and 60 ppm soil As levels, BRRI dhan53 gave the highest grain yield followed by BRRI dhan47. Reduced grain yield of BRRI dhan49 due to As addition reveals its susceptibility to As contaminated soils. Grain yield reduction percentages were greatest with BRRI dhan49, IR71676, IR76895, Starbonnet and Aijionante rice varieties and the least with BRRI dhan47, BRRI dhan53 and BINA dhan8 (Figure 14). These reduction patterns are largely supported by yield controlling characters of tested varieties. Begum et al. (2008) found grain yield reduction by 20.6% for 15 ppm soil As level and 63.8% due to 30 ppm As. Other researchers like Huq et al. (2006), Rahman et al. (2007a), Panaullah et al. (2009), Azad et al. (2012) are also reported grain yield reduction as a result of higher levels of As load.
Table: 5 Grain yields (g/pot) of aman rice varieties as influenced by soil As levels
As dose (ppm) | Rice varieties | |||||||
IR76895 | IR71676 | Starbonnet | Aijionante | BRRI dhan53 | BRRI dhan49 | BINA dhan8 | BRRI dhan47 | |
0 ppm | 26.88a | 36.29a | 33.35a | 32.93a | 56.45a | 55.75a | 45.65a | 41.46a |
20 ppm | 20.03b | 24.96b | 21.5b | 21.63b | 48.38ab | 36.68b | 40.95a | 38.03a |
40 ppm | 7.6c | 10.35c | 12.71c | 14.15c | 41.61b | 17.8c | 21.87b | 32.10b |
60 ppm | 2.97d | 2.77d | 6.01d | 10.32c | 21.64c | 6.23d | 13.63c | 16.05c |
CV | 13.25 | 9.64 | 17.21 | 13.18 | 9.81 | 4.65 | 9.84 | 9.07 |
*: In each column means with at least one common letter are not statistically different based on LSD test at 5% probability level.
Figure 14. Grain yield reduction percentages of aman rice varieties at varied soil As levels.
Conclusions
In the light of above results and discussion it is concluded that BRRI dhan47, Zhe 733, Tie 90-1, BINA dhan8 and BRRI dhan53 can sustained their growth at MT and flowering even at presence of 20 ppm soil As but beyond this As level shoot yield decreases significantly. Yield contributing characters of Boro and T. Aman rice varieties were significantly affected by soil As level greater than 20 ppm. Grain yield of BRRI dhan47, BRRI dhan53 and BINA dhan8 are less affected by soil As levels but BRRI dhan29, BRRI dhan45 and BRRI dhan49 were more sensitive to soil As. Moreover, BRRI dhan47, BRRI dhan53 and BINA dhan8 tolerated elevated arsenic level as was seen through the least reduction percentages in yield attributes.
Acknowledgement
Special thanks to all staff of Department of Soil Science. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, for their cooperation in lab and research farm during experimentation.
References
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