ﺗﺄثیر ناامنی هویتی بر گسترش نئوتروریسم در خاورمیانه با ﺗﺄکید بر ایران و عربستان
الموضوعات :
امیر حشمتی
1
(دانشجوی دکتری روابط بین‌الملل، گروه علوم سیاسی و روابط بین الملل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد همدان، همدان، ایران)
علیرضا رضایی
2
(دانشیار روابط‌بین‌الملل و عضو هیئت علمی، گروه علوم سیاسی و روابط بین الملل، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران.)
الکلمات المفتاحية: جمهوری اسلامی ایران, خاورمیانه, عربستان سعودی, امنیت هستی شناختی, نئوتروریسم,
ملخص المقالة :
چکیده طی چند سال اخیر، گسترش فعالیت گروه‌های نئوتروریستی در خاورمیانه، موجی از تهدیدات امنیتی متنوع در این منطقه ایجاد کرده است. هرچند اخبار موثقی مبنی بر تضعیف و انهدام هسته‌های سازمانی و لجستیکی این گروه‌ها در عراق و سوریه منتشر شده است، اما اسناد معتبری، حکایت از ادامه اقدامات پراکنده جریان‌های ﻣﺘﺄثر از داعش دارد. پیرامون ریشه‌های گسترش تروریسم پژوهش‌های متنوع و برای مقابله با اقدامات تروریستی، تدابیر متعدد دیده شده است. اما تجربه ﻣﺆثری از پژوهش‌ها و اقدامات مبتنی بر شناسایی ناامنی هویت در سطح منطقه‌ای در دسترس نیست. پژوهش حاضر به روش کیفی و با رویکرد توصیفی و تحلیلی به دنبال یافتن پاسخ این سوال است که؛ ناامنی هویتی جمهوری اسلامی ایران و عربستان سعودی چه ﺗﺄثیری بر گسترش نئوتروریسم در خاورمیانه داشته است؟ به باور نگارنده‌‌گان؛ ره‌گیری مطلق روایت بیوگرافیک توسط ایران و عربستان، ضمن ایجاد ناامنی هویتی برای هر دو کشور، موجب آغاز یا تشدید اضطراب ناشی از شرم در باور و رفتار منطقه‌ای این بازیگران، ره‌گیری سیاست کسب شرافت و در اثری ناخواسته، سبب گسترش نئوتروریسم در منطقه شده است.
منابع:
- جی استیل، برنت. (1392). امنیت هستی شناختی در روابط بین الملل. ترجمه: جلال دهقانی فیروزآبادی و فرزاد قاسمی، تهران: پژوهشکده مطالعات راهبردی.
- فیروزآبادی، جلال. (1388). «امنیت هستی شناختی در سیاست خارجی جمهوری اسلامی ایران». فصلنامه بین المللی روابط خارجی. شماره 1.
- Afary, Janet and Anderson, Kevin B. (2005). Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Al-Rasheed, Madawi. (2013). Saudi Arabia: local and regional challenges. London: King's College.
- Aboul-Enein, Youssef. (Jan–Feb 2004). The Egyptian–Yemen War: Egyptian Perspectives on Guerrilla Warfare. Infantry Magazine
- Al-Ahmed, Ali. (2018). Analyses Wahhabism. Available from: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/analyses/wahhabism.html. Accessed December15, 2018.
- Alsulami, Mohammad and Elghonemi, Abd Elraouf. (2016).The Shiite Geopolitics Present and Future. Journal for Iranian Studies. Year 1,issue 1- December, available from: https://rasanah-iiis.org/english/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/05/The-Shiite-Geopolitics.pdf.Accessed December2, 2018.
- Andersen, Susan M, Chen, Serena & Regina, Miranda (2010). “Significant Others and the Self”. Self and Identity. Volume 1, 2002 - Issue 2. Published online: 22 Sep 2010. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/152988602317319348. Accessed December10, 2018.
- Armstrong, Karen. (2014). Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism. Available from: https://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism. Accessed December9, 2018.
- Bahry, Louay (2009).Foreign Labor in the Persian Gulf and the Crisis of National Identity. Available from:
- Barzegar, Kayhan. (January 2009). Iran’s Foreign Policy Strategy after Saddam. The Washington Quarterly.
- Benkharafa, Mustapha. (2013). The Present Situation of the Arabic Language and the Arab World Commitment to Arabization. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2. February.
- Blanchard, Christopher M. (2009). Iraq: Regional Perspectives and U.S. Policy. Congressional Research Service. Available from: www.crs.org. Accessed December12, 2018.
- Burke, Jason. (2014). Al Qaeda. Foreign Policy. No. 142 .May – Jun.
- Cockburn, Patrick. (2014). Iraq crisis: How Saudi Arabia helped Isis take over the north of the country. Available from: https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/iraq-crisis-how-saudi-arabia-helped-isis-take-over-the-north-of-the-country-9602312.html. Accessed March 12, 2018.
- Commins, David. (2006).”The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia”. London and New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.
- Dehghanpisheh, Babak. (2017). “Iran's president declares end of Islamic State”. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-rouhani-islamic-state/irans-president-declares-end-of-islamic-state-idUSKBN1DL0J5. Accessed September12, 2018.
- Ehteshami, A. and Sidahmed, Abdel Salam (eds.). (1996). “Islamic Fundamentalism”. United States: Westview Press.
- Enders, David and Joyce, Karam (2017). Saudi Arabia sets about unifying opposition to Assad. Available from: https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/saudi-arabia-sets-about-unifying-opposition-to-assad-1.617714. Accessed September24, 2018.
- Fallaci, Oriana. (1973). The Shah of Iran: An Interview with Mohammad Reza Pahlevi. The New Republic. December 1. Available from: https://newrepublic.com/article/92745/shah-iran-mohammad-reza-pahlevi-oriana-fallaci. Accessed September8, 2018.
- Fallatah, R.H.M, and Syed, J. (2018). Employee Motivation in Saudi Arabia. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67741-5_2. /. Accessed September10, 2018.
- Gause, F. Gregory .(2014). ISIS and the New Middle East Cold War. Available from: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2014/08/25/isis-and-the-new-middle-east-cold-war. Accessed December2, 2018.
- Giddens, Anthony. (1991). “Modernity and Self-identity Self and Society in the Late Modern Age”. California: Stanford University Press.
- Giddens, Anthony. (1984). “The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration”. California: University of California Press.
- Gordon, Joel. (2017). ISIS: A History, The European Legacy. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2017.1349967. Accessed August 27,2018.
- Hubbard, Ben and Schmitt, Eric. (2014). Military Skill and Terrorist Technique Fuel Success of ISIS. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/world/middleeast/army-know-how-seen-as-factor-in-isis-successes.html. Accessed August 27.
- Jacobson, Jessica. (1998). “Islam in Transition”, London: Routledge.
- Kamali, Hamid Reza. (2014). Iran and Saudi Arabia: Past and Future. Available from: http://documents125.rssing.com/browser.php?indx=8741093&item=858. Accessed December3, 2018.
- Koontz, Joshua. (2015), Desknote: The Growing Threat of ISIS in Yemen. Available from: https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/desknote-the-growing-threat-of-isis-in-yemen. Accessed December3, 2018.
- Laing, R. D. (1960). “The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness”. London: Penguin Psychology.
- Lebow, R.N. (2003). “The Tragic Vision of Politics: Ethics, Interests and Orders”. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lilli, Eugenio. (2018). Debating US Military Strategy in the Persian Gulf: What is the Way Forward?. Available from: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4386-1615. Accessed December12, 2018.
- Maslow. A. H.( 1943). “Classics in the History of Psychology”. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.
- O'Connor, Tom. (2017). “Where Will ISIS Be in 2018?”. Available from: https://www.newsweek.com/where-isis-2018-iran-says-afghanistan-pakistan-islamic-state-loses-iraq-syria-745837. Accessed December12, 2017.
- O'Neill, B. (2001). “Honor, Symbols and War, Ann Arbor”. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
- Pillalamarri, Akhilesh.(2015). The 5 Most Powerful Empires in History, Available from: https://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-5-most-powerful-empires-history-12296. Accessed May 12, 2018.
- Rezaei, Alireza and Heshmati, Amir.(2018).”Neoterrorism”. Available from: http://www.irthink.com/featured/id,261/Neoterrorism.html. Accessed September27, 2018.
- “Russia: Syria now 'liberated' from 'Islamic State”. Available from: https://p.dw.com/p/2oyav. Accessed September03, 2018.
- Sanchez, Raf. (2017). ”Iraq declares the end of its war on Isil”. Available from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/09/iraq-declares-end-war-isil/. Accessed December17, 2018.
- Saudi Arabia Constitution. (1992). Adopted by Royal decree of King Fahd. Available from: http://www.the-saudi.net/saudi-arabia/saudi-constitution.htm. Accessed December17, 2018.
- Saudi king slams Iran's 'interference' in Arab affairs. (2018). Available from: https://www.dawn.com/news/1401799. Accessed September11, 2018.
- Steele, Brent J. (2008).”Ontological Security in International Relations: Self-identity and the IR state”. London: Routledge.
- The Iraqi Offensive against ISIS – Ramifications and Possibilities. Center for American and Arab Studies. Available from: http://thinktankmonitor.org/analysis-03-06-2015/. Accessed December12, 2017.
- The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. (1971). Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad. Available from: http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916. Accessed December3, 2018.
- Yourish, Karen, Watkins, Derek & Giratikanon, Tom.(2015). “Where ISIS Has Directed and Inspired Attacks Around the World”. Available from: http://genocidewatch.net/2015/06/18/where-isis-has-directed-and-inspired-attacks-around-the-world/. Accessed September29, 2018.
- Zakaria, Fareed. (2016). Saudi Arabia: The devil we know. Washington Post. April 21.
- Zimmerman, Katherine. (2015). ISIS gaining ground in Yemen, competing with al Qaeda. Available from: https://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/politics/isis-gaining-ground-in-yemen/index.html. Accessed September3, 2018.
_||_