Designing a paradigm model of the organization's human resources interaction with subscribers in order to optimize energy consumption (drinking water)
الموضوعات :
Reza Khordedan
1
(Islamic Azad University of Qazvin)
Reza Shabannezhad Khas
2
(Azad University of Takestan)
Ali Mokhtari
3
(Edalat Tehran Non-Profit University)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Optimization, Human Resources, Sustainability, joint management, Qazvin water and sewage company,
ملخص المقالة :
Energy consumption management is the one of the most important and fundamental issues in to-day's world. One of the sources of energy is the management of drinking water consumption. Considering the high per capita water consumption in Iran, it is the necessary to emphasize the increase of water productivity through measures such as demand management and water con-sumption and social enhancement. In this article, it deals with the design of the interaction model of the organization's human resources with the subscribers in order to optimize drinking water consumption in Qazvin Province Water and Wastewater Company. This research is the descrip-tive-analytical, and the research method is qualitative. The statistical population of this research is university experts and executive managers of water and sewage industry in Qazvin province, 11 people were selected using snowball sampling method and theoretical saturation point. The re-sults of this research are explained in the form of five main categories and subcategories. The findings showed Causal factors include social factors, individual factors, government bodies, senior managers, legal, legal and technical-engineering factors and other factors, contextual fac-tors include individual background conditions and socio-economic shortcomings. Intervening factors include "the way of thinking and support of managers, the performance of those in charge, and the will and desire of society", strategic factors include "correct and correct perfor-mance, continuous training at different levels and advertising and media information" and the consequences of the model are: Short-term outcomes, individual outcomes, long-term outcomes, national and regional outcomes.
Signal Processing and Renewable Energy Month–Year-(pp - ) ISSN: 2588-7327 eISSN: 2588-7335 |
Designing a paradigm model of the organization's human resources interaction with subscribers in order to optimize energy consumption (drinking water).
Reza khordedan1, Reza Shabannezhad Khas*2, and Ali Mokhtari3
1 Department of management, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.
2 Department of management, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran.
3 Department of management, Edalat Branch, Non-profit University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Energy consumption management is the one of the most important and fundamental issues in today's world. One of the sources of energy is the management of drinking water consumption. Considering the high per capita water consumption in Iran, it is the necessary to emphasize the increase of water productivity through measures such as demand management and water consumption and social enhancement. In this article, it deals with the design of the interaction model of the organization's human resources with the subscribers in order to optimize drinking water consumption in Qazvin Province Water and Wastewater Company. This research is the descriptive-analytical, and the research method is qualitative. The statistical population of this research is university experts and executive managers of water and sewage industry in Qazvin province, 11 people were selected using snowball sampling method and theoretical saturation point. The results of this research are explained in the form of five main categories and subcategories. The findings showed Causal factors include social factors, individual factors, government bodies, senior managers, legal, legal and technical-engineering factors and other factors, contextual factors include individual background conditions and socio-economic shortcomings. Intervening factors include "the way of thinking and support of managers, the performance of those in charge, and the will and desire of society", strategic factors include "correct and correct performance, continuous training at different levels and advertising and media information" and the consequences of the model are: Short-term outcomes, individual outcomes, long-term outcomes, national and regional outcomes.
Keywords: Human Resources, Joint Management, Optimization, Sustainability, Qazvin water and sewage company.
1. INTRODUCTION
The most abundant compound on the surface of the earth and the primary bed of life is water, which has played an essential role in h
*Corresponding Author’s Email: @ shabannezhad3232@gmail.com
|
uman life and existence (more than 70% of the surface of the earth is covered by water). According to the UNESCO report, 20% of the world's people do not have enough access to drinking water, and 40% of them do not have enough water to comply with appropriate hygiene principles. For this reason, 2.2 million people die every year due to diseases caused by dehydration[1]. Therefore, the issue of water and its access problems has become a global crisis for the past few decades. According to the recent World Bank data, half of the world's 4.3 billion people, 3.49% of the world's population live in rural areas, and 76.5% of these people live in rural areas of developing countries. are development. This causes more attention to be paid to drinking water supply and access to it in villages [2].
One of the important categories in facing the water shortage crisis is water wastage. In Iran, the rate of water loss is almost 3 times the world average, according to the available statistics in Iran, the average water consumption in the drinking sector is 350 liters per day, which should reach 150 liters per day based on the optimal consumption pattern in the current situation. Water in city networks is also 30. In other words, the world's average per capita water consumption is about 580 cubic meters per person per year, which is about 1300 cubic meters in Iran. This shows the inappropriateness of the consumption pattern and the waste of water resources [3]. The value and importance of water as a source of life and the shaper of civilizations as well as a factor in industrial, agricultural and environmental development is very vital and strategic. Population growth, industrial development, expansion of urbanization and increase in the level of welfare have caused an increase in water demand. This is despite the fact that the sources of water supply are generally cheap and local and have already been exploited, and other sources of water supply are far from the place of consumption and need to spend a lot of money for exploitation. For this reason, expert experts on water issues in the world believe that the conflict between human societies in the future is mostly over the appropriation of water resources[4].
Drinking water accounts for a small part of the various uses of water. The share of drinking and general consumption is 8-10% of the total water consumption, and this figure is very small compared to other uses. So that this limitation has limited the growth of these countries. Issues related to water crisis and management are recognized as the second main problem of the world after population problem from the perspective of the United Nations. It should be noted that increasing the world's fresh water resources and solving this crisis is not possible, the only thing that can be done is to modify the methods of its use[5].
A major part of the challenges of water resources is caused by the water cycle and natural limitations of water resources, and another part is the impact of human activities on these resources. The Intrinsic limitation of water resources is one of the most important challenges of the water sector in Iran. Due to special geographical and climatic conditions, our country has a small share of fresh water[6].
According to the Falcon Mark international index, Iran's water resources are on the brink of crisis, and according to the report of the United Nations and the International Water Management Institute, it is in a severe crisis[7, 8]. The World Bank in a report about the per capita reduction of extractable water and its quality, inefficient use of agriculture and industry, unfavorable condition of repairs and maintenance, limitation of reimbursement of costs and lack of coordination between related organizations are the most important challenges facing water in Iran[9]. In general, the basic factors effective in reducing per capita renewable water resources are:
1) Climate change and global warming
2) increase in population
3) increase in pollution
4) efficiency of water resources use
5) Pricing of water resources
6) Quantitative and qualitative decrease of water resources[10].
In this regard, the comprehensive model derived from the training needs and interaction with the organization's human resources in order to promote the green and sustainable behavior of the subscribers to promote the culture of optimal energy (water) consumption includes what variables and model that can display all the components and strategies. It is the main question. This is the investigation. The structure of the present research includes the theoretical foundations and background of the research, research method, findings, conclusions and suggestions.
2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
2.1 Drinking water and water resources management
Drinking water is one of the basic needs of humans and the source of life for humans, animals and plants on the planet or biosphere. Among the water sources, accessible water sources are: surface water (river, pond, lake, sea and ocean), underground water (well, spring and aqueduct) and rain water[11]. Rivers, lakes and underground water sources are one of the common water sources used for drinking, sanitary and industrial purposes (these sources have conventional pollutants and are treated or disinfected using conventional processes)[12]. Non-conventional sources are also used forcefully in some parts of the country. These sources include water Salt, brackish water, rainwater and even wastewater are the result of wastewater treatment, which in Iran are mostly used for green space irrigation and agricultural purposes, and some in some industries[13]. In general, the most important things that should be taken into consideration in determining the source of water supply for a city or village are as follows:
• The quantity of water resources and its fluctuations during several water periods, along with the investigation of water resources
• The quality of water sources and the type of treatment required
• The distance from the source to the place of consumption
• Topography of the water transfer route
• Difference in height of the water supply source and the place of consumption or storage tanks
• Covering more communities
• easy accessbility
• Type of transmission system (gravity-pumping)
• Economic comparison[14]
The problem of water supply in third world and developing countries, especially in rural areas, is not only the lack of water resources, but also the lack of use of appropriate technology in water supply and distribution, relying on indigenous and local capabilities. One of the main reasons is the lack of proper use of available national or international financial resources and the lack of formulation of the necessary strategy according to national, regional and local conditions[15]. In the last two decades, the World Bank and the World Health Organization have emphasized that if the improvement of the environment and water supply systems in villages is done with the participation of people and through local and native organizations such as village councils, it will bring more efficiency. This participation can be done in various sectors of investment, civil studies and operation and maintenance of water facilities. Lack of water, quality problems, water and the government's inability to operate thousands of kilometers of water networks and pumping stations, thousands of wells, hundreds of aqueducts and fountains in the country's villages, require a serious revision in the management of rural water supply[16].
2.2 Access to drinking water
In today's world, one of the concerns of the government of men is access to good quality drinking water. The presence of some salts in water is necessary for human health, but an excessive amount of some of them endangers human health. In general, quality is relative and represents the characteristics of water and is defined through physical, chemical and biological characteristics[17]One of the principles of providing drinking water in the villages is its adequacy and optimal quality [17]). Therefore, the amount of drinking water for each person per day or per capita water consumption should meet the needs of drinking, cooking, washing dishes and bathroom clothes, sanitary services, washing the house and irrigation of domestic and drinking green spaces, or benefit from it. The collection methods are used by the public, which causes the amount of costs to vary[17].
2.3 types of water used in residential houses
1. White water (drinking and sanitary water)
2. Gray water (second-hand water, except for the toilet)
3. Black water (toilet)[18].
2.3.1 white water
Water that is free of foreign matter to the extent that it causes disease or has a harmful biological effect and that in terms of composition, physical, chemical or microbial compliance with drinking water standards officially declared by the responsible health and regulatory authorities[19].
It is drinking water or city water that meets drinking water standards and has the highest quality. On average, 3 of the world's waters are sweet (drinkable). One of the most important sources of freshwater in Iran can be extracted. He mentioned underground water with methods such as aqueduct wells, reservoir springs, etc[20].
2.3.2 gray water recycled water
Sewage produced at home, except for toilet sewage, is called gray water.
Gray water is water wasted from washing machines, bathrooms, dishwashers and some other uses. If it is used to flush toilets and irrigate gardens, the consumption of drinking water will be greatly reduced. Many designs have been proposed to create gray water return systems for flushing toilets or watering gardens and lawns. If these proposals are implemented, the result will be a drastic reduction in net water consumption. An effective and efficient return system can collect and direct about 130 liters of gray water per person per day to the place of consumption. However, this strategy has not been widely adopted everywhere due to possible high cost and subsequent maintenance requirements [21].
Gray water is a good name for some water that is used in homes. Water that is turbid due to household activities and is hygienically somewhere between clean water and sewage, this is a common definition in Europe, Australia and other countries, for example, water from washing clothes and dishes. And even bathing is about 50 to 80 percent. or return water from watering houseplants that usually accumulate under pots. With this, we will reduce the cost of water consumption by about 40%. Some space areas in America are kitchen sink and laundry. They have left the old baby out of their definition of recycled water, these are mostly defined as black water (dark recycled water)[22].
2.3.3 black water
The water used in the toilet is called black water, which cannot be recycled and reused, and its per capita consumption is about 20 to 30 liters per day[23].
2.4 Water management
Water management can be divided into two separate parts:
1) Water supply management: includes normal activities to identify the development and extraction of new water sources in a more economical way and in general all measures that affect the quality and quantity of water entering the distribution points. are supply management system[24].
2) Management of consumption: It presents the methods of consumption and the available tools to improve the levels and patterns of water consumption, and in general, everything that is effective for the consumption or waste of water after that is water consumption management[25].
2.4.1 Water supply management and drinking water source selection
The quality and quantity of purified water, the conditions and the method of purification depend on the water supply source. So that many underground waters are free of minerals and undesirable substances, if placed in the right place and properly protected, they are healthy and drinkable from the point of view of health and can be used without purification. On the other hand, surface water is exposed to direct pollution and its use for drinking usually needs purification. Furthermore, the location of the water source determines the energy required to pump the water, which directly affects the total cost of water[26]. If possible, one should choose a water source that is economically suitable and has the highest quality, and can also provide the water needed by the community in terms of quantity. The wise choice of water sources and its protection in developing countries, especially in rural areas, is the most important measure to prevent the spread of water-borne diseases, and in these countries, drinking water cannot be provided only by purification processes, because water sources The inadequacy and management of water treatment plants in these countries is very weak[27]. The World Health Organization has prioritized the selection of water sources according to the filterability and energy required as follows [27]:
1) The use of underground water resources to supply water to small and rural communities is of primary importance, especially if it is located at a higher point than the point of consumption and can be protected. For example, we can mention a spring that is located upstream of the village, because it does not need to be purified and pumped.
2) The second priority is with a water source that does not need to be purified, but needs to be pumped. Like a spring in the village downstream.
3) A water source that requires aeration, sedimentation, simple filtration and can be directed to the consumption point by gravity.
4) A source of water that requires simple purification and must be directed to the point of consumption using a pump.
5) A source of water that requires full physical and chemical purification and also requires the use of pumping[28].
The reduction of underground aquifers and water supply sources, the increase in population and the needs of consumers, as well as the drought crisis have doubled the necessity of managing water consumption. Considering that this sector uses processed and purified water, the importance of its correct and principled consumption doubles[29]. Consumption management is the planning, implementation and monitoring of water-related activities that affect its consumption and cause favorable changes in the way of consumption, the time pattern of consumption, the amount of water consumption, and finally it follows the following benefits. Will have:
• Reduction of consumption and subsequently reduction of production costs
• Environmental protection and pollution reduction
In this regard, by adopting appropriate policies, not only the standard of living and the desirability of consumption will not decrease, but the goal of maintaining the standard of living and well-being with less consumption will be achieved [30].
2.4.2 Water consumption management
Water consumption management or water demand management is one of the branches of energy management and can be used in a wide range of measures in the form of water consumption pattern (water with income) and its optimization and reduction of water losses in the distribution network. (part of the water without coming) which will ultimately lead to a reduction in energy needs[5].
2.4.1.1 Purpose of consumption management
The total consumption of a network can be considered in two real consumption sections (after branching and water losses in the distribution network and before branching). The purpose of consumption management in the distribution network is to reduce losses in the network on the one hand and to optimize the consumption in the real consumption sector[31].
2.5 Optimization
Optimization is a word that is considered synonymous in our current literature and has the same meaning as the word economy. Unfortunately, it has been observed in many Persian books and articles that the definition of the word optimization is written as an explanation of the word economy[32]. If these two words have different meanings and it is not correct to use them as synonyms of each other, in English literature these two words have two different synonyms and they are never considered to have the same meaning[4].
The word optimization in English literature is a synonym (Optimize) and it is a synonym of the word Economic (Economize). In English texts, the word "Optimize" means the optimal use of something, while the word "Economize" means saving or using something with care and caution [33].
In Moin's dictionary, the word "optimization" means choosing and choosing the most, and Dehkhoda's dictionary also means "chosen" although the word "optimization" does not exist in the Persian dictionary, but from the meaning of the word "optimum" it means It is very clear. This is while the Moeen dictionary has defined the word thrift as saving and economy, and the Omid dictionary has defined it as frugality, carefulness and paying attention to not spending more than necessary[34].
As it can be seen from the mentioned explanations, the word optimization only refers to improving the situation or something, while the word saving in its meaning has a little negative charge and indicates stinginess.
1.5.2 Optimizing water consumption
The definition of water use optimization by the American Water Resources Association (AWWA) water use optimization is activities that are designed to:
• Decrease in demand for water.
• Increasing the efficiency of water consumption and reducing its losses.
• Improving land preparation operations in order to save water consumption and conserve water [35].
2.6 research background
In 1400, Imani and Shahbaz Begian conducted a research titled the spatial expansion of Parand city with regard to the limitations of water resources until the horizon of 2032: the necessity of paying attention to spatial planning and management of urban water resources. The obtained results indicate a significant difference in the calculation of Parand city's drinking water consumption based on the spatial expansion approach in a scattered manner with a water requirement of about forty-three million cubic meters in 2032 and the long-term perspective growth scenario. A population with a water requirement of about thirty-three million cubic meters in 2032. In the second place, it shows planners a style of urban needs assessment and forecasting with regard to the natural growth of the population and the spatial expansion of the city[36].
In 1401, Amiri Baghbadrani conducted a research titled "Women's awareness of the concepts of water resources management and their attitude and performance to improve the water consumption pattern (women aged 20 to 65 years, Zarin Shahr, Lanjan). The missing link of sustainable rural development, which if used with "Modern knowledge" while empowering rural communities, provides the basis for their participation and cooperation in the development process.
In 2014, Hedayati et al. He conducted a study titled land use and water resources management. Instead of analyzing the activities, they analyzed the resources (case study: Caspian watershed). The results show that between 1380 and 1391, the Tashar sub-basin with0.499617 points and Haraz-Qarasu sub-basin has the lowest score with 0.158627 points.
n 2019, Armota et al. conducted a study entitled Systematic review of green human resource management: implications for social sustainability. The results showed three clusters named green human resource management practices, green behavior of employees at work and organizational sustainability.
In 2019, Sharife et al. conducted a study entitled The Impact of Green Human Resource Management Practices on Sustainable Performance in Health Care Organizations: A Conceptual Framework. The findings showed that green human resource management practices are implemented at an average level, the overall average implementation of which was 2.42 on a scale of 5. Also, stable performance at a high level, 3.42 on a scale of 5, was obtained. Prioritization was done using green practices, where the most influential practices were "green recruitment" and "green training and engagement". The least effective green procedure was "green performance management and damage compensation".
In 2018, Roskoi et al. Conducted a study titled Green Human Resource Management and Green Organizational Culture Enablers: Enhancing the Company's Environmental Performance for Sustainable Development. Their findings indicate that environmental human resource management practices including recruitment, training, evaluation and motivation support the development of a green organizational culture.
In 2018, Yousmani et al. conducted a study on linking green human resource management practices with environmental performance in the hotel industry. Based on the analysis, this study showed that green hiring and selection, green training and development, and green reward have a significant relationship with environmental performance, while green performance evaluation has no significant relationship with environmental performance.
3. RESEARCH METHOD
This research is qualitative. In order to identify the research variables and its dimensions, since the research literature on the subject does not have the necessary richness, the grounded theory method was used. In qualitative research, the main research tool is a semi-structured interview with experts and colleagues. For this purpose, the statistical population of the research was all scientific experts in human resource management from public and private universities, as well as managing directors of Qazvin water and sewage company and participated in the interview. To determine the samples of this research and to determine this group of experts, the purposeful sampling method was used based on criteria such as doctoral education and related executive work experience. According to the time and conditions of entering the test, 15 samples were used to conduct interviews and the sampling process continued until reaching the theoretical saturation point. These people were selected by targeted snowball method until reaching the theoretical saturation point of 11 people.
The main dimensions and components are based on the open and central coding process of the data obtained from the in-depth exploratory interviews, and the process of refining the conceptual codes has been carried out and the priority of each of the factors.
It is determined based on the frequency of the mentioned concepts in the interviews. Concepts were categorized through coding, either directly from participant interview transcripts or based on common themes of the codes. The text of the interviews was regularly reviewed to find the main and sub-categories and the importance and priority of these categories. Finally, the obtained codes were used to confirm the validity and reliability of the codes, reliability between coders, which is a scale to determine the quality of qualitative analysis, and the codes were confirmed.
Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the interviews carried out in the qualitative section. In this section, the interviewees are described in terms of characteristics such as gender, age and education.
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of interviewees
| |||||||
Experts and professors
| |||||||
Education |
Work experience
|
Gender
| Number of interviewees | ||||
PhD and above | Masters | Above 20 | 11-20 | 5-10 | Man | Woman | 11 |
10 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 3 | |
Tehran and Qazvin province | Nterview place | ||||||
|
| ||||||
4. Research findings
Research data has been collected through the coding process based on the foundation data method. Coding is an analytical process in which data are conceptualized and combined to form theory. In this process, data analysis is not done separately from collection and sampling. In the research plan, the phenomenological theory of the stages of data analysis was carried out through open, central and selective coding.
• Open coding
In this phase of the research, the concepts and key points obtained regarding the evaluation of religion and life course in secondary school based on constructivist perspective, two theoretical literature study processes and research and interview background were listed.
First, the concepts and key points obtained from these two main concepts from the process of studying the theoretical literature and the background of the research carried out inside and outside the country were examined and listed. Phrases, concepts and cases extracted from researches were done with detailed analysis, simulation (choosing more correct words, removing common concepts) and 273 cases were obtained in this section. The obtained cases were prepared in the form of an interview checklist and some of the obtained cases were removed and corrected by conducting interviews with experts.
In the open coding stage, the data were carefully examined, the appropriate terms and concepts and related special categories, their dimensions and characteristics were determined and the pattern was examined. The main unit of analysis for open and axial coding was the concepts extracted from the interviews, the concepts were created through the title by the researcher and directly from the interview text, and the items were obtained from the interviews.
• Axial coding
As mentioned, in the central coding part, the codes obtained in the free coding part are reviewed and studied, and related and similar codes are placed together in larger categories. After preparing and setting the tables as part of the qualitative analysis of the interview data, to complete the analysis based on free coding, the concepts obtained at a higher and more abstract level were grouped to achieve categories. Classification is the process of grouping concepts. Because otherwise it would be confusing. Therefore, once again using the constant comparison of concepts with each other, each concept was compared with the concepts before or after it or with all existing concepts in order to extract general categories. Therefore, after comparing the extracted concepts, related concepts were categorized in a general category and based on the titles in related theories or the concepts obtained from the research, general titles were considered for the categories.
In this way, after the continuous comparison of the answers obtained from the interview, similar answers were arranged and similar concepts were extracted from them. In addition, related cases were merged and placed in 5 categories.
Category 1: causal factors
Table 2. Codes of the first axial category
Concepts | Axial code | Theoretical code |
Social capacity building |
Social factors
|
Causal factors
|
Social responsibility | ||
Level of social awareness | ||
Growth and improvement of the culture level of society | ||
Mental grounding | ||
The degree of sociability | ||
Social participation | ||
Economic conditions | ||
Public education | ||
Responsibility |
Individual factors
| |
Being teachable | ||
Persuading others | ||
Personal and family culture | ||
Level of knowledge and awareness | ||
Religiosity | ||
Environmental knowledge | ||
Institutional trust | ||
Household income | ||
Radio |
State organs
| |
Media tactics | ||
Socializing the issue of water | ||
Informing | ||
Ministry of Power | ||
Water and sewerage and regional water companies | ||
Education | ||
Provincial Government | ||
Governorship | ||
Universities to create and promote the culture of optimal use of water resources | ||
Being a role model and leader in consumption culture |
Senior Managers
| |
Commitment to achieving stated goals | ||
Proper planning | ||
Coordination in implementation | ||
Examining the level of consumption culture | ||
Providing a solution to improve it | ||
Monitoring and evaluating the performance of relevant units | ||
Existing laws and loopholes |
Legal, legal and technical-engineering factors
| |
The requirement to use modern methods and modern technology in water distribution | ||
Improvement of water consuming household appliances | ||
Providing equipment to reduce water consumption | ||
The requirement to encourage the use of water consumption reduction equipment | ||
Modifying the network and minimizing leakage and leakage of treatment plants and repair network | ||
Update measuring equipment | ||
Increasing technology in water houses | ||
Requirement to use water label | ||
Decrease in rainfall | ||
Geographical location of the country (located in a dry area) | ||
The occurrence of recent droughts and their consequences (land subsidence, etc.) | ||
Cultivation in the field of optimal water use | ||
Placing water as an economic commodity | ||
Protecting the environment by using less energy | ||
The saltiness of the water | ||
Excessive consumption and mismanagement of water resources | ||
This category has 52 codes, which are finally divided into five main categories: "social factors, individual factors, government agencies, senior managers, legal factors, legal and technical-engineering factors, and other factors".
Category 2: contextual factors
Table 3. Codes of the second core category
Concepts | The central category | Theoretical code |
Belief in the matter |
Individual background conditions
|
Individual background
|
Cooperation | ||
Acceptance of culture | ||
Lack of awareness of the complications and effects of dehydration | ||
Consumerism | ||
Lack of information and lack of motivation regarding consumption management | ||
Using new technology and scientific methods | ||
Responsibility | ||
life style | ||
Age | ||
Education | ||
Job | ||
Saving habits and national identity | ||
Marital status | ||
Land use planning |
Social and economic failures
| |
Not having another option in water consumption for consumers | ||
Pricing system | ||
Separation of drinking water tariff from non-drinking water | ||
Indiscriminate development of green spaces | ||
Lack of attention to culture | ||
Lack of public information about the water crisis | ||
The high cost of using modern technology | ||
Absence of punitive incentive tariffs As soon as there is a subsidy for the preparation and use of consumption-reducing appliances | ||
Absence of legal requirements | ||
Lack of basic education | ||
Correct way of consumption | ||
Commitment and social responsibility | ||
Education and appropriate media and advertising fields | ||
Technical issues (how to design, type of materials and types of consumables such as pipes, operation method, etc.) | ||
Renovation and reconstruction of networks | ||
Separation of drinking water from non-potable water | ||
Use of specialist forces | ||
Organizational culture for Optimal Energy Consumption (Water) | ||
Changing the attitude of subscribers towards the environment and the amount of water | ||
This category includes 36 codes. The main codes of this category include the subcategories of "Individual Background Conditions and Socio-Economic Disadvantages".
Category 3: Intervening factors
Table 4. Codes of the third axial category
Concepts | Axial code | Theoretical code |
Compilation of comprehensive water document |
Managers' way of thinking and support
|
Interfering factors |
Existence of favorable thoughts in senior managers | ||
Officials' request | ||
Adequate attention to the water crisis | ||
Correct and fair management in drinking water distribution | ||
Creating restrictions on water industry licenses based on the conditions of each region | ||
Provide tangible statistics | ||
Detailed planning and consumption based on statistics and trust building | ||
The importance of culture | ||
Coordination of organizations in the implementation of plans |
The performance of the trustees
| |
Considering incentive plans and facilities for construction | ||
Optimal consumption by organs | ||
Use of energy-saving appliances by the government | ||
Creating a system of encouragement and punishment | ||
Considering the limitation in creating green space | ||
Supporting producers and users of technological equipment and modern science | ||
Mandatory use of reducing devices and valves in the construction of residential houses | ||
Separation of drinking water from non-drinking water | ||
Requiring industries to recycle water | ||
Citizens and community members want |
The will of society
| |
Participation and observance of important people and elites of the society | ||
People's participation | ||
Taking the matter seriously from the point of view of the community members | ||
Preventing confrontation due to lack of knowledge and understanding | ||
Belief in optimal consumption norms | ||
People's desire in education and use of new equipment and technology | ||
Community responsibility | ||
Administrative corruption | ||
The difficulty of the organizational structure | ||
Better management | ||
Cost reduction (lower cost) | ||
Improving employee engagement and performance | ||
By creating motivation and positive evaluation | ||
Improve customer engagement and value | ||
With respect and new service delivery methods (CRM) | ||
People's welfare level (economic, health, etc.) | ||
Social class (urban, rural, etc.) | ||
The amount of religious beliefs | ||
Information and advertising in virtual space and media | ||
The level of education of the people | ||
Raising awareness and creating culture by the organization | ||
Installation of water tanker valves | ||
Consciousness | ||
Religion | ||
Attitude and performance of families | ||
Managers' way of thinking and support | ||
Advertising for the correct use of water | ||
Public training for subscribers | ||
This category includes 48 final codes. The key categories in this section include "the way of thinking and support of managers, the performance of trustees, and the will and desire of the community."
Category 4: Strategies
Table 5. Codes of the fourth core category
Concepts | Axial code | Theoretical code |
Monitoring the correct performance of the trustees |
Correct performance
|
Strategic factors |
Investment in education sectors | ||
Use of benefits and incentives for optimal consumption culture | ||
Using modern technology and new scientific methods in water consumption and equipment | ||
Taking the crisis seriously by the authorities | ||
Correct management in education | ||
Providing the right solution for each region | ||
Accurate and economic estimate of the plan | ||
Trying to implement principles and coordination of organizations | ||
Track correction by evaluating performance at each stage | ||
Implementation of justice in access to sanitary drinking water | ||
Making the society responsible by observing the responsibility of elites and important people and officials | ||
Education and culture since childhood |
Continuous training at different levels
| |
Making symbols of Optimal Energy Consumption (Water) | ||
Making children's animations | ||
Education in schools | ||
Creating a suitable educational structure in different age groups | ||
Pandemic training | ||
The use of effective training suitable for each person's age and expertise | ||
Continuity in education | ||
Training managers and officials | ||
Create a suitable intellectual background | ||
Correct advertising |
Advertising and media information
| |
Continuous advertising | ||
Continuous awareness | ||
Informing the limitations and complications of water production | ||
Announcing and providing practical solutions | ||
Honesty in information | ||
Announcing the actual and existing conditions of water resources | ||
Approval of restrictive laws (increasing tariffs, methods of subscription allocation, etc.) | ||
Intensification of punishment in dealing with offenders (high users, unauthorized users, etc.) | ||
Government policy in the use of water resources and its management | ||
Putting the strategy of water and sewage companies on the basis of optimal consumption and water economy | ||
Recycling and water circulation in nature | ||
Exchange of information, ideas and constructive interaction between human resources within the organization | ||
Use of up-to-date technologies | ||
Continuous training at different levels | ||
Jihadist work based on knowledge | ||
Recycling and recovery of gray water | ||
Positive interactions and communications within and outside the organization | ||
Creating organizational transparency | ||
Interactions with the media, institutionalization and management of optimal consumption of drinking water | ||
Good communication within the organization | ||
Formation of research groups | ||
Cultural foundation with the approach of modifying the consumption pattern | ||
Assessment of water demand | ||
Raising the level of knowledge | ||
Expert, committed and capable human resources | ||
Using the experiences of other countries in the field of optimal consumption | ||
Legal and control measures | ||
Education and correction of the cultural habit of the society | ||
Elaboration of supporting platforms regarding gray water recovery | ||
Using local knowledge for optimal water use | ||
This category includes 54 codes. The main categories include "proper and correct operation, continuous training at different levels and media advertising and information".
Category 5: Consequences
Table 6. Codes of the fifth axial category
concepts | The central category | Theoretical code |
Correct consumption |
Individual consequences
|
consequences |
No excessive consumption | ||
Increase the level of awareness | ||
Correct management | ||
Lack of consumerism | ||
Reducing mental pressure related to water supply and peace | ||
Increased accountability | ||
Learning to accept | ||
Reduction in per capita consumption |
Short term results
| |
Increasing people's awareness | ||
People's participation in education and optimal consumption in trained people | ||
Achieving a balanced consumption trend and stabilizing it |
Long-term results
| |
Reduction in per capita consumption | ||
Preservation and survival of water supply sources | ||
Institutionalizing the culture of water consumption in the public mind | ||
Changing and optimizing the consumption pattern of electricity, gas and... | ||
Achieving water support and preserving the environment | ||
Achieving people's support and cooperation in the implementation of the plan |
National results
| |
Conservation of water resources such as underground water ways | ||
Conserving water resources for future generations | ||
Building an informed and purposeful society | ||
Changing the structure of society to the approach of non-extravagance and consumerism and social justice | ||
Regional growth |
Regional results
| |
The survival of society and the increase of prosperity | ||
Access to an acceptable environment | ||
Becoming a model of the region for culture and optimal consumption of resources | ||
A strategic and comprehensive view of human management system | ||
Future perspective and sustainable development of drinking water | ||
Localization of human resource strategies based on scientific theories and attention to the organization's policy | ||
Clarity of organizational goals and needs | ||
Technology and innovation in strategy | ||
Reducing obstacles and benefiting from successful experiences | ||
Collaborative strategy and interaction of all managers and employees in formulating strategy | ||
Respect, tolerance and resolution of conflict between the organization and subscribers | ||
Manpower training | ||
The independence of the human resources unit and customer infrastructure | ||
Promote privatization and reduce administrative support | ||
Establishing bilateral interaction in outsourcing and assigning work to people and the private sector | ||
Reduce consumption | ||
Optimization of consumption | ||
Increased satisfaction | ||
Less damage to facilities | ||
Revival of supply sources | ||
Saving Water | ||
Reduction in per capita consumption | ||
Reduction in costs | ||
Sustainable Development | ||
Proper management of non-consumerism | ||
Achieving people's support and cooperation in implementing optimal consumption plans | ||
People's participation | ||
Changing the structure of society to the approach of non-extravagance and consumerism and social justice | ||
Conserving water resources for future generations | ||
Building an informed and purposeful society | ||
To become a model of the region for culturalization and optimal consumption of resources | ||
Institutionalizing the culture of water consumption in the public mind | ||
Achieving a balanced consumption trend and stabilizing it | ||
Interaction of organizational human resources with subscribers → reduction of per capita consumption, savings, preservation of water resources | ||
Increasing people's awareness | ||
This category includes 32 codes. The main codes of this category include “individual outcomes, short-term outcomes, long-term outcomes, national and regional outcomes”.
At this stage, similar and symmetrical categories were tried to be included in the main themes. Based on the concept shared by the categories with each other, the themes were extracted in the form of more abstract concepts. After preparing and setting the table of initial concepts and categories as the first step of qualitative analysis of the information obtained from the interview, to complete this process, the resulting concepts were grouped at a higher and more abstract level to reach the main themes. After comparing the grouped categories, the categories related to each other were grouped into a general theme, and based on the titles in the relevant theories or concepts arising from the research literature, general titles were considered for these themes.
Table 7. Selected final codes
Optional code | The central category | Theoretical code |
Growth and improvement of the culture level of society |
Social factors
|
Causal factors
|
The degree of sociability | ||
Personal and family culture | Individual factors | |
Socializing the issue of water |
State organs
| |
Universities to create and promote the culture of optimal use of water resources | ||
Monitoring and evaluating the performance of relevant units by managers | ||
The requirement to use modern methods and modern technology in water distribution |
Legal, legal and technical-engineering factors
| |
Modifying the network and minimizing leakage and leakage of treatment plants and repair network | ||
Reducing the amount of rainfall and the geographical location of the country (located in a dry area) | ||
Lack of information and lack of motivation regarding consumption management |
Individual background conditions
|
Background factors
|
Using new technology and scientific methods | ||
Land use planning |
Social and economic failures
| |
Separation of drinking water tariff from non-drinking water | ||
Absence of legal requirements and lack of basic education | ||
Changing attitudes towards the environment and the amount of water | ||
Compilation of a comprehensive and electronic document on the water crisis |
Managers' way of thinking and support
|
Interfering factors
|
Correct and fair management in drinking water distribution | ||
Creating restrictions on water industry licenses based on the conditions of each region | ||
Separation of drinking water from non-drinking water | The performance of the trustees | |
Participation and observance of important people and elites of the society | The will of society
| |
Improving the participation and performance of the employees of the relevant institutions | ||
Improve customer engagement and value | ||
Providing the level of public education of the people | ||
Raising awareness and creating culture by the organization | ||
Government policy in the use of water resources and its management |
Correct performance
|
Strategic factors
|
Intensification of punishment in dealing with offenders (high users, unauthorized users, etc.) | ||
Approval of restrictive laws (increasing tariffs, methods of subscription allocation, etc.) | Continuous training at different levels | |
Putting the strategy of water and sewage companies on the basis of optimal consumption and water economy | Advertising and media information
| |
Creating organizational transparency | ||
Interactions with the media, institutionalization and management of optimal consumption of drinking water | ||
Using the experiences of other countries in the field of optimal consumption | ||
Creating a culture of optimizing consumption and reducing per capita consumption |
Individual consequences |
Consequences
|
People's participation in education and optimal consumption in trained people |
Short term results | |
Collaborative strategy and interaction of all managers and employees in formulating strategy |
Long-term results | |
Changing the structure of society to the approach of non-extravagance and consumerism and social justice |
National results
| |
Localization of human resource strategies based on scientific theories and attention to the organization's policy | ||
A strategic and holistic view of human management system |
Regional results
| |
To become a model of the region for culturalization and optimal consumption of resources | ||
The purpose of selective coding is to create a relationship between the categories generated (in the axial coding stage). This action is usually done based on the paradigm model and helps the theorist to carry out the theorizing process easily. The basis of communication in coding is based on the expansion of a category.
In the selective coding stage of the current research, the relationship between the main category and other categories was determined. At this stage, the main and secondary classes were connected to each other to produce theoretical concepts so that the organization's manpower coefficient is available to the subscribers in order to optimize drinking water consumption with a sustainable approach. These actions allow the researcher to integrate the concepts obtained in the open and central coding stages and use them to provide a model for the provision of self-employment services. For this purpose, in the form of qualitative research method, we identified the role of extracted categories in the form of a paradigm model using the paradigm provided by Corbin and Strauss (2007).
Fig. 1. Research paradigm model
5. Conclusion
This is a humanities article and the patterns were formed based on interviews with experts. The validity of this article is based on the researcher variable paths questionnaire. The purpose of validation in the humanities of the article is to use the method of confirmatory factor analysis.
The field of sustainability in water resources management, with the main goal of optimizing water consumption, examines possible solutions for the selection and optimal allocation of limited resources to meet human needs. This process is always faced with two serious problems: one is the limitation of resources and the other is the ever-increasing diversity and growth of needs, which intensifies the problems of selection and allocation. Water resources management is facing the problem of lack of water resources and in response to the existing needs, it is looking for the optimal allocation of resources and their optimal use in line with economic growth and development. In this regard, it is faced with serious issues such as the economic efficiency of water, opportunity cost and resource valuation in the direction of resource allocation, transfer and distribution. Water in Iran is limited and this limitation is very serious. But is this limited resource economically used? The relative comparison of the economic efficiency of water in different economic sectors and attention to the opportunity cost leads us to the discussion of optimal planning and selection.
Causal factors in the organization's human resources interaction model with subscribers in order to optimize drinking water consumption identified in the current research are: social factors, individual factors, government bodies, senior managers and legal, legal and technical-engineering factors. The findings of the present study are similar to the findings of [37-39] Armota et al. (2019), Sharife et al. Yousmani et al. (2018), was consistent. Water-scarce countries have to invest huge sums of money every year to develop infrastructure to meet their ever-increasing water needs. While many water-scarce countries are facing financial and economic problems in all fields, and to keep up with the world, they must worry about their economic growth. Population growth and economic growth also depend on access to resources, and this need is increasing every year. It seems that a more serious move towards solutions such as management systems and unconventional solutions in the near future is inevitable. On the other hand, many solutions, such as building a dam, etc., are in conflict with the principles of sustainable development. Optimizing water consumption for its development and expansion faces many obstacles and problems due to the extent and the need to change structures. But it seems that the huge capacity that exists in this business can provide suitable incentives for the development of this business. Reducing the need to develop and create some water infrastructures and being more compatible with sustainable development is one of the results of this business. Optimizing water consumption can take an effective step in supplying water needs and managing supply and demand by using water networks. In this way, a part of the large costs of construction and infrastructure development can be invested for the optimal exploitation of the opportunities that have arisen and the abandoned factors. Increasing GDP, optimal use of natural resources, development of social welfare and orientation of policies to meet the needs of future generations are among the advantages of this business.
Background factors in the organization's human resources interaction model with subscribers in order to optimize drinking water consumption identified in the current research are: individual background conditions and socio-economic inadequacies. The findings of the present study are consistent with the findings of [37-39] (2014), Armota et al. (2019), Roscoy et al.
All construction projects have environmental, economic and social benefits. Studying the connection between drinking water and other issues is important. The basic challenges facing water resource management are as follows: how to maximize all positive effects and reduce negative effects, how to provide safe water and effective use in the agricultural sector, reduce flood losses, control water pollution, reduce Environmental and social effects such as reducing problems caused by floods and combating and reducing water diseases and pollution related problems. Projects should be designed and developed as multi-purpose projects. Due to the increase in population, drinking water supply should be prioritized. Also, careful planning should be done for the implementation of watershed treatment plans and environmental issues. In these projects, the use of water should be the main component of the development of water resources. In these projects, attention should also be paid to the preservation of the quality of the environment. The inseparable and almost permanent principles that exist in the development and management policies of this country are: the real challenge caused by technical, organizational and financial problems, the lack of basin plans based on stable principles with the lack of a suitable legislative system, weakness. Financial support, slow decentralization process, lack of public awareness at the community level about water quality and correct use of water for irrigation and sanitation needs. Awareness of the importance of water pricing and not paying attention to it due to the existing socio-political conditions and consumers' inability to pay.
Intervening factors in the interaction model of the organization's human resources with subscribers for the purpose of optimal consumption of drinking water identified in the present research are: the way of thinking and support of managers, the performance of those in charge and will. and the will of society, the findings of the present study are consistent with the findings of [38] Armota et al. (2019), Sharife et al. (2019), Yousmani et al. (2018). The existence of a large political, social, economic and cultural gap between domestic and international spheres has always been a great obstacle in realizing the goals of globalization and a comprehensive framework for theorizing in the field of international relations. If the international dimension shows a set of political and economic forces that are distinct from domestic political and economic forces, this requires that the international field be studied with a different analytical framework and with the help of its own analytical tools. Also, governments, as the main players in the international arena, make decisions based on a set of norms, ideologies, productions and domestic economic needs. International and domestic events have been inextricably linked since the beginning of time. In such a way that they influence and guide the internal political, economic and social policies to a great extent.
The strategic factors in the organization's manpower interaction model with subscribers in order to optimize the consumption of drinking water identified in the current research are: correct and proper exploitation, continuous training at different levels and advertising and information in the media. The findings of the present study are consistent with the findings of [37-39] (2014), Armota et al. (2019), Sharife et al. has been The country's comprehensive water plan was prepared in the previous decade for level one and two watersheds, and its provincial version is also available for a number of provinces of the country in the regional watershed of the province. Also, by addressing all the natural capacities, the necessary institutional and material infrastructures have been investigated and finally, it has dealt with the different policy scenarios and scenarios of water resources development. However, according to officials and specialists of Iran's Water Resources Management Organization, the policies foreseen in this plan have not been realized and due to the lack of institutional and structural coordination between suppliers and consumers, the work done so far has not achieved the intended goals. According to the plan, the regional water organizations of the country prepare reports titled "Resources and Consumption Report" for the Iranian Water Resources Management Company, in which they review the current resources and consumption within the geographical scope of their operations. In the practice of preparing these reports, there is no specific time interval and they are prepared when needed. In the past years, the efforts have been based on the fact that the regional water organizations in their reports examine the more distant horizons and anticipate the future needs of their region and provide important proposals. Then these reports are reviewed in Iran's Resource Management Organization and considering all the needs and capacities of the country, the solutions to meet the needs and resource management are reviewed.
The consequences of the organization's human resources interaction model with the subscribers in order to optimize drinking water consumption identified in the present research are: individual consequences, short-term results, long-term results, national results, regional results. The findings of the present research are similar to the findings of [37-39] Armota et al. (2019), Sharife et al. Yousmani et al. (2018), was consistent. The Middle East region is struggling with the problem of severe water scarcity and for this reason water has entered the political equations of the region. Water scarcity is a global problem that has occurred even in countries with abundant water such as the United States. But in the Middle East and North Africa, this problem is more serious. Local, national and international agencies have taken initiatives. However, due to the lack of coordination and sometimes conflict in behavior, no success has been achieved in this work. Unlike all other sectors, the water industry still needs subsidies and therefore there is little incentive to invest in it. The World Bank has praised the efforts made for health and access to clean water for people. Stating that he is not optimistic about the future, this bank says: Despite this, currently the amount of demand is greater than the amount of water supplied, and for this reason, there is an imbalance between supply and demand in many countries, which causes the crisis
5.1 Executive proposals of the research
• It is necessary to provide a suitable platform for people in the community to become more familiar with the optimization of water consumption at the level of mass media and social networks that are used by the public.
• Substrate for the separation of drinking and non-potable water
• Creating a foundation for water management in agriculture
• The use of collaborative management, focusing on the interaction of subscribers with the human resources of the water and sewage organization.
• Optimum pricing of water resources and pricing separation of low-consumption and high-consumption groups and differentiation of industries in the field of pricing.
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