Preservative Value of Rudkhan Castle: Protest, Uncertainty, and Unwillingness Behaviors
الموضوعات :امین دلاور 1 , مهیار جماعتی 2 , نسیم پاکباز 3
1 - دکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه پیام نور تهران
2 - دکتری افتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه پیام نور تهران
3 - Ph.D Student of Crop Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: Sacksar Castle, One-and-one-half-bound, Protests group, moralistic, Consequentialist,
ملخص المقالة :
Economic appraisal of historical sites is the key to planning rural development for their management, preservation, and protection. The purpose of this study was to estimate the preservation use value accrued to visitors to Rudkhan Castle in the northwest of Gilan Province, Iran. The visitors' willingness to pay (WTP) was measured by using the contingent valuation method (CVM) and the one-and-one-half-bound (OOHB) model’s dichotomous choice (DC) questionnaire. Throughout the research, we stressed the fact that indifference, uncertain, and protest behavior can and do occur simultaneously in contingent valuation (CV) studies. The results showed that 75% of the people in the protection program of Ghaleh RudKhan Castle are willing to pay. The rest are not willing to contribute and are divided into three groups: unwilling to pay (4%), protests (20%), and uncertain (1%). Using the OOHB bid function, an expected WTP recreational value of US$ 0.566 per visit per household was estimated in 2019, and the annual welfare surplus of visitors was estimated at US$ 96250000. The average WTP in the ethical and consequentialist groups was estimated at US$ 0.643 and 0.67325, respectively. Also, the group unwilling to pay or true zeros was composed of seven respondents who explained their reasons as personal budget restrictions (86%) and the unnecessity of the program (14%). The protests group was also composed of 33 respondents and argued that it is only the task of the government (38%), only rural residents should pay (3%), only nonresidents should pay (56%), and not enough information is given on the proposal (3%).
Amirnejad, H. (2007). Estimating the Preservation value of Golestan National Park of Iran by using individual's willingness to pay.
An, M. Y., & Ayala, R. A. (1996). A mixture model of willingness to pay distributions. Available at SSRN 15524.
Ana, M.-I. (2017). Ecotourism, agro-tourism and rural tourism in the European Union. Cactus Tourism Journal, 15(2), 6-14.
Brouwer, R., & Martín-Ortega, J. (2012). Modeling self-censoring of polluter pays protest votes in stated preference research to support resource damage estimations in environmental liability. Resource and Energy Economics, 34(1), 151-166.
Calia, P., & Strazzera, E. (1999). Sample selection model for protest votes in contingent valuation analyses. Available at SSRN 200620.
Cooper, J., & Loomis, J. (1992). Sensitivity of willingness-to-pay estimates to bid design in dichotomous choice contingent valuation models. Land economics, 211-224.
Cooper, J. C. (1993). Optimal bid selection for dichotomous choice contingent valuation surveys. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 24(1), 25-40.
Cooper, J. C., Hanemann, M., & Signorello, G. (2002). One-and-one-half-bound dichotomous choice contingent valuation. Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(4), 742-750.
Cooper, J. C., & Signorello, G. (2008). Farmer premiums for the voluntary adoption of conservation plans. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 51(1), 1-14.
Domínguez‐Torreiro, M., & Soliño, M. (2016). Pricing a rural development program: uncertainty, indifference, and protest behaviors. Agricultural Economics, 47(5), 559-569.
Guo, Z., Xiao, X., Gan, Y., & Zheng, Y. (2001). Ecosystem functions, services and their values–a case study in Xingshan County of China. Ecological economics, 38(1), 141-154.
Halstead, J. M., Luloff, A., & Stevens, T. H. (1992). Protest bidders in contingent valuation. Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 21(2), 160-169.
Hanemann, W. M. (1984). Welfare evaluations in contingent valuation experiments with discrete responses. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 66(3), 332-341.
Howarth, R. B., & Farber, S. (2002). Accounting for the value of ecosystem services. Ecological economics, 41(3), 421-429.
Kanninen, B. J. (1993). Optimal experimental design for double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation. Land economics, 138-146.
Khaksar Astaneh, H., Daneshvar, M., Kalateh Arabi, V., & Akbari, S. (2011). Estimating Recreation Value of Forest Parks of Mashhad: Application of Conditional Valuation Method. Agricultural Economics Research, 3(10), 61-78.
Kriström, B. (1997). Spike models in contingent valuation. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 79(3), 1013-1023.
Molaei, M. (2013). Comparison of Optimal Bid Design in Single Bounded Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Method. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development 21(81), 131-152.
Mousavi, S. N. (2015). Estimation of Economic-resort Valuation of Khafr Waterfall and Recreational area by Determining Effective Factors on Willingness to pay by Using CVM. Regional Planning, 5(18), 157-170. http://jzpm.miau.ac.ir/article_775_651d08fb9230e84df2f8f95838210bd8.pdf
Nakhaei, N., Mortazavi, S. A., Amirnejad, H., & Navazi, M. A. (2010). Estimating preservation value of Nour forest park using a contingent valuation method. Agricultural Economics, 4(1), 171-189. http://www.iranianjae.ir/article_9775_5f45c6ba32cc3cdebf11c0b0aaa63f33.pdf
Raheli, H., Heidari, R., & Khodaverdizadeh, M. (2013). Estimating the Outdoor Recreation Value and Investigating Effective Variables on Willingness to Pay of Individuals from Asiyabkharabe Waterfall Using Contingent Valuation Method. Geography and Planning, 17(44), 95-117.
Reynisdottir, M., Song, H., & Agrusa, J. (2008). Willingness to pay entrance fees to natural attractions: An Icelandic case study. Tourism Management, 29(6), 1076-1083.
Roknaddin Eftekhari, A., & Ghaderi, E. (2002). The Rule of Rural Tourism in Rural Development (Theoretical Analysis). The Journal of Spatial Planning, 6(2), 23-41. http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-4582-fa.html
Sabouhy, M., & Ataie Solout, K. (2014). The Application of One and One-Half Bound (OOHB) Choices in the Contingent Valuation to Determine Tourists Consumer Surplus of Sisangan Forest Park. Journal of Environmental Studies, 40(2), 439-450.
Sahabi, B., Hajian, M., & Javaheri, B. (2011). Assessment of Factors Affecting on the Visitors' WTP and Evaluating Recreational Importance of Jajroud Area. Economic Modeling, 6(17), 111-126. http://eco.iaufb.ac.ir/article_555478_5eac1cb2441e00865df6e3676bfb5e58.pdf
Samdaliry, A., amirnejad, H., & Mortazavi, S. A. (2014). Residents' Willingness-to-Pay (WTP) for Preservation of Valasht Lake of Chalous City by Using One-and-One-Half-Bound Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Method [Applicable]. Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology, 2(5), 1-13. http://ijae.iut.ac.ir/article-1-380-en.html
Schuhmann, P. W., Skeete, R., Waite, R., Lorde, T., Bangwayo-Skeete, P., Oxenford, H. A., Gill, D., Moore, W., & Spencer, F. (2019). Visitors’ willingness to pay marine conservation fees in Barbados. Tourism Management, 71, 315-326.
Strazzera, E., Genius, M., Scarpa, R., & Hutchinson, G. (2003). The effect of protest votes on the estimates of WTP for use values of recreational sites. Environmental and resource economics, 25(4), 461-476.
Werner, M. (1999). Allowing for zeros in dichotomous-choice contingent-valuation models. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 17(4), 479-486.
