Agricultural Cooperatives and Improved Technologies Adoption among Smallholder Farmers in Cocoa-Based Farming Systems of Southwestern Nigeria
الموضوعات :
1 - Obafemi Awolowo University,ile-Ife
الکلمات المفتاحية: Agricultural Cooperatives, Improved technologies, cocoa farming systems, adoption level,
ملخص المقالة :
This study was therefore conducted to determine the effect of membership in agricultural cooperatives on the adoption of improved technologies in cocoa-based farming systems. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select 200 respondents for the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, adoption index and Tobit regression model. The results for the entire respondents showed mean values of 52 years for age, 29 years for farming experience, 10 people for household size and 6 ha for farm size. The average adoption level of improved technologies was estimated at 37% in the study area. Based on the average adoption level, about 61% of the sampled population are classified as partial adopters, while 39% are full adopters of improved technologies. Tobit's regression estimates revealed that gender, household size, farm size, hired labour, extension visits, and membership in agricultural cooperative significantly influenced the probability and intensity of adopting of improved technologies in cocoa-based farming system. The study concluded that membership in agricultural cooperatives has a significant influence on the adoption of improved technologies. Therefore, the study recommends establishing an agricultural cooperative that ensures efficient and effective training on improved technologies, as well as the strengthening the agricultural cooperative in order to provide microcredit necessary for greater adoption of improved cocoa production technologies among farmers. Also, cocoa farmers should be encouraged to participate in agricultural cooperatives.
Abay, A., & Assefa, A. (2004). The role of education on the adoption of chemical fertilizer under different socioeconomic environments in Ethiopia. Agricultural Economics, 30, 215-228.
Abdullahi, H. A. (2011). Vocational education: A strategy for rural development. Zaria: SUNJO Press. Journal of Educational Research and Development, 2(1), 200-203.
Adebiyi, S., & Okunlola, J. O. (2013). Factors affecting adoption of cocoa farm rehabilitation techniques in Oyo State of Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(3), 258- 265.
Adedeji, T. O., Nosiru, M. O., Akinsulu, A. A, Ewebiyi, I. O., Abiona, B. G. & Jimoh, T. S. (2013). Adoption of new rice for Africa (NERICA) technology in Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 5(9), 365-371.
Adeniyi and Valerie (2010). Analysis of the relationship of socioeconomic factors affecting adoption of improved oil palm production technologies in Iwo Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Rural Sociology, 11(2), 11-17.
Adeogun, S. O. (2008). Adoption of cocoa rehabilitation techniques among cocoa farmers in selected states of Nigeria. An unpublished PhD Thesis in the Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria. 86p
Agbongiarhuoyi, A.E., Abdulkarim, I.F., Fawole, O.P., Obatolu, B.O., Famuyiwa, B.S., & Oloyede, A.A. (2013). Analysis of farmers’ adaptation strategies to climate change in cocoa production in Kwara State. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 17(1), 10–22.
Ainembabazi, J.H., van Asten, P., Vanlauwe, B., Ouma, E., Blomme, G., Birachi, E.A., Nguezet, P.M.D., Mignouna, D.B., & Manyong, V.M., (2017). Improving the speed of adoption of agricultural technologies and farm performance through farmer groups: evidence from the Great Lakes region of Africa. Agricultural Economics, 48, 241–259.
Ajewole. O. C., (2010). Farmer’s response to adoption of commercially available organic fertilizers in Oyo state, Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(18), 2497- 2503.
Akinnagbe O. M., & Ajayi, A. R. (2010). Challenges of farmer-led extension approaches in Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Science, 6(4), 353-359.
Akinola, A. A. (2008). Effects of balanced plant nutrient management systems technologies on food security in selected villages of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis submitted to the department of agricultural economics, school of postgraduate studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
Akinola, A. A., Alene, A. D., Adeyemo, R., Sanogo, D., Olanrewaju, A. S., Nwoke, C., Nziguheba, G., & Diels, J. (2010). Determinants of adoption and intensity of use of balanced nutrient management systems technology in the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 49(1), 25-45.
Alao, T.B., Bamire, A.S., & Kehinde, A.D. (2020). Gender analysis of agricultural financing in cocoa-based farming system in Oyo and Osun States of Southwestern Nigeria. Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science, 55(1), 34-42.
Alene, A. D., & Manyong, V. M. (2007). The effects of education on agricultural productivity under traditional and improved technology in Nigeria: an endogenous switching regression analysis, Empirical Economics, 32,141-159.
Amos, T. T. (2007). An analysis of productivity and technical efficiency of smallholder cocoa farmers in Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences, 15(2), 127-133.
Aneani, F., & Ofori-Frimpong, K. (2013) An analysis of yield gap and some factors of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) yields in Ghana. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 2, 117–127.
Aneani, F., Anchirinah, V.M., Owusu-Ansah, F., & Asamoah, M. (2012). Adoption of Some Cocoa Production Technologies by Cocoa Farmers in Ghana. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 1(1),103-117.
Ayanlaja, S. A. (2000). The development of an alley cropping system: a viable agroforestry technology for sustained cocoa production in Nigeria. Cocoa Growers’ Bulleting No. 52. Pp 9-18.
Baruwa, O.I.1., Owombo, P.T., Idumah, F.O., & Adesina, C.A. (2016). Influence of Farmers’ Cooperatives Membership on Inputs Access and Land Management in Osun State, Nigeria. Applied Tropical Agriculture, 21(1), 68-73.
Beke,T.E. (2011). Institutional Constraints and Adoption of Improved Rice Varieties: Econometric Evidence from Ivory Coast. Review of Agricultural and Environmental Studies, 92(2), 117- 141.
Bello, M., Daudu. S, Galadima, O. E., Anzaku, T. K. A., & Abubakar, A. A. (2012). Factors Influencing Adoption of Crop-Based Technologies in Jenkwe Development Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria global Advanced Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(8), 250-256.
Beyene, A.D., & Kassie, M., (2015). Speed of adoption of improved maize varieties in Tanzania: an application of duration analysis. Technology Forecasting and Social Change, 96, 298– 307.
Chagwiza, C., Muradian, R., & Ruben, R., 2016. Cooperative membership and dairy performance among smallholders in Ethiopia. Food Policy, 59, 165–173.
Chiputwa, B., Langyintuo, A. S., & Wall, P. (2011). Adoption of conservation agriculture technologies by smallholder farmers in the Shamva District of Zimbabwe: A Tobit application. Paper accepted for the 2011 meeting of the Southern Agricultural Economics Association (SAEA) in Texas, USA.
Collier, P., & Dercon, S. (2014). African Agriculture in 50 years: Smallholders in a rapidly changing world? World Development, 63(2), 92-101.
Datar, G., & Del Carpio, X. V. (2009). Are irrigation rehabilitation projects good for poor farmers in Peru? A spatial regression discontinuity approach. Policy Research Working Paper 5154; Impact Evaluation Series No. 42
Dhehibi, B., Rudiger, U., Moyo, P.H., & Dhraief, Z.M. (2020). Agricultural technology transfers preferences of smallholder farmers in Tunisia’s Arid Regions. Sustainability, 12(421), 1- 18.
Doss, C.R. (2006). Analysing technology adoption using micro-studies: Limitations, challenges and opportunities for improvement. Agricultural Economics, 34, 207-219.
FAOSTAT. (2016). Retrieved from http://faostat.fao.org.
Foster, A. D., & M. R. Rosenzweig (2010). Microeconomics of technology adoption. Annual Review of Economics 2, 395-424.
Heikkila, A., Myyra, S., & Pietola, K. (2012). Effect of economic factor on adoption of robotics and consequences of Automation for productivity growth of dairy farms. Factor market working papers No.32.
Ibitoye, S.J. (2012). Survey of the performance of agricultural cooperative societies in Kogi State, Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 8 (28), 98-114.
Idrisa, Y. L. Ogunbameru, B. O., & Madukwe, M. C (2012). Logit and Tobit analyses of the determinants of likelihood of adoption and extent of adoption of improved soybean seed in Borno State. Nigeria Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2 (2), 037-045.
International Cocoa Organization (ICCO). (2017). World Cocoa production, 2017. Retrieved from http://www.icco.org.
International Cocoa Organization (ICCO). (2019). World Cocoa production, 2019. Retrieved from http://www.icco.org.
Junge, B., Deji, O., Arabio, R., Sikoye, B., & Spahr, K. (2009). Farmer’s adoption of soil conservation technology: a case study of Osun state, Nigeria. Journal of agricultural education and Extension, 15(3), 257-274.
Kehinde A.D. (2020). Does credit access improve adoption intensity of improved maize seed varieties? Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova, 184(4), 434-444.
Kehinde, A.D., & Adeyemo, R. (2017). Probit analysis of factors affecting improved technologies dis-adoption in cocoa-based farming systems of Southwestern Nigeria, International Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2(2), 35-41
Kehinde, A.D., & Tijani, A.A. (2021). Effect of access to livelihood capitals on the adoption of European Union (EU) approved pesticides among cocoa-producing households in Osun State, Nigeria. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica, 54(1), 57-70.
Kehinde, A.D., Adeyemo, R., & Ogundeji, A.A. (2021). Does social capital improve farm productivity and food security? evidence from cocoa-based farming households in South-western Nigeria. Heliyon, 7(3), 1-14.
Kehinde, A.D., Adeyemo, R., Oke, J.T.O., & Ogunleye, A. S. (2018). Effects of access to credit and membership in farmers’ cooperatives on improved technologies adoption categories in cocoa-based farming systems of Southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Cooperatives Studies, 7(2), 22- 29
Kolawole, M. A., Tijani, A. A., & Kehinde, A. D. (2020). Impact of a growth enhancement support scheme on cocoa yield and income of cocoa farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. Acta scientiarum polonorum agricultura, 19(1), 41-49.
Ma, W., & Abdulai, A., (2016). Does cooperative membership improve household welfare? Evidence from apple farmers in China. Food Policy, 58, 94–102.
Ma, W., Abdulai, A., & Goetz, R., (2018). Agricultural cooperatives and investment in organic soil amendments and chemical fertilizer in China. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 100, 502–520.
Maddala, G. S., (1983). Limited Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics. Econometric Society Monographs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Country?
Makate, C., Makate, M., Mango, N., & Siziba, S. (2019). Increasing resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change through multiple adoption of proven climate-smart agriculture innovations. Lessons from Southern Africa. Journal of Environmental Management, 231, 858e868.
Menale, K., Moti, J., Bekele. S., Mmbando, F., & Muricho, G. (2012). Plot and household-level determinants of sustainable agricultural practices in rural Tanzania. Environment for Development Discussion Paper Series EfD DP 12-02
Mojo, D., Fischer, C., & Degefa, T., (2017). The determinants and economic impacts of membership in coffee farmer cooperatives: recent evidence from rural Ethiopia. Journal of Rural Studies, 50, 84–94.
Mustapha, S. B., Undiandeye U. C, Sanusi A. M., & Bakari. S. (2012). Analysis of adoption of improved rice production technologies in Jeer local government area of Borno state, Nigeria International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 1(3), 1112-1120.
Mwangi, M. & Kariuki, S. (2015). Factors determining adoption of new agricultural technology by smallholder farmers in developing countries. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6, 208–216.
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2012) Review of the Nigerian Economy in 2011 and Economic Outlook for 2012–2015, Central Business
National Population Census (NPC) (2007). National Bureau of Statistics Official Gazatte (FGP71/52007/2,500(OL24) Abuja,2007 URLhttp://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng
NCDC ‒ National Cocoa Development Committee. (2008). A handbook of the 4th National Cocoa Day held in Akure, Ondo State. Published by NCDC, 6.
Nchinda, V. P., Ambe, T. E., Nathalie, H., Leke, W., Che, M. A., Nkwate, S. P.; Ngassam, S. B., & Njualem, D. K. (2010). Factors influencing the adoption intensity of improved yam (Dioscorea spp.) seed technology in the western highlands and high guinea savannah zones of Cameroon. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 36, 2389- 2402.
Ndiritu, S. W., Kassie, M., & Shiferaw, B. (2014). Are there systematic gender differences in the adoption of sustainable agricultural intensification practices? Evidence from Kenya. Food Policy, 49(P1), 117e127.
Nigussie, Z., Tsunekawa, A., Haregeweyn, N., Adgo, E., Nohmi, M., Tsubo, M., Aklog, D., Meshesha, D. T., & Abele, S. (2017). Factors influencing small-scale farmers’ adoption of sustainable land management technologies in northwestern Ethiopia. Land Use Policy, 67, 57e64.
Nkamleu, G. B., Nyemeck, J., & Gockowski, J. (2010). Technology Gap and Efficiency in Cocoa Production in West and Central Africa: Implications for Cocoa Sector Development. African Development Bank Group, Working Paper No. 104 April 2010.
Odendo, M., Obare, G., & Salasya, B. (2009). Factors responsible for differences in uptake of integrated soil fertility management practices amongst smallholders in western Kenya. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 4(11), 1303-1311
Ogunleye, A.S., Kehinde, A.D. and Kolapo, A. (2020). Effects of social capital on income of cocoa farming households in Osun State. Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Science, 19(2), 131-137.
Ojo, M.A., & Jibowo, A.A. (2008). Socio-economic characteristics influencing role performance of rural community power actors in agricultural extension delivery system in Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2, 27-40. Swaziland Printing and Publishing Company Limited Mbabane, H100 Swaziland.
Oladele, O.I. (2005). A tobit analysis of propensity to discontinue adoption of agricultural technology among farmers in southern Nigeria. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 6(3), 249-254.
Omoregbee & Ekpebu, (2012). Adoption rates of improved farm practices among contact and
non-contact farmers in Edo state, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, 8(3), 21-25.
Oseni, J.O. & Adams, A.Q. (2013). Cost Benefit Analysis of Certified Cocoa Production in Ondo State, Nigeria. No 161631, 2013 Fourth International Conference, September 22-25, 2013, Hammamet, Tunisia from African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE).
Otsuka, K. (2016). Transforming African Agriculture by Promoting Improved Technology and Management Practices. Background Paper for African Transformation Report 2016: Transforming Africa’s Agriculture. Joint research between African Center for Economic Transformation (ACET) and Japan International Cooperation Agency Research institute (JICARI).
Oyedele, J.O. (2007) ‘Enhancing the sustainability of cocoa growing in Nigeria’, presented at the Cocoa Round Table on a Sustainable World Cocoa Economic, Accra, Ghana.
Pervez, A.K.M.K., Islam, M.M., Uddin, M.E., & Gao, Q.(2018)Landless Rural Women's Participation in Income Generating Activities (IGAs): The Case of Char Dwellers in Northern Bangladesh, Anthropologist, 33(1-3): 105-115.
Peterman, A., Behrman, J., & Quisumbing, A. (2010). A review of empirical evidence on gender differences in non-land agricultural inputs, technology, and services in developing countries. ESA Working Paper No.11-11
Quisumbing, A. R., & Pandolfelli, L. (2010). Promising approaches to address the needs of poor female farmers: Resources, constraints, and interventions. World Development, 38(4), 581e592.
Shehu B.M., Ayuba, D., Mohammed, I.D., & Anna O.G., (2013). Socio-Economic Factors Influencing the Adoption of Ginger (Zingiber Fficinale) Farming Technologies in Samaru Zone of the Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project (Kadp). International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 2 (7), 39-44.
Solomon A. (2010). Estimating Welfare Effect of Modern Agricultural Technologies: A Micro- Perspective from Tanzania and Ethiopia”, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Nairobi, Kenya,
Tizale, C. Y. (2007). The dynamics of soil degradation and incentives for optimal management in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria. Country?
Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables. Economitrica, 26(1), 24- 36.
Uematsu, H. Mishra, K.A. (2010). Can Education Be a Barrier to Technology Adoption? Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association 2010 AAEA, CAES, & WAEA Joint Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado. p38
Uwagboe, E.O., Meludu, N.T., & Agbebaku, E.E.O. (2020). Adoption of integrated pest management among cocoa farmers in Cross River and Osun States of Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 20(10), 188-201.
Verhofstadt, E., & Maertens, M. (2015). Can agricultural cooperatives reduce poverty? Heterogeneous impact of cooperative membership on farmers’ welfare in Rwanda. Applied Economics, Perspectives and Policy, 37(1), 86-106.
Wasula, S. L., (2000). Influence of socio-economic factors on adoption of agroforestry related technology. The case of Njoro and Rongai Districts, Kenya. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya.
Wessel, M., &Foluke Quist-Wessel, P.M (2015). Cocoa production inWest Africa, a review and analysis of recent developments. NJAS Wageningn Journal of Life Science, 74–75, 1–7.
World Bank (2008). World Bank Development report, 2008. Oxford: Oxford University press.
Wossen, T., Abdoulaye, T., Alene, A., Haile, M.G., Feleke, S., Olanrewaju, A., & Manyong, V., (2017). Impacts of extension access and cooperative membership on technology adoption and household welfare. Journal of Rural Studies, 54, 223–233.
Wossen, T., Berger, T., & Di Falco, S, (2015). Social capital, risk preference and adoption of improved farm land management practices in Ethiopia. Agricultural Economics, 46, 81– 97.
Yirga, C. T., (2007). The dynamics of soil degradation and incentives for optimal management in Central Highlands of Ethiopia. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development. University of Pretoria, South Africa.
