Solutions to Reduce the Vulnerability of Farmers and Beneficiaries of Agricultural Sector to Climate Change
الموضوعات :
عبدالواحد کعبی
1
(دانشجوی دکتری، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد بیرجند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بیرجند، ایران)
کوروش روستا
2
(دانشیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد بیرجند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بیرجند، ایران)
سعید محمدزاده
3
(استادیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، اهواز، ایران)
رضا برادران
4
(دانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد بیرجند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بیرجند، ایران)
الکلمات المفتاحية: agriculture, Climate Change, Vulnerable farmers,
ملخص المقالة :
Climate change in the Middle East and Iran, as well as the decline in agricultural products and crop lands in Iran over the past 10 years, has attracted the attention of many researchers. Numerous researches have considered economic, environmental, psychological-social, and technical-agricultural damages as a result of climate change in the agricultural sector.Solutions to reduce the vulnerability of farmers and beneficiaries to climate change in Khuzestan province will be discussed.The present study was performed in three stages of qualitative study and one stage of quantitative study. The statistical population of the qualitative section consisted of 83 highly experienced farmers and those suffering from climate change, 18 exemplary farmers introduced by the Jihad Agricultural Organization of Khuzestan province, 33 Ph.D. and 237 master students in agriculture from various universities in the province as well as 100 agricultural experts from the Agricultural Jihad Organization. The research variables were also categorized into six solutions and three barriers (challenges) in the third stage of the qualitative investigation, and introduced for a quantitative stage. The fourth stage of the study was a quantitative stage in which the statistical population consisted of 384 farmers and farming beneficiaries in Khuzestan province. The tool for data collection in the quantitative stage of the questionnaire was based on a Likert scale. As well, the sample in the quantitative and qualitative stages was selected via the convenience method.Economic losses have been affected by various such solutions as economic-financial-support by the government, as well as training-promotional, technical-agricultural, and social issues. Also, environmental damages have been affected by economic-financial as well as supportive solutions by the government, training- promotional and institutional-infrastructure issues, and finally, psychological-social ills and technical-agricultural damages have been affected by managerial and technical-agricultural solutions, respectively. The solutions stated in the practical dimension face barriers or challenges.
Abdelaziz A., & Gohar, A. C. (2016). A methodology to assess the impact of climate variability and change on water resources, food security and economic welfare. Journal Agricultural Systems, 147, 51-64.
Arragaw Alemayehu, W. B. (2016). Local climate variability and crop production in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Journal Environmental Development, 19, 36-48.
Azizi Khalkhili, T., Zamani, Gh., & Karami, E. (2016). Adaptation of farmers to climate change: Existing problems and barriers and suggested solutions. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 30 (3), 148-159[In Persian].
Berry, P., Rounsevell, M., Harrison, P.A., Audsley, Eric. (2006). Assessing the vulnerability of agricultural land use and species to climate change and the role of policy in facilitating adaptation. Environmental Science & Policy, 9, 189–204.
Chakoshi, B., (2009). Investigating the environmental aspects of drought and flood phenomena. Paper presented at National Conference on Measures to Address Water Crisis, Jahad-e Daneshgahi, Kerman-Iran, 9-10 March. [In Persian].
Christopher E., & Ndehedehe, J. L. (2018). Changes in hydro-meteorological conditions over tropical West Africa (1980-2015) and links to global climate. Journal Global and Planetary Change, 162, 321-341.
Christopher M. Bacon, William A. Sundstrom, Iris T. Stewart, David Beezer., (2017). Vulnerability to cumulative hazards: Coping with the coffee leaf rust outbreak, drought, and food insecurity in Nicaragua. Journal World Development, 93, 136-152.
Daheshvar, T., Danehkar, A., Monavari, M., Riazi, B., & kheyrkhah zarkesh, M. (2014). analysis of coastal environment vulnerability determination methods. Human & Environment, 12(28), 41-62.
Ekrami, M., Fathimarj, A., & Barkhordaeu, J. (2015). Assessment agricultural drought vulnerability In Arid and S-arid climates using GIS and AHP, A Case Study for Taft Township, Yazd Province, Iran. Journal of Irrigation and Water Engineering, 5( 4), 107-117.
Eslami, P. (Summer 2011). Greenhouse gas emissions caused by fossil fuel combustion related to climate change. National Conference on Climate Change and its Impacts on Agriculture and the Environment, West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.civilica.com/Paper-NCCCIAE01-NCCCIAE01_066.html[In Persian].
Farajzadeh M, k. Z. (2019). Assessing vulnerability of agriculture in the face of climate change (Case Study: Guilan Province). Jsaeh, 5(4), 89-106.
Farajzadeh, M., Ahadnezhad, M., & Amini, J. (2011). The vulnerability assessment of urban housing in earthquake Against (A Case study: 9th district of Tehran municipality). Urban-Rgional Studies and Research, 3 ( 9), 19 - 36. [In Persian]
Fussel, HM. (2007). Vulnerability: A generally applicable conceptual framework for climate change research. Global Environmental Change, 17, 155–167.
Gautier, D., Denis, D., & Locatelli, B. (2016). Impacts of drought and responses of rural populations in West Africa: A systematic review, WIREs Climate Change. doi.org/10.1002/wcc.411.
Gupta, K., & Gupta, M. (2003). The woes of women in drought: Social, environmental and economic impacts. Women and Environment International Magazine, 60, 12-14.
Hageback J., S. J. (2005). Climate variability and land-use change in Danangou watershed. China-Examples of small scale farmers’ adaptation. Climate Change, 72, 189-212.
Heather Randell, C. G. (2016). Climate variability and educational attainment: Evidence from rural Ethiopia. Journal Global Environmental Change, 41, 111-123.
Horton , R. (2007). An observational and modeling study of the regional impacts of climate variability. Unpublished dissertation, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University, USA.
Hoseini, M., Sharifzade, A., Gholamrezaie, S., & Akbari, M. (2011). Explaining the components of drought management in rural and nomadic areas of the South East of Iran. Iranian Journal of Economic and Agricultural Development Research, 2(42), 185-197. [In Persian].
Kaboli, N., Pezeshkirad, Q. R., & Shabanalifami, H., (2012). Factor analysis of experts' attitudes toward confronting agricultural drought solutions in Alborz Province. Agricultural Extension and Education Researches, 5, 33-44. [In Persian].
Kelly, P.M., & Adger, W.N. (2000). Theory and practice in assessing vulnerability to climate change and facilitating adaptation. Climate change, 47,325-352.
Keshavarz, M., & karami, A., (2003). Structures influencing drought management and impacts: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Sciences and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 12, 267-283. [In Persian].
Khaleghi, S., Bazazan, F., & Madani, Sh. (2015). The Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture Sector Production and on the Iranian Economy (Social Accounting Matrix Approach). Research in Economics, 7, 113-135[In Persian].
Kham Chin Mogaddam, F., & Rezaei Pajand , H. (2009). A critique on climatic zoning method for maximum daily precipitation in iran by linear moments method. Journal of Information Technology in Engineering Design, 2)2(, 93-103[In Persian].
Khazanedari, L., Zabolabbasi, F., Ghandehari, Sh., Koohi, M., &Malboosi, Sh., (2009). A Perspective on the drought status of Iran over the next thirty years. Geography and Regional Development, 12, 83-98. [In Persian].
Khoshakhlagh, F., Ranjbar, F., Toolabi, S., Moghbel, M., & Masumpoursamakoosh, J. (2010). Drought in the water year of 2007-8 and its impacts on water and agriculture resources, Case study: Marvdasht County. Geography, 2, 120-136. [In Persian].
Lam Thi M. H.; Lindsay C. S.;. (2018). Multi-scale assessment of social vulnerability to climate change: An empirical study in coastal Vietnam. Journal limate Risk Management, 20, 165-180.
Mahboobi , M., Shamkouiyan, S., & Abdollahzadeh , g. (2018). Measurement the farmer’ s vulnerability and readiness for facing with drought conditions, Case: Kashmar County. Geographic Space, 18(62), 171-190.
Manouchehri, A. (2001). Drought and shallow water crisis, challenges, policies and plans to encounter. Water and Enviroment, 45, 15-21. [In Persian].
Martin Flatø, R. M. (2017). Women, weather, and woes: The triangular dynamics of female-headed households, economic vulnerability, and climate variability in South Africa. Journal World Development, 90, 41-62.
Martina Bozzola, T. S. (2014). Policy implications of climate variability on agriculture: Water management in the Po river basin, Italy. Journal Environmental Science & Policy, 43, 26-38.
Ministry of Agriculture,(2017). The Report Agricultural Statistics of years 2006 to 2016, Crops [In Persian].
Moghaddam, F., & Rezaei, H. (2012). The role of domartan climatic zoning method for maximum daily precipitation in iran by linear moments method. Journal of Technical-Engineering Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, 2 (2), 93-103[In Persian].
Mohammadiyeganeh, B., Rezaie, H., & Cheraghi, M. (2012). Analysis of drought effects on the economics of rural areas in Abarkouh County during the period of 1997-2007. Regional Planning, 2, 27-38. [In Persian].
Mugi-Ngenga, E., Mucheru-Muna, M., Mugwe, J., Ngetich, F., Mairura, F., Mugendi, D., (2016). Household's socio-economic factors influencing the level of adaptation to climate variability in the dry zones of Eastern Kenya. Journal of Rural Studies, 43, 49-60.
Nasiri Mahallati, M., Kocheki, A., Kamali, Gh., & Marashi, H. (2006). The impact of climate change on iran's agricultural climate indicators. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2(7), 71-82.[In Persian].
Nataliya S. (2017). Adaptation of Russian agriculture to climatic variability: The role of federal and provincial policies. Journal Environmental Science & Policy, 68, 10-19.
Nicholson, S. E. (2014). A detailed look at the recent drought situation in the Greater Horn of Africa. Journal of Arid Environments, 103, 71-79.
Pour Mosavi, S., Shamaiee, A., Ahadnejad, M., EShghi Chahar Borj, A., & Khosravi, S. (2014). Vulnerability assessment of the city buildings by Fuzzy AHP Model and use of GIS system case study: District No. 3 of Tehran. Geography And Development Iranian Journal, 12(34), 121-138. doi: 10.22111/gdij.2014.1444. [In Persian]
Pourtaheri, M., Roknoddineftekhari, A. R., & Kazemi, N., ( 2013). The role of drought risk management approach in reducing socio-economic vulnerability of rural farmers from the point of view of officials and experts, Case study: Sulduz rural district, Western Azerbayjan. Rural Researches, 4, 1-22. [In Persian].
Qunying Luo, K. B. (2017). Economics and risk of adaptation options in the Australian cotton industry. Journal Agricultural Systems, 150, 46–53.
Ramezani,M., Sharafi, L., & Zarafshani, K. . (2017). Drought vulnerability assessmnt among wheat farmers in Esfahan Township. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education Reseearch, 10 (1), 1-16.
Rosaine N., & Yegbemey, H. K. (2014). Managing the agricultural calendar as coping mechanism to climate variability: A case study of maize farming in northern Benin, West Africa. Journal Climate Risk Management, 3, 13–23.
Samuel Adu-Prah, E. K. (2015). Spatiotemporal analysis of climate variability impacts on malaria prevalence in Ghana. Journal Applied Geography, 60, 266-273.
Sengestam, L. (2009). Division of capitals- What role does it play for gender-differentiated vulnerability to drought in Nicaragua? Community Development, 40, 154176-154189.
Sharafi, L. W., & Zarafshani, K. (2010). Measuring economic and social vulnerability of farmers against drought, Case study: Wheat farmers in Kermanshah, Sahneh and Ravansar Counties. Rural Researches, 4, 129-154. [In Persian].
Sharon P.; Magda T. (2018). The effects of climate variability on psychological well-being in India. Journal World Development, 106, 15-26.
Shewmake, Sh. (2008). Vulnerability and the impact of climate change in South Africa's Limpopo river Basin. International Food Policy Research Institute. Vol 804.
Simelton, E., Fraser, E. D. C., Termansen, M., Forster, P. M., & Dougill, A. J. (2009). Typologies of crop-drought vulnerability: An empirical analysis of the socio-economic factors that influence the sensitivity and resilience to drought of three major food crops in China 1961-2001. Environmental Science & Policy, 12, 438452-438469.
Stefanos Xenarios, K. R. (2017). Gender differentiated impacts from weather extremes: Insight from rural communities in South India. Journal Environmental Development, 24, 156-169.
Stone, R. C. (2014). Constructing a framework for national drought policy: The way forward – The way Australia developed and implemented the national drought policy. Journal Weather and Climate Extremes, 3, 117–125.
Tas T., Donkor A., David J. P., Michael J. R., Dean T. T., John M. Y. (2017). Climate change impacts and farm-level adaptation: Economic analysis of a mixed cropping–livestock system. Journal Agricultural Systems, 150, 99–108.
Tesfamicheal W., Thomas Berger, & Mekbib G. Hail. (2018). Impacts of climate variability and food price volatility on household income and food security of farm households in East and West Africa. Agricultural Systems, 163, 7-15.
Thi Phuoc L.N., Giovanna S., Salvatore Gonario P. V., Camillo T., Massimiliano P., Pier P. R. (2016). Perceiving to learn or learning to perceive? Understanding farmers' perceptions and adaptation to climate uncertainties. Journal Agricultural Systems, 143, 205-216.
Tobias Böhmelt, T. B. (2014). Demand, supply, and restraint: Determinants of domestic water conflict and cooperation. Journal Global Environmental Change, 29, 337-348.
Vasquez-Len, M., West, C. Th., & Finan. T. J. (2003). A comparative assessment of climate vulnerability: agriculture and ranching on both sides of the US-Mexico border. Global Environmental Change, 13, 159173-159189.
Walker, M., & Thers, A. (1996). Drought as a natural hazard. Drought: a Global Assessment, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Vol. I, edited by Donald A. Wilhite, chap. 1: 3-18.
Zarafshani, K., Sharafi, L., Azadi, H., & Van Passel, S. (2016). Vulnerability assessment models to drought: Toward a conceptual framework. Sustainability, 8 (6), 121-143.
Zarafshani, K., Sharafi, L., Azadi, H., Hosseininia, G.h., DeMaeyer, Ph., & Witlox, F. (2012). Drought vulnerability assessment: The case of wheat farmers in western Iran. Global and Planetary Change, 98–99 (0921-8181 ), 122-130.
Zvi Hochman, H. H. (2017). Smallholder farmers managing climate risk in India: 1. Adapting to a variable climate. Journal Agricultural Systems, 150, 54–66.
