Comparison of healthy crop cultivation behavior based on demographic variables (Case study: rural beneficiaries Kermanshah province in Iran)
مرضیه معرف
1
(
Ilam branch, islamic azad university,Ilam ,Iran
)
alireza poursaeed
2
(
دانش آموخته
)
roya eshraghi
3
(
islamic azad university, ilam branch
)
hamed chaharsoghi amin
4
(
Assistant professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran
)
الکلمات المفتاحية: demographic variables, Kermanshah province, Healthy crop cultivation, organic cultivate, behavioral comparison,
ملخص المقالة :
As the world's increasing population grows, providing the food needed by the human community is facing serious constraints, which has cused farmers to use pesticides and chemical pesticides for two reason: first increase their production and second fight against plant pests. Use of toxins and chemical fertilizers has put people at greater risk. Safe crop cultivation is a way to combat this problem. In the present study, researcher compare the cultivation behavior of healthy crop based on demographic variables. This research is a quantitative, ex-post facto (Causal-comparative research), non-experimental study. The statistical population of the study consisted of 80304 rural beneficaries in Kermanshah province that 385 people selected as sample size. Because of the dispersion of the statistical population, 400 questionnaires were distributed through multi-stage cluster sampling among the users. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of beneficiary's behaviors regarding the cultivation of healthy products in Kermanshah province based on the variables of participation in educational-extension classes, role model, age, work experience, educational level and monthly income. Only marital and gender variables were not significantly different. Success can be achieved by holding extension classes in this field and introducing exemplary and successful farmers as a role model and giving financial rewards to them. The government and the Agricultural Extension and Education Organization have a significant role to achieving this success.
Comparison of healthy crop cultivation behavior based on demographic variables (Case study: rural beneficiaries Kermanshah province in Iran)
Marzie Moaref 1 ؛Alireza Poursaeed 2؛ Roya Eshraghi Samani b؛ Hamed chaharsoghi Amin3
Abstract
As the world's increasing population grows, providing the food needed by the human community is facing serious constraints, which has cused farmers to use pesticides and chemical pesticides for two reason: first increase their production and second fight against plant pests. Use of toxins and chemical fertilizers has put people at greater risk. Safe crop cultivation is a way to combat this problem. In the present study, researcher compare the cultivation behavior of healthy crop based on demographic variables. This research is a quantitative, ex-post facto (Causal-comparative research), non-experimental study. The statistical population of the study consisted of 80304 rural beneficaries in Kermanshah province that 385 people selected as sample size. Because of the dispersion of the statistical population, 400 questionnaires were distributed through multi-stage cluster sampling among the users. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of beneficiary's behaviors regarding the cultivation of healthy products in Kermanshah province based on the variables of participation in educational-extension classes, role model, age, work experience, educational level and monthly income. Only marital and gender variables were not significantly different. Success can be achieved by holding extension classes in this field and introducing exemplary and successful farmers as a role model and giving financial rewards to them. The government and the Agricultural Extension and Education Organization have a significant role to achieving this success.
Keyword:Behavioral comparison.,Demographic variables.,Healthy crop cultivation., Kermanshah province., Organic farming
Introduction
Healthy crops farming is one of the sustainable agricultural strategies (Din Panah & Akhavan,2014) which relies on natural methods of pest and disease control and the use of artificial pesticides and herbicides, chemical fertilizers, hormones and antibiotics is prohibited as much as possible (Keshavarz & Mosavi,2018). Healthy farming is considered as one of the most important alternative farming systems to produce healthy crops without any chemicals(Dadashi et al.,2017).The official statistics and calculations provided by the researchers on the status of Iran's natural resources and environment are very disappointing(Rasoli & Taheryfar, 2015). Iran ranks second in terms of volume of erosion and destruction of fertile arable lands and natural resources after Australia ,due to soil destruction and erosion is equivalent to 33 tons per hectare, one of the main reasons for which is the overuse of fertilizers and chemical pesticides in the agricultural sector (Rasoli & Taheryfar, 2015). Like other innovations, the cultivation of healthy crops depends on a wide range of individual, social, economic and cultural factors (Pannell et al.,2006). A healthy product in the Implementing Regulations of Article B (61) of the Fourth Development Plan Act in Iran is said to be a product that is free of toxic and pollutant elements or compounds or produced with the maximum permissible residue. By this definition, a healthy product can be said to be the product of organic production which is free of toxic and pollutant elements and compounds, or the toxic elements and compounds present in the product less than the maximum permitted. Healthy crop cultivation behavior is a growing global trend that encourages policies to treat land properly. In conventional farming, fertilizers were used in large quantities, regardless of the results, contaminants and toxins produced, which led to many problems (Chakrabarty et al., 2014). Including the accumulation of more than 2 million tones of toxins in the ecosystem annually (PAN ,2009). That polluted products adversely affected the environment and human health of both the farmer and the consumer (Costa et al.,2014). The purpose of the land use policy is to reduce fertilizer and poisoning (Owens et al., 2010). That achieves this goal is to encourage farmers to cultivate healthy and organic crops (Yanakittkul & Aungvaravong,2017). The tendency for organic products is increasing every year, up 20% to 30% annually, mostly in the EU, US and Japan, so that in 2013 organic product revenues were 72 billion dollar (IFOAM, 2016). Various factors are involved in the acceptance of healthy crop cultivation behavior. In this study we compared the cultivation behavior of healthy crops based on demographic variables. In other words, is there a significant difference in different aspects of demographic factors in accepting healthy crop cultivation behavior?
Molaee et al, (2015) in their article, "investigating the willing and behavior of farmers to apply integrated pest management (IPM) using Extended Theory of Planned Behavior", concluded that there was a significant and positive relationship between the number of sessions of integrated pest management classes and behavior. Ghadimi et al, (2012) in a study titled "investigating the factors affecting farmers 'attitude to organic cultivation" concluded that attending organic farming and education classes positively affects farmers' attitudes, thereby promoting a positive attitude and accepting crop production. Motiee langhrody et al,(2010) in a study entitled "opportunities and threats in the field of healthy crop production in Iran" concluded that: lack of knowledge of healthy crop production management systems, small and scattered land, low income level, weak support Government, are weaknesses in healthy product production. Sikandar Azam & Banumathi (2015), in a study entitled the role of demographic factors in organic farming acceptance: Logistic Model, concluded that education, age and gender had a positive role in acceptance of organic farming by farmer whereas land ownership and number of family members had no significant effect on dependent variable . Hoseini & Ajoudani (2012), in a study entitled factors affecting organic farming adoption, agricultural experts have shown that economic and education-promoting factors account for up to 31% of respondents' acceptance, but there is no significant relationship between technical factors and acceptance. Results of the survey Okoedo-Okojie &Aphunu (2011), showed that despite the low level of knowledge of farmers in the field of plant nutrition, acceptance and application of fertilizers was high. However, admission is affected by lack of access to fertilizer, costs, lack of capital, and more. On the other hand, access to credit facilities, increased contact with extension system, training and practical demonstration of plant nutrition technologies are needed to improve and change the situation in fertilizer application. Zhou et al, (2010) in his study, "factors influencing farmers' decision on fertilizer case study in North China", showed the experiment had a positive impact on reducing fertilizer use. Strong friendly, and intimate relationships can improve access to unique information. Oladipo et al,(2009) their research stated that the role of farmers' production experience in fertilizer use cannot be accurately talked about, but there is a possibility that some older and more experienced farmers feel that increasing fertilizers has negative effects on environmental quality. Therefore, they tend to use green manure or fertilizer in accordance with scientific principles ( Zhang & Jiang,2009). Fakoya et al,( 2007) in their research, "female farmers' attitudes toward sustainable land management practices in Southwest Nigeria", concluded that age is an important factor in influencing fertilizer use decisions. Younger farmers are more inclined to reduce environmental pollution and use organic fertilizers. Adesina & Zinnah (1993), in their research entitled "Technological Indicators, Farmers' Viewpoints and Decision Making. The Tobit Model in Sierra Leone", a number of prominent researchers have found that young farmers are more inclined to sustainable farming considering the optimal use of fertilizers and pesticides. Kerhoft(1990), in his study of cultivation in the African forests, found that the environment (ecological area) of income, age, level of education had a significant impact on the decision to grow organic crops. Accordingly, we aimed to compare the cultivation behavior of healthy crops based on demographic variables, to answer this question: Which demographic variables have a significant relationship with healthy crop cultivation behavior?
Methodology
The study was carried out in the rural areas in Kermanshah province in Iran. Research is a Quantitative, ex-post facto (Causal-comparative research), non-experimental.It is practical in terms of purpose. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with Likert spectrum options whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Alpha Cronbach that was estimate to be 0.77. The data were analyzed by Spss19 software package.The statistical population of the research includes rural beneficiaries in Kermanshah province with 80303 people who were selected by using Cochran's formula 385 as sample size. Due to the size of the population and the irreversibility of the questionnaire, 400 questionnaires were distributed among farmers in Kermanshah province using multi-stage cluster sampling (Table1).
Table 1: Society size and statistical sample of research based on seven cities of Kermanshah province
Row | Selected cities | Farmer Grouping | Select a group | Statistical Society | sample |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kermanshah | 1- Rainfed land 2-Irrigated land 3-Garden | Rained land | 9014 | 142 |
2 | Eslamabad garb | 1-Rainfed land 2-Irrigated land 3-Garden | Rained land | 8152 | 128 |
3 | Sarpol zahab | 1-Rainfed land 2-Irrigated land 3-Garden | Rained land | 2023 | 32 |
4 | Gasreshirin | 1-Rainfed land 2-Irrigated land 3-Garden | Garden | 346 | 6 |
5 | Kangavar | 1-Rainfed land 2-Irrigated land 3-Garden | Irrigated land | 1667 | 26 |
6 | Harsin | 1-Rainfed land 2-Irrigated land 3-Garden | Irrigated land | 2329 | 37 |
7 | Paveh | 1-Rainfed land 2-Irrigated land 3-Garden | Garden | 1820 | 29 |
Total |
|
|
| 25351 | 400 |
The normality of the behavioral component is evaluated using the Kolomogorov-Smirnov test (Table2). Then, the difference between the mean of the dependent variable of the research about the behavior of the farmers regarding the cultivation of healthy crops based on demographic variables is examined by means of comparisons test.
Table 2-result of Kolomogorov-Smirnov test | ||||
factor | Number of respondents | Z | Sig. | result |
behavior | 400 | 0.05- | 0.002 | Acceptance of the hypothesis that data distribution is not normal |
Results and discussion
According to the results, the mean age of the users was 31.72 with a standard deviation of 11.39 years. 299 (75.3%) of the Kermanshah province's farmers were the most frequent males and only 24.7% were females. 33.7% of the surveyed farmers with the highest frequency asserted ,earning between three and four million per month, and 1.6% of the least frequent farmers reported having more than five million per month. 25.6% of the studied farmers had the highest diploma education and only 4 (1%) were the least illiterate. 310 people (78.9%) of the studied farmers in Kermanshah province did not participate in training programs on cultivation of healthy products (such as organic). However, only 21.1% (83) of them attended such training courses.
Based on the results presented in Table (2), the research assumption that the distribution of data on behavioral variables among the villagers of Kermanshah province is not normalized is accepted. Therefore, nonparametric tests (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis) are then used to compare the average behavior of farmers in cultivating healthy crops based on their individual and professional characteristics. For this purpose, Mann-Whitney nonparametric test is used to compare the behavior of farmers based on gender, marital status, participation in training-extension courses and role modeling. In addition, the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test is used to compare the behavior of farmers regarding the cultivation of healthy crops based on variables of age, work background, education level and monthly income. Table (2) shows a comparison of the behavior of the villagers based on gender.
Table 3. Comparison of the behavior of farmers in relation to the cultivation of healthy crops on the basis of gender | |||||||
dependent variable | independent variable | category | frequncy | Mean rank | Z | P-value | |
behavior | gender | female | 98 | 188.38 | 1.05- | 0.290 | |
male | 299 | 202.48 | |||||
The results presented in Table (3) indicate that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of farmers' behavior regarding cultivation of healthy crops in Kermanshah province based on the gender of the respondents; In other words, it can be stated that there is no statistically significant difference between the behavior of women and men in Kermanshah province regarding cultivation of healthy crops. Table (4) shows the comparison of the behavior of rural farmers based on marital status variables.
Table 4. Comparison of the behavior of farmers in relation to the cultivation of healthy crops on the basis of marital status | |||||||
dependent variable | independent variable | category | frequncy | Mean rank | Z | P-value | |
behavior | marital status | married | 268 | 206.00 | 1.49- | 0.137 | |
single | 131 | 187.73 | |||||
The results presented in Table (4) indicate that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the farmers' behavior regarding cultivation of healthy crops in Kermanshah province based on the marital status of the respondents. In other words, it can be stated that there is no statistically significant difference between the behavior of married and single farmers in Kermanshah province regarding cultivation of healthy crops. Table (5) below presents a comparison of farmers' behavior based on variable participation in training-extension courses.
Table 5. Comparison of the behavior of farmers in relation to the cultivation of healthy crops on the basis of marital status | |||||||
dependent variable | independent variable | category | frequncy | Mean rank | Z | P-value | |
behavior | Participate in class | yes | 83 | 208.34 | 3.83**- | 0.000 | |
No | 310 | 154.66 | |||||
*Significance at 5%
Based on the results presented in Table (5), it was found that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean score of villager regarding cultivation of healthy crops in Kermanshah province based on variable in training-extension classes. On the basis of the mean rank, it can be stated that the users who participated in training-extension classes on cultivation of healthy products (such as organic) had a stronger attitude than the users who didn’t participate. In other words, it can be stated that attending promotional classes improves the behavior of the users to cultivate healthy crops. Table (6) shows a comparison of the behavior of the farmers in terms of role model variables.
Table 6. Comparison of the behavior of farmers in relation to the cultivation of healthy crops on the basis of role model. | |||||||
dependent variable | independent variable | category | frequncy | Mean rank | Z | P-value | |
behavior | Role model | yes | 140 | 238.62 | -5.57 ** | 000/0 | |
No | 251 | 172.23 | |||||
*Significance at 5%
The results presented in Table (6) indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of farmers' behavior regarding healthy crops cultivation in Kermanshah province based on the role model variable. On the basis of the mean ranking, it can be stated that users who have role models in the cultivation of healthy crops (such as organic) have a stronger behavior than those who do not. In other words, it can be stated that having role models in the cultivation of healthy crops improves the behavior of the farmers for the cultivation of healthy crops. Table (7) shows the comparisons of farmer behavior based on age variables.
Table 7 - A Comparison of the Farmers' Behavior on Healthy Crops by Age Class | |||||||
Dependent variable | independent | category | ferequncy | Mean rank | χ2 | P-value | |
behavior | Age category | 25 and less | 139 | 208.25 | **19.27 | 0.001 | |
26-35 | 136 | 214.46 | |||||
36-45 | 61 | 191.11 | |||||
46-55 | 42 | 173.52 | |||||
56 and more | 19 | 102.34 | |||||
** Significance at 5% | |||||||
The results presented in Table (7) show that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean score of exploited villagers' behavior regarding cultivation of healthy crops in Kermanshah province based on age variable. It can be stated that younger farmers have a stronger attitude towards cultivating healthy crops than older farmers in Kermanshah province. In other words, it can be stated that as farmers age, the behavior of farmers to cultivate healthy crops becomes weaker and vice versa. Table (8) shows a comparison of the behavior of the villager based on the variables of their experience year.
Table8- Comparison of Farmers' Behaviors on Healthy Crops Based on Experience category | |||||||
Dependent variable | Independent variable | category | ferequncy | Mean rank | χ2 | P-value | |
behavior | Experienced in work | 12 year and less | 259 | 210.33 | **17.27 | 0.001 | |
13-24 | 70 | 211.77 | |||||
25-34 | 45 | 161.49 | |||||
45 year and more | 25 | 129.30 | |||||
| |||||||
The results presented in Table (8) indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of farmers' behavior regarding cultivation of healthy crops in Kermanshah province based on the variables of the experience work category, so that based on the average rank It can be stated that farmers with less work experience have a stronger attitude towards cultivating healthy crops in Kermanshah province than those with more work experience. In other words, it can be stated that with increasing work experience, the behavior of farmers to cultivate healthy crops is weakened and vice versa.
Table 9- Comparison of Farmers' Behaviors on Healthy Crops Based on Level of Education | |||||||
Dependent variable | Independent variable | category | ferequncy | Mean rank | χ2 | P-value | |
behavior | Level of education | illiterate | 4 | 20.63 | **41.76 | 0.000 | |
Elementary | 18 | 89.50 | |||||
intermediate | 31 | 195.44 | |||||
High school | 72 | 198.00 | |||||
diploma | 98 | 175.84 | |||||
Associate degree | 48 | 205.69 | |||||
Bachelor | 67 | 194.83 | |||||
Master and higher | 45 | 252.66 | |||||
** Significance at 5%
| |||||||
Based on the results presented in Table (9), it was found that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of farmers' behavior regarding healthy crops cultivation in Kermanshah province based on education level variable, so that based on the mean rank It can be stated that farmers with lower education are Less interested to cultivate healthy crops in Kermanshah province than those with higher education. In other words, in general it can be stated that with the increase of education level, the behavior of the farmers to cultivate healthy crops becomes stronger and vice versa. Table (10) shows a comparison of farmers' behavior of farmers based on monthly income level variables.
Table 10- Comparison of Farmers' Behaviors on Healthy Crops Based on Level of income | |||||||
Dependent variable | Independent variable | category | frequncy | Mean rank | χ2 | P-value | |
behavior | Income level | 1million and less | 54 | 145.01 | **32.19 | 0.000 | |
1-2 million | 107 | 179.49 | |||||
2-3 million | 42 | 190.17 | |||||
3-4 million | 129 | 195.80 | |||||
4-5 million | 45 | 252.66 | |||||
5 million and higher | 6 | 314.33 | |||||
** Significance at 5%
| |||||||
The results presented in Table (10) show that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of farmers' behavior regarding healthy crops cultivation in Kermanshah province based on monthly income (TUM) variable. On the basis of mean rank it can be stated that with increasing monthly income of farmers in Kermanshah province, their behavior cultivation of healthy crops will also increase. In other words, it can be stated that the income of the farmers has a positive effect on their behavior the cultivation of healthy crops.
According to the results, there was no significant difference between the mean scores of farmers' behavior healthy crops cultivation in Kermanshah province based on the gender of the respondents, which is contrary to the findings (Sikandar Azam & Banumathi, 2015). There was no statistically significant difference between mean scores of farmers' behavior healthy crops cultivation in Kermanshah province based on marital status of the respondents. The results also showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of farmers' behavior healthy crops cultivation in Kermanshah province based on variable in training-extension classes. Based on the results it can be stated that participation in training-promoting classes improves the behavior of the users for cultivation of healthy products that it is in line with the results of the investigation of Molaee et al,(2015),ghadimi et al,(2012), Hoseini & Ajoudani (2012), Okojie & Aphunu(2011). The results showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of farmers' behavior healthy crops cultivation in Kermanshah province based on variable role model. Based on the results, it can be stated that having role models for healthy crops improves the behavior of the farmers for healthy crops, which is in line with the results of Oladipo et al,(2009). There was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of farmers' behavior regarding healthy crops cultivation in Kermanshah province based on age variable. It can be concluded that with increasing age, the behavior of farmers to cultivate healthy crops is weakened. This is in line with the results of Sikandar Azam and Banumathi (2015), Adesina & Zinnah (1993), kerhoft (1990), Fakoya et al , (2007) But it is contrary to the research results Zhang & jiang (2009). There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of farmers' behavior cultivation of healthy crops in Kermanshah province based on the variable of experience. Based on these results, it can be stated that with increasing work experience, the behavior of farmers to cultivate healthy crops is weakened, which is contrary to the results of research of Zhou., et al (2010) and Zhang & jiang (2009). There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of farmers' behavior regarding healthy crops cultivation in Kermanshah province based on the level of education , that in the line with result of research of Sikandar Azam, Banumathi (2015) and kerhoft(1990). There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of farmers' behavior cultivation of healthy crops in Kermanshah province based on the variable monthly income(TUM). Increasing the monthly income of farmers in Kermanshah province cause increase in their attitude towards cultivating healthy crops, this result coordinate with results of research of Motiee langhrody et al,(2010). Due to the destructive effects of farmers' behavior, examining pro-environmental behaviors seems necessary so healthy crop cultivation was considered as a protective behavior in this study.
In macro-level_ This level related to the political and national activities in the country, which include laws and regulations. In Iran, due to the lack of specific government policies in planning for healthy products, there is little potential for the production of organic and healthy crops, so government agencies have to anticipate certain policies such as: allocation of funds for the development of production infrastructure, Increasing the market for healthy products.
In intermediate level_ At this level Focus is on institutions such as NGOs and development organizations. They focus on educational services, the role of the private and public sectors, levels of privatization, and levels of institutional experts. Institutions and organizations need to use new methods of information and service advertising, such as the media and the Internet and create campaigns to create a positive attitude among the farmers especially young ones because most of the farmers in Kermanshah are young and they have a more positive tendency to cultivate healthy crops.
In Micro level_ Focuses on identifying the specific needs and priorities of the users. Material and educational needs are the most important factors that should be considered. Extension organization with the help of change agents can resolve the educational needs of farmers by holding extension training classes.
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چکیده
مقایسه رفتار کشت محصول سالم براساس متغیرهای جمعیت شناختی(مطالعه موردی : استان کرمانشاه، ایران)
با افزایش جمعیت روزافزون جهان ، تأمین غذای مورد نیاز جامعه بشری با محدودیت های جدی روبرو است ، این امر به دو دلیل باعث شده است که کشاورزان از سموم دفع آفات و سموم شیمیایی استفاده کنند: اول افزایش تولید و دوم مبارزه با آفات گیاهی .استفاده از سموم و کودهای شیمیایی افراد را در معرض خطر بیشتری قرار داده است. کشت محصولات ایمن راهی برای مبارزه با این مشکل است. در مطالعه حاضر ، پژوهشگر رفتار کشت محصولات سالم را بر اساس متغیرهای جمعیت شناختی مقایسه کرده است. این تحقیق یک مطالعه غیر آزمایشی از نوع کمی ، پس رویدادی(تحقیق علی - مقایسه ای) است. جامعه آماری تحقیق 80304 نفربهره بردار روستایی استان کرمانشاه بود که 385 نفر به عنوان حجم نمونه انتخاب شدند. به دلیل پراکندگی جامعه آماری ، 400 پرسشنامه از طریق نمونه گیری خوشه ای چند مرحله ای بین کاربران توزیع شد.نتایج نشان داد که بین میانگین نمرات رفتاربهره برداران در خصوص کشت محصولات سالم در استان کرمانشاه بر اساس متغیرهای شرکت در کلاسهای آموزشی - ترویجی ، الگوی نقش ، سن ، سابقه کار، سطح تحصیلات و درآمد ماهانه ، تفاوت معنی داری وجود دارد. فقط متغیرهای تاهل و جنسیتی تفاوت معنی داری با رفتار کشت محصول سالم نداشتند. با برگزاری کلاسهای ترویجی در این زمینه و معرفی کشاورزان نمونه و موفق به عنوان الگو و دادن پاداش مالی به آنها می توان به موفقیت هایی در زمینه کشاورزی سالم دست یافت.دولت و سازمان ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی در دستیابی به این موفقیت نقش بسزایی دارند
کلمات کلیدی: مقایسه رفتار ، متغیرهای جمعیت شناختی، کشت محصول سالم، استان کرمانشاه، کشت محصول ارگانیک
[1] Ph.D in agricultural extension and education.Ilam branch,Islamic Azad University,Ilam,Iran
[2] Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Ilam branch,Islamic Azad University,Ilam,Iran
[3] Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Ilam branch,Islamic Azad University,Ilam,Iran
* Corresponding author’s email:a_poursaeed@yahoo.com
