Effects of Azolla Compost Versus Peat and Cocopeat on the Growth and Nutrition of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) in Pot Culture
الموضوعات : مجله گیاهان زینتیSadegh Khozuei 1 , Moazam Hassanpour Asil 2 , Ali Mahboub Khomami 3 , Seyedeh Khadijeh Abbasnia Zare 4 , Goshgar Moharram Mammadov 5
1 - Department of Horticulture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
2 - Department of Horticulture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
3 - Faculty Member of Soil and Water Research Department, Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
4 - Rasht Branch Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
5 - Soil Science and Agrochemistry Institute, Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
الکلمات المفتاحية: compost, Peat, Perlite, Cocopeat, <i>Azolla</i>,
ملخص المقالة :
This experiment was performed to evaluate the application of Azolla compost in growth environments containing peat + perlite in comparison with cocopeat + perlite on the growth and nutrition of chrysanthemums in a completely randomized design with five levels of Azolla (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% ) in three replication. It was found that the nutrients of Azolla compost substrates were richer than peat and cocopeat. The results showed that use of Azolla as compost increases the elements of phosphorus and potassium in the growing medium, but only the potassium increases in the leaves. The highest amount of leaf nitrogen and potassium was at 50% compost. Twenty five to seventy-five percent compost was not significantly different from peat or cocopeat in terms of final plant hieght, flowering branch length, number of leaves and petal carotenoids. With increasing compost, physical properties of the substrates were within the recommended range, and bulk density (0.31, 0.33, 0.30 and 0.30 g cm-3, respectively) increased compared to peat and cocopeat (0.18 and 0.16 g cm-3). One hundered percent compost had the highest chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll. Substitution of 25-100 % compost increased pH and EC of growth media. The results showed that the use of 25-75% compost could be a good alternative to peat, but was not significantly different from cocopeat. Due to the relatively high price and import of peat and cocopeat, and the negative impact of high amounts of compost on increasing growth medium EC, the use of 50% Azolla compost is economically preferred.
Abad, M., Noguera, P. and Bures, S. 2001. National inventory of organic wastes for use as growing media for ornamental potted plant production: Case study in Spain. Bioresource Technology, 77 (2): 197-200.
Allison, J.C.S., Williams, H.T. and Pammenter, N.W. 1997. Effect of specific leaf nitrogen content on photosynthesis of sugarcane. Annals of Applied Biology, 63: 135-144.
Atiyeh, R.M., Edwards, C.A., Subler, S. and Metzger, J.D. 2001. Pig manure vermicompost as a component of a horticultural bedding plant medium: Effects on physicochemical properties and plant growth. Bioresource Technology, 78 (1): 11-20.
Baran, A., Çaycı, G., Kütük, C. and Hartmann, R. 2001. Composted grape marc as growing medium for hypostases (Hypostases phyllostagya). Bioresource Technology, 78 (1): 103-106.
Bergquist, S. 2006. Bioactive compounds in baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Effects of pre- and postharvest factors. Doctoral dissertation. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Alnarp, Sweden.
Carstensen, A., Herdean, A., Birkelund Schmidt, S., Sharma, A., Spetea, C., Pribil, M. and Husted, S. 2018. The impacts of phosphorus deficiency on the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Plant Physiology, 177 (1): 271-284.
Chen, J., Dennis, B., McConnell, R., Henney, J. and Everitt, C. 2003. Cultural guidelines for commercial production of interiorscape dieffenbachia. doi.org/10.32473/edis-ep137-2003
Chen, Y., Inbar, Y. and Hadar, Y. 1988. Composted agricultural wastes as potting media for ornamental plants. Soil Science, 145: 298-303.
Cristiano, G., Vuksani, G., Tufarelli, V. and De Lucia, B. 2018. Response of weeping lantana (Lantana montevidensis) to compost-based growing media and electrical conductivity level in soilless culture: First evidence plants. Plants (Basel), 7(2): 24. doi: 10.3390/plants7020024
Fonteno, W.C., Cassel, D. and Larson, R.A. 1981. Physical properties of three container media and their effect on poinsettia growth (Euphorbia pulcherrima). Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 106: 736-741.
Fouche, J.R., Roberts, S.C., Midgley, S.J.E. and Steyn, W.J. 2010. Peel color and blemishes in ‘Granny Smith’ apples in relation to canopy light environment. HortScience, 45: 899–905.
Goos, R.J. 1995. A laboratory exercise to demonstrate nitrogen mineralization and immobilization. Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education, 24 (1): 67-69.
Grigatti, M., Giorgioni, M.E. and Ciavatta, C. 2007. Compost-based growing media: Influence on growth and nutrient use of bedding plants. Bioresource Technology, 98 (18): 3526-3534.
Houba, V.J.G., van der Lee, J.J., Novozamsky, I. and Walinga, I. 1989. Soil and plant analysis, a series of syllabi, part 5, soil analysis procedures. Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen.
Inze, D. and Montagu, M.V. 2000. Oxidative stress in plants. Cornavall, Great Britain. 105- 135.
Jiang, Y. and Huang, N. 2001. Drought and heat stress injury to two cool-season turfgrasses in relation to antioxidant metabolism and lipid peroxidation. Crop Science, 41: 436-442.
Katsoulas, N., Kittas, C., Dimokas, G. and Lykas, C.H. 2006. Effect of irrigation frequency on rose flower production and quality. Biosystems Engineering, 93(2): 237-244.
Kirkby, H.P. and Zude, M. 2001. Sensing of tomato plant response to hypoxia in the root environment. Scientia Horticulturae, 122: 17-25.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. and Buschmann, C. 2001. Current protocols in food analytical chemistry. John Wiley, Sons, Inc. F4.3.1-F4.3.8.
Mahboub Khomami, A. 2015. The possibility using the composted peanut shells in the growth of marigold and Viola tricolor plants. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 5 (1): 61-66.
Mahboub Khomami, A., Ajili Lahiji, A., Alipoor, R. and Hojati, S.I. 2019. The effect of peanut shells as a substitute for peat in potting media on growth and nutrition of Begonia rex. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 9 (3): 213-221.
Mahboub Khomami, A., Haddad, A., Alipoor, R. and Hojati, S.E. 2021a. Cow manure and sawdust vermicompost effect on nutrition and growth of ornamental foliage plants. Central Asian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Innovation, 2: 68-78.
Mahboub Khomami, A., Padasht, M.N., Ajili Lahiji, A. and Mahtab, F. 2019. Reuse of peanut shells and Azolla mixes as a peat alternative in growth medium of Diefenbachia amoena ‘Tropic Snow’. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 8: 151–157.
Mahboub Khomami, A., Padasht, M.N., Alipoor, R. and Hojaty, S.E. 2021b. Effect of nutrient solution and azolla and rice straw mixed compost on nutrition and growth of Dieffenbachia amoena in potting medium. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 11 (1): 1-12.
Meinzer, F.C. and Zhu, J. 1998. Nitrogen stress reduces the efficiency of the C4CO2 concentrating system, and therefore quantum yield, in Saccharum (sugarcane) species. Journal of Experimental Botany, 49: 1227- 1234.
Mohammadi Torkashvand, A., Alidoust, M. and Mahboub Khomami, A.M. 2015. The reuse of peanut organic wastes as a growth medium for ornamental plants. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 4 (2): 85–94.
Murphy, J. and Riley, J.P. 1962. A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 27: 31–36.
Nappi, P. and Barberris, R. 1993. Compost as growing medium: Chemical, physical and biological aspecrs. Acta Horticulturae, 342: 249-256.
Nelson, D.W. and Sommers, L.E. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (eds). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2 chemical and microbiological properties. ASA, SSSA Publ, Madison, 539–579.
Ryan, M., Wilson, S., Hepperly, P., Travis, J., Halbrendly, N. and Wise, A. 2005. Compost tea potential is still brewing. Biocyle, 46: 30-32.
SAS Institute Inc. 2001. SAS procedures guide, version 8.2. SAS Institute Inc, Cary.
Simon, E.W., Minchin, A., McMenamin, M.M. and Smith, J.M. 1976. The low temperature limit for seed germination. New Phytologist, 77: 301–11.
Teixeira, D.A. and Silva, J.A. 2003. Chrysanthemum: Advances in tissue culture, crop reservation, postharvest technology, genetics, and transgenic. Biotechnology Advances, 21: 715-766.
Verdonck, O. and Gabriels, R. 1992. International society for horticultural science. Acta Horticulturae, 302: 169–180.
Zucconi, F., Pera, A. and Forte, M. and Bertoldi, M. 1981. Evaluating toxicity of immature compost. Biology Cycle, 22: 54–57.
