Effect of Nutrient Solution and Azolla and Rice Straw Mixed Compost on Nutrition and Growth of Dieffenbachia amoena in Potting Medium
الموضوعات : مجله گیاهان زینتیAli Mahboub Kkhomami 1 , Mohammad Naghi Padasht Dahkaei 2 , Reza Alipoor 3 , Seyyed Ibrahim Hojati 4
1 - Soil and Water Research Department, Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Iran
2 - Horticulture Crops Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Iran
3 - Horticulture Crops Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Iran
4 - Horticulture Crops Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Rasht, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: Peat, Perlite, growth factors, Vermiculite,
ملخص المقالة :
This experiment was performed to investigate the effect of Azolla and rice straw mixed compost in peat substitution on Dieffenbachia amoena. Factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with two factors of nutrient solution in 2 levels (1- without solution, 2- with 130 mg N L-1, 32 mg P L-1 and 117 mg K L-1) and 5 levels of Azolla and rice straw mixed compost (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 %) was done in 3 replications, with 3 plants per treatment in greenhouse conditions. Azolla and rice straw mixed compost was replaced with peat in the control. Compost was prepared from a volumetric mixture of 50 % Azolla and 50 % rice straw. Azolla and rice straw mixed compost replaced peat in the control treatment. The control bed contained 10 % perlite: 30 % vermiculite: 60 % peat (volume percentage). Growth factors including height, diameter, number of leaves, chlorophyll index, fresh leaf weight, fresh stem weight, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf area, physical and chemical characteristics of growth medium and nutrients were measured. The results showed that the use of 45 % Azolla and rice straw mixed compost in replacement with peat (with formula 10 % perlite: 30 % vermiculite: 45 % Azolla and rice straw mixed compost: 15 % peat), in addition to improves the growth factors of Dieffenbachia amoena plant, reduces the consumption of peat by up to 75 %.
Anitha, K.C., Rajeshwari, Y.B., Prasanna, S.B. and Shilpa Shree, J. 2016. Nutritive evaluation of Azolla as livestock feed. Department of Livestock Production and Management, Veterinary College, Bengaluru- 560 024.
Asadi, P., Sam Daliri, M. and Mobaser, H.R. 2009. The effect of straw management on yield and ratoon agronomic indices of rice cultivars in Amol. New Agricultural Findings, 1: 1-11. (In Persian)
Barrett, G.E., Alexander, P.D., Robinsonb, J.S. and Bragg, N.C. 2016. Achieving environmentally sustainable growing media for soilless plant cultivation systems – A review. Scientia Horticulturae, 212: 220–234.
Beeson Jr, R.C. 1996. Composted yard waste as a component of container substrates. Journal of Environmental Hortigrowth, 14: 115-l2l.
Bremner, J.M. and Mulvaney, C.S. 1982. Nitrogen total. In: Page, A. L., Miller R. H., Keeney D.R. (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis: American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp. 575-624.
Bugbee, G.J. and Frink, C.R. 1989. Composted waste as a peat substitute in peat-lite media. Horticultural Science, 24: 625-627.
Cavins, T.J., Whipker, B.E., Fonteno, W.C., Harden, B., McCall, I. and Gibson, J.L. 2000. Monitoring and managing pH and EC using the PourThru extraction method. North Carolina State, Horticulture Information Leaflet 590, pp 1–17.
Champion, P.D., Clayton, J.S. and Hofstra, D.E. 2010. Nipping aquatic plant invasions in the bud: Weed risk assessment and the trade. Hydrobiology, 656: 167–172.
Chen, Y., Inbar, Y. and Harda, Y. 1988. Composted agricultural wastes as potting media for ornamental plants. Soil Science, 145 (4): 298-303.
Chen, J., McConnell, D.B., Robinson, C.A., Caldwell, R.D. and Huang, Y. 2002. Production and interior performances of tropical ornamental foliage plants grown in container substrates amended with compost. Compost Science and Utilization, 10 (3): 217-225.
Fernández-Zamudio, R., Cirujano, S., Sánchez-Carrillo, S., Meco, A. and García-Murillo, P. 2013. Clonal reproduction of Azolla filiculoides Lam.: Implications for invasiveness. Limnetica, 32: 245–252.
Fonteno, W.C. 1996. Growing media: Types and physical/chemical properties. In: Reed DW (ed) Water, media, and nutrition of greenhouse crops. Ball Publications, Batavia, pp 93–122.
Fonteno, W.C., Cassel, D.K. and Larson, R.A. 1981. Physical properties of three container media and their effect on poinsettia growth. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 106 (6): 736-741.
Forghan, K. and Mahboub Khomami, A. 2018. Effect of Azolla compost and various biofertilizers on growth and quality of zinnia flower (Zinnia elegans). Journal of Ornamental Plants, 8 (2): 111-119.
Hashemloian, B.D. and Azimi, A.A. 2009. Alien and exotic Azolla in Northern Iran. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (2): 187-190.
Horwitz, W. 1980. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists, 13th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington.
Houba, V.J.G., Van der Lee, J.J., Novozamsky, I. and Walinga, I. 1989. Soil and plant analysis, a series of syllabi, part 5, soil analysis procedures. Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen.
Inbar, Y., Hadar, Y. and Chen, Y. 1993. Recycling of cattle manure: The composting process and characterization of maturity. Journal of Environmental Quality, 22: 857-863.
Janes, R.A., Eaton, J.W. and Hardwick, K. 1996. The effects of floating mats of Azolla filiculoides Lam. and Lemna Kunth minutes on the growth of submerged macrophytes. In: Management and Ecology of Freshwater Plants; Caffrey, J.M., Barrett, P.R.F., Murphy, K.J., Wade, P.M., Eds .; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 23–26.
Jayasinghe, G.Y., Liyana Arachchi, I.D. and Tokashki, Y. 2010. Evaluation of containerized substrates developed from cattle manure compost and synthetic aggregates for ornamental plant production as a peat alternative. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54: 1412-1418.
Khomami, A.M. and Dehkaei, M.N.P. 2010. Effect of composted azolla in different growth media on growth and nutrient elements compasition in Ficus benjamina plant cv. Starlight. Seed and Plant Production Journal, 4: 417-430. ( In Persion)
Mahboub Khomami, A. 2007. Nutrition of ornamental plants (Vol. 1). Haghshenas Publications. (In Persion)
Mahboub Khomami, A., Ajili Lahiji, A., Alipoor, R. and Hojati S.I. 2019 a. The effect of peanut shells as a substitute for peat in potting media on growth and nutrition of Begonia rex. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 9 (3): 213-221.
Mahboub Khomami, A., Padasht, M.N., Ajili Lahiji, A. and Mahtab, F. 2019 b. Reuse of peanut shells and Azolla mixes as a peat alternative in growth medium of Dieffenbachia amoena ‘Tropic Snow’. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture,8: 151–157.
Marfa, O., Tort, J.M., Olivella, C., Caceres, R. and Martinez, F.X. 1998. Cattle manure compost as substrate. II. Conditioning and formulation of growing media for pot plants and bag cultures. In: Proceedings of the ISHS. International Symposium on Composting and Use of Composted material, 5-11 April 1997. Szmidt, Auchincruive, Scotland. Acta Horticulturae, 469: 305-312.
Massaa, D., Malorgiob, F., Lazzereschia, S., Carmassib, G., Prisaa, D. and Burchi. G. 2018. Evaluation of two green composts for peat substitution in geranium (Pelargonium zonale L.) cultivation: Effect on plant growth, quality, nutrition, and photosynthesis. Scientia Horticulturae, 228: 213–221.
Michiels, P., Hartmann, R. and Coussenes, C. 1993. Physical properties of peat in an ebb/flood irrigation system. Acta Horticulturae, 342: 205-219.
Mousavi Shalmani, M.A., Lekzian, A., Khorasani, R., Khavazi, K. and Mohati, S.M. 2017. Evaluation of DMPP efficiency in nitrification inhibition under different levels of wheat straw using N15 isotopic tracer. Journal of Soil Research (Soil and Water Sciences), 1 (3): 19-32. (In Persian)
Munter, R.C. and Grande, R.A. 1981. Plant tissue and soil extract analysis by ICP-atomic emission spectrometry. In: Barnes RM (ed) Developments in atomic plasma spectrochemical analysis. Heyden and Son Ltd., London, pp 653–672.
Murphy, J. and Riley, J.P. 1962. A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 27: 31–36.
Nelson, D.W. and Sommers, L.E. 1982. Total carbon and organic carbon and organic matter. In: Page AL, Miller RH, Keeney DR (Eds.). Method of soil analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp. 539-579.
Salehzadeh, A. and Naeemi, A.S. 2017. Biodiesel production from Azolla filiculoides (water fern). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13: 957-960.
Savvas, D. and Gruda, N. 2018. Application of soilless culture technologies in the modern greenhouse industry - A review. eJHS 5: 280–293. https://doi.org/10.17660/eJHS. 2018/83.5.2.
Schaetzl, R.J. and Thompson, M.L. 2015. Soils. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Setiawati, M.R., Damayani, M. Herdiyantoro, D. Suryatmana, P. Anggraini D. and Khumairah, F.H. 2017. The Application dosage of Azolla pinnata in fresh and powder form as organic fertilizer on soil chemical properties, growth and yield of rice plant. The 1st International Conference and Exhibition on Powder Technology Indonesia, 030017-1–030017-5.
Taylor, H.M. and Ratliff, L.F. 1969. Root elongation rates of cotton and peanuts as a function of soil strength and soil water content. Soil Science, 108: 113-119.
Verdonck, O. 1992. ISHS - commission for plant substrates. Acta Horticulturae, 302: 169-179.
Verdonck, O. and Gabriels. R. 1992. I. Reference method for the determination of physical properties of plant substrates. II. Reference method for the determination of chemical properties of plant substrates. Acta Horticulturae, 302: 169- 179.
Yeager, T.H., Bilderback, T.E., Fare, D., Gilliam, C., Lea-Cox, J.D., Niemiera, A.X., Ruter, J.M., Tilt, K., Warren, S., Whitwell, T. and Wright, R.D. 2007. Best management practices: Guide for producing nursery crops, 2nd edn. S. Nursery Assoc, Atlanta.
