The Effect of Different Dietary Crude Protein Content on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Blood Metabolites of Cull Bali Cows Fed on Urea-Treated Rice Straw
الموضوعات :
I.G.N. Jelantik
1
,
G.E.M. Malelak
2
,
I. Benu
3
,
C.L.O. Leo-Penu
4
1 - Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Fishery and Marine Science, the University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia
2 - Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Fishery and Marine Science, the University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia
3 - Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Fishery and Marine Science, the University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia
4 - Department of Animal Production, Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnique, Kupang, Indonesia
الکلمات المفتاحية: weight gain, protein level, concentrate, cull Bali cows, urea-treated rice straw,
ملخص المقالة :
Feeding cull cows with a balanced concentrate is a major strategy to improve meat production and quality. The optimal protein level of the concentrate is rarely determined specifically for indigenous cull Bali cows fed urea-treated rice straw. The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding concentrate differing in crude protein (CP) content on the feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of cull Bali cows fed urea-treated rice straw. We used 24 thin cull Bali cows that were randomly assigned into three groups of 8 animals to receive concentrates containing different CP levels as treatments, i.e. 12.6% (CP12), 14.2% (CP14), and 16.4% (CP16) at dry matter (DM) basis. The concentrate allowance was 2% live weight (LW) and urea-treated rice straw was offered at 1% LW. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. The measured variables included the intake and digestibility of DM and nutrients, rumen ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, blood plasma of glucose (GLUC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), average daily gain (ADG), live weight gain (LWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Dry matter intake (DMI) decreased linearly (P<0.05) with increasing CP content of the concentrate, but the digestibility of dry matter as well as other nutrients was not affected. There was a linear increase in rumen ammonia concentration (P<0.05) with increasing CP content in the concentrate. The ruminal total VFA concentration was not affected (P>0.05) by the treatments, but the concentrations of propionate, butyrate, and n-valerate were lowest (P<0.05) in CP16. The GLUC, BUN and blood profiles, including packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin declined by feeding concentrate with increasing CP levels. The levels of ADG, LWG and FCR were significantly higher (P<0.05) in CP12 than in CP14 and CP16. In conclusion, feeding concentrate containing more than 12.6% CP reduces the intake, rumen parameters, blood metabolites and ADG of cull Bali cows when fed at 2% LW.
Adam M., Lubis T.M., Abdyad B., Asmilia N., Muttaqien M. and Fakhrurrazi F. (2015). Total erythrocytes count and haematocrit value of Aceh and Bali cattle in Leumbah Seulawah, Aceh Besar. J. Med. Vet. 9(2), 115-118.
Allen M.S., Sousa D.O. and VandeHaar M.J. (2019). Equation to predict feed intake response by lactating cows to factors related to the filling effect of rations. J. Dairy Sci. 102, 7961-7969.
Amaral P.D.M., Mariz L.D.S., Benedeti P.D.B., Silva L.G.D., Paula E.M.D., Monteiro H.F. and Faciola A.P. (2016). Effects of static or oscillating dietary crude protein levels on fermentation dynamics of beef cattle diets using a dual-flow continuous culture system. PLoS One. 11(12), e0169170.
AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Aquino D., Del Barrio A., Trach N.X., Hai N.T., Khang D.N., Toan N.T. and Hung N.V. (2020). Rice straw-based fodder for ruminants. Pp. 111-130 in Sustainable Rice Straw Management. M. Gummert, N.V. Hung, P. Chivenge and B. Douthwaite, Eds., Springer Nature, Switzerland.
Bannink A., Kogut J., Dijkstra J., France J., Kebreab E., Van Vuuren A.M. and Tamminga S. (2006). Estimation of the stoichiometry of volatile fatty acid production in the rumen of lactating cows. J. Theor. Biol. 238(1), 36-51.
Chainam J., Opatpatanakit Y., Kiatbenjakul P., Lin R.S. and Kiratikarnkul S. (2019). Carcass characteristics, meat quality and eating quality of culled dairy cows. Sci. Technol. Asia. 26, 47-58.
Chaney A.L. and Marbach E.P. (1962). Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clin. Chem. 8, 130-132.
Chanthakhoun V., Wanapat M. and Berg J. (2012). Level of crude protein in concentrate supplements influenced rumen characteristics, microbial protein synthesis and digestibility in swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Livest. Sci. 144(3), 197-204.
Chen S.C., Paengkoum P., Xia X.L. and Na-Lumpang P. (2010). Effects of dietary protein on ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization and crude protein maintenance in growing Thai-indigenous beef cattle fed rice straw as roughage. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 9(18), 2396-2400.
Couvreur S., Le Bec G., Micol D. and Picard B. (2019). Relationships between cull beef cow characteristics, finishing practices and meat quality traits of longissimus thoracis and rectus abdominis. Food. 8(4), 141-149.
Daneshvar D., Khorvash M., Ghasemi E., Mahdavi A.H., Moshiri B., Mirzaei M. and Ghaffari M.H. (2015). The effect of restricted milk feeding through conventional or step-down methods with or without forage provision in starter feed on performance of Holstein bull calves. Anim. Sci. J. 93(8), 3979-3989.
Detmann E., Paulino M.F., Mantovani H.C., Valadares Filho S.D.C., Sampaio C.B., de Souza M.A. and Detmann K.S. (2009). Parameterization of ruminal fibre degradation in low-quality tropical forage using Michaelis–Menten kinetics. Livest. Sci. 126(1), 136-146.
Detmann E., Valente E.E.L., Batista E.D. and Huhtanen P. (2014). An evaluation of the performance and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in cattle fed tropical grass pastures with supplementation. Livest. Sci. 162, 141-153.
Dung D., Ba N.X., Van N.H., Phung L.D., Ngoan L.D., Cuong V.C. and Yao W. (2013). Practice on improving fattening local cattle production in Vietnam by increasing crude protein level in concentrate and concentrate level. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 45, 1619-1626.
Faniyi T.O., Adegbeye M.J., Elghandour M.M.M.Y., Pilego A.B., Salem A.Z.M., Olaniyi T.A., Adediran O. and Adewumi M.K. (2019). Role of diverse fermentative factors towards microbial community shift in ruminants. J. Appl. Microbiol. 127, 2-11.
Forbes J.M. (2007). A personal view of how ruminant animals control their intake and choice of food: minimal total discomfort. Nutr. Res. Rev. 20, 132-146.
Freckmann G., Baumstark A., Schmid C., Pleus S., Link M. and Haug C. (2014). Evaluation of 12 blood glucose monitoring systems for self-testing: system accuracy and measurement reproducibility. Diab. Technol. Ther. 16(2), 113-122.
Gallo L., Sturaro E. and Bittante G. (2017). Body traits, carcass characteristics and price of cull cows as affected by farm type, breed, age and calving to culling interval. Animal. 11(4), 696-704.
García C.A.C., Prado F.M.G., Galicia L.L. and Borderas T.F. (2017). Reference values for biochemical analytes in Mexican dairy farms: interactions and adjustments between production groups. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 69, 445-456.
Huhtanen P., Rinne M. and Nousiainen J. (2008). Evaluation of concentrate factors affecting silage intake of dairy cows: A development of the relative total diet intake index. Animal. 2(6), 942-953.
Hvelplund T., Andrieu J., Weisbjerg M.R. and Vermorel M. (1995). Prediction of the energy and protein value of forages for ruminants. Pp. 205-227 in Proc. 4th Int. Symp. Nutr. Herb. INRA, Paris.
Jelantik I.G.N. (2001). Improving Bali Cattle (Bibos banteng Wagner) Production through Protein Supplementation. Ph D. Thesis. The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Jelantik I.G.N. and Belli H.L.L. (2010). Effect of urea or coconut cake supplementation on nutrient intake and digestion of Bali cows maintained on tropical grass hay. J. Trop. Anim. Vet. Sci. 15(3), 196-204.
Kang S., Wanapat M., Phesatcha K. and Norrapoke T. (2015). Effect of protein level and urea in concentrate mixture on feed intake and rumen fermentation in swamp buffaloes fed rice straw-based diet. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 47, 671-679.
Katongole C.B. and Yan T. (2020). Effect of varying dietary crude protein level on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production, and nitrogen use efficiency by lactating Holstein-Friesian cows. Animals. 10(12), 2439-2447.
Lee C.D.H., Yoon W.J., Choi N., Ryu K.S., Oh Y.K., Jang S.S., Choi C.W., Joo J.W., Cho S.B. and Kim E.J. (2011). Effects of high protein diet on meat productivity and quality in multiparous Hanwoo cull cows. J. Life Sci. 21(9), 1251-1258.
Mäntysaari P., Huhtanen P., Nousiainen J. and Virkki M. (2004). The effect of concentrate crude protein content and feeding strategy of total mixed ration on performance of primiparous dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 85(2), 223-233.
Mapato C., Wanapat M. and Cherdthong A. (2010). Effects of urea treatment of straw and dietary level of vegetable oil on lactating dairy cows. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 42, 1635-1642.
Mariani N.P., Mahardika I.G., Putra S. and Partama I.B.G. (2016). Protein and energy ration that optimize performance of male Bali cattle. J. Vet. 17(4), 634-640.
Mathew S., Sagathevan S., Thomas J. and Mathen G. (1997). An HPLC method for estimation of volatile fatty acids in ruminal fluid. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 67, 805-807.
Mendes F.B.L., Silva R.R., de Carvalho G.G.P., da Silva F.F., Lins T.O.J.D., da Silva A.L.N. and Guimarães J.O. (2015). Ingestive behavior of grazing steers fed increasing levels of concentrate supplementation with different crude protein contents. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 47, 423-428.
Merdana I.M., Sulabda I.N., Tiasnitha N.M.W.A., Gunawan I.W.N.F. and Sudira I.W. (2020). Erythrocyte, hemoglobin and hematocrit profile of Bali cattle during the various periods of parturition. J. Anim. Health Prod. 8(2), 75-79.
Metzler-Zebeli B.U., Schmitz-Esser S., Klevenhusen F., Podstatzky-Lichtenstein L., Wagner M. and Zebeli Q. (2013). Grain-rich diets differently alter ruminal and colonic abundance of microbial populations and lipopolysaccharide in goats. Anaerobe. 20, 65-73.
Ososanya T.O., Odubola O.T. and Shuaib-Rahim A. (2013). Intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen ecology of WestAfrican Dwarf sheep fed palm kernel oil and wheat offal supplemented diets. Int. J. Agric. Sci. 3, 380-386.
Phesatcha K., Phesatcha B., Wanapat M. and Cherdthong A. (2020). Roughage to concentrate ratio and saccharomycescerevisiaeinclusion could modulate feed digestion and in vitro ruminal fermentation. Vet. Sci. 7(4), 151-161.
Poppi D.P. and McLennan S.R. (1995). Protein and energy utilization by ruminants at pasture. Anim. Sci. J. 73(1), 278-290.
Priyanti A., Inounu I. and Ilham N. (2017). Prevention of productive cows slaughter through management of local state enterprises. Indonesian Bull. Anim. Vet. Sci. 27(2), 53-66.
Promkot C. and Wanapat M. (2005). Effect of level of crude protein and use of cottonseed meal in diets containing cassava chips and rice straw for lactating dairy cows. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 18(4), 502-511.
Puhakka L., Jaakkola S., Simpura I., Kokkonen T. and Vanhatalo A. (2016). Effects of replacing rapeseed meal with fava bean at 2 concentrate crude protein levels on feed intake, nutrient digestion, and milk production in cows fed grass silage–based diets. J. Dairy Sci. 99(10), 7993-8006.
Quigley S.P., Poppi D.P. and McLennan S.R. (2009). Strategies to increase growth of weaned Bali calves. Research report of ACIAR Project LPS/2004/023, ACIAR , Australia.
Salah N., Sauvant D. and Archimède H. (2014). Nutritional requirements of sheep, goats and cattle in warm climates: A meta-analysis. Animal. 8(9), 1439-1447.
Sampaio C.B., Detmann E., Paulino M.F., Valadares Filho S.C., de Souza M.A., Lazzarini I. and de Queiroz A.C. (2010). Intake and digestibility in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage and supplemented with nitrogenous compounds. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 42, 1471-1479.
Sampurna I.P., Saka I.K., Oka G.L. and Putra S. (2014). Patterns of growth of Bali cattle body dimensions. ARPN J. Sci. Technol. 4(1), 20-30.
Santos P.B., Júnior H.A.S., Araújo M.J., Oliveira A.P., Freitas T.B. and Viana P.T. (2017). Production and economic viability of feedlot beef cattle categories. Acta Sci. Anim. Sci. 39(2), 195-199.
Santos L.V., Silva R.R., Silva F.F., Silva J.W.D., Barroso D.S., Silva A.P.G. and Santos M.C. (2019). Increasing levels of palm kernel cake (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in diets for feedlot cull cows. Chilean. J. Agric. Res. 79(4), 628-635.
Satter L.D. and Slyter L.L. (1974). Effect of ammonia concentration on rumen microbial protein production in vitro. British J. Nutr. 32(2), 199-208.
Sheikh G.G., Ganai A.M., Reshi P.A., Bilal S., Mir S. and Masood D. (2018). Improved paddy straw as ruminant feed: A review. Agric. Rev. 39(2), 137-143.
Soares F.S. and Dryden G.M. (2011). A body condition scoring system for Bali cattle. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 24(11), 1587-1594.
SPSS Inc. (2015). Statistical Package for Social Sciences Study. SPSS for Windows, Version 23.0. Chicago SPSS Inc., USA.
Suardana I.W., Sukada I.M., Suada, I.K. and Widiasih D.A. (2013). The analysis of amount and various age of productive female Bali cattle slaughtered at abbatoirs, Bali province. J. Sain Vet. 31(1), 43-48.
Tahuk P.K., Budhi S.P.S., Panjono P. and Baliarti E. (2018). Nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis and blood metabolites in fattening of male Bali cattle fed ration with different protein levels in smallholder farms. J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 43(1), 43-53.
Tahuk P.K., Nahak O.R. and Bira G.F. (2020). The effect of complete feed to carcass characteristics and meat quality of male Bali cattle fattened in West Timor, Indonesia. Vet. World. 13(11), 2515-2527.
Teixeira R.M.A., Lana R.D.P., Fernandes L.D.O., Oliveira A.S.D., Campos J.M.D.S. and Pimentel J.J.D.O. (2011). Concentrate and crude protein levels in diets for dairy Gyr lineage cows grazing elephant-grass during the rainy season. Rev. Bras. Zootec. 40, 1347-1355.
Tekliye L., Mekuriaw Y. and Asmare B. (2018). Nutrient intake, digestibility, growth performance and carcass characteristics of Farta sheep fed urea-treated rice straw supplemented with graded levels of dried Sesbania sesban leaves. Agric. Food Secur. 7, 77-85.
Ülger I., Küçük O., Kaliber M. and Ayaşan T. (2018). Chemical composition, organic matter digestibility and energy content of apple pomace silage and its combination with corn plant, sugar beet pulp and pumpkin pulp. South African J. Anim. Sci. 48(3), 497-503.
Wang L., Zhang G., Li Y. and Zhang Y. (2020). Effects of high forage/concentrate diet on volatile fatty acid production and the microorganisms involved in VFA production in cow rumen. Animals. 10(2), 223-231.
