Effect of Wheat Straw and Molasses Supplementation on Quality, Lamb Performance, and Digestibility of Forage Turnip (Brassica rapa) Silage
الموضوعات :
1 - Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
2 - Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
الکلمات المفتاحية: digestibility, silage, live weight gain, forage turnip (Brassica rapa),
ملخص المقالة :
This study was conducted to determine effects of wheat straw (WS) and molasses (M) supplementation on the quality of forage turnip (Brassica rapa) silage, and its feeding effects on lamb performance and nutrient digestibility. In experiment I, forage turnip was ensilaged with the addition of WS (0%, 7%, 10%, and 15%) and M (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%). Supplementation with M improved the silage quality, fermentation parameters, in vitro organic matter digestibility, and metabolizable energy values of the forage turnip silages (P<0.01). In experiment II, there were no significant differences among the treatment groups in terms of final body weight. Total weight gain or daily weight gain from the lamb fed with maize silage (MS) was found to be higher than in the forage turnip + 3% M (FTM) group and forage turnip + 7% WS + 2% M (FTSM) groups (P<0.05). Silage intake of the dry matter MS was higher than in the FTM and FTSM silage groups (P<0.05). Dry and organic matter digestibility of the MS were higher than those of the FTM and FTSM silages, while the crude protein digestibility of the MS was lower than those of the FTM and FTSM silages (P<0.05). The crude fiber (CF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility of the FTSM silage was higher than those of the MS and FTM silages (P<005). As a result, forage turnip (Brassica rapa) can be ensiled by adding 7% or 10% WS and 1%, 2%, or 3% M, and it can be a source of an alternative forage for ruminants.
AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Washington, DC., USA.
Ashbell G., Weinberg Z.G., Azrieli A., Hen Y. and Horev B. (1991). A simple system to study the aerobic determination of silages. Canadian Agric. Eng. 34, 171-175.
Ayres L. and Clements B. (2002). Forage Brassicas Quality Crops for Livestock Production. Agfact P2, Bathurst, Australia.
Barry T.N. and Manley T.R. (1985). Responses to oral methionine supplementation in sheep fed kale (Brassica oleracea) diets containing S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide. British J. Nutr. 54, 753-761.
Bolsen K.K., Ashbell G. and Weinberg Z.G. (1996). Silage fermentation and silage additives. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 9, 483-494.
Carpintero M.C., Holding A.C. and Mcdonald P. (1969). Fermentation studies on lucerne. J. Sci. Food Agric. 20, 677-681.
Cetin I. and Duru Arslan A. (2020). Determination of some quality properties of ensiled forage turnip (Brassica rapa) with different additives. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 29, 2766-2771.
Cochran R.C. and Galyean M.I. (1994). Measurement of in vivo forage digestion by ruminants. Pp. 613-643 in Forage Quality, Evaluation, and Utilization. G.F. Fahey Jr, Ed. Amer Society of Agronomy, Madison, USA.
Crampton E.W. and Maynard L. (1983). The relation of cellulose and lignin content to nutritive value of animal feeds. J. Nutr. 15, 383-395.
Danner H., Holzer M., Mayrhuber E. and Braun R. (2003). Acetic acid increases stability of silages under aerobic conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 562-567.
Davies D.R., Merry R.J., Williams A.P., Bakewell E.L., Leemans D.K. and Tweed J.K.S. (1998). Proteolysis during ensilage of forages varying in soluble sugar content. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 444-453.
Dubois M., Giles K.A., Hamilton J.K., Rebes P.A. and Smith F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem. 28, 350-356.
Gumus H., Oguz Karakas F., Oguz N., Bugdaycı K.E. and Kuter E. (2020). The effects of different additives on the fermentation and physical characteristics of lenox silage. Erciyes Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 17(1), 39-44.
Gutiérrez F., Rojas B.A., Dormond H., Poore M. and Wing Ching J.R. (2003). Características nutricionales y fermentativas de mezclas ensiladas de desechos de piña y avícolas. Agron. Costarricense. 27, 79-89.
Hart S.P. and Horn F.P. (1987). Ensiling characteristics and digestibility of combinations of turnip and wheat straw. J. Anim. Sci. 64, 1790-1800.
Hassan Z., Nisa M., Shahzad M.A. and Sarwar M. (2011). Replacing concentrate with wheat straw treated with urea molasses and ensiled with manure: Effects on ruminal characteristics, in situ digestion kinetics and nitrogen metabolism of Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 24(8), 1092-1099.
Jatkauskas J., Vrotniakiene V., Ohlsson C. and Lund B. (2013). The effects of three silage inoculants on aerobic stability in grass, clover-grass, lucerne and maize silages. Agric. Food Sci. 22, 137-144.
Keogh B., French P., Murphy J.J., Mee J.F., McGrath T., Storey T., Grant J. and Mulligan F.J. (2009). A note on the effect of dietary proportions of kale (Brassica oleracea) and grass silage on rumen pH and volatile fatty acid concentrations in dry dairy cows. Livest. Sci. 126(1), 302-305.
Keogh B., McGrath T. and Grant J. (2012). The effect of sowing date and nitrogen on the dry matter yield and nitrogen content of forage rape (Brassica napus) and stubble turnips (Brassica rapa) in Ireland. Grass Forage Sci. 67(1), 2-12.
Khafipour E., Li S., Plaizier J.C. and Krause D.O. (2009). Rumen microbiome composition determined using two nutritional models of subacute ruminal acidosis. Appl. Environ. Microb. 75, 7115-7124.
Kung J.R.L. (2010). Understanding the biology of silage preservation maximize quality and protect the enviroment. Pp. 41-54 in Proc. California Alfalfa and Forage Symp. Visalia, California.
Kung J.R.L., Shaver R.D., Grant R.J. and Schmidt R.J. (2018). Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages. J Dairy Sci. 101(5), 4020-4033.
McDonald P. (1981). The Biochemistry of Silage. John Wiley and Sons. Ltd., Chichester, United Kingdom.
McDonald P., Henderson A.R. and Heron S.J.E. (1991). The BioChemistry of Silage. Chalcombe Publication, Marlow, United Kingdom.
Menke K.H., Raab L., Salewski A., Steingass H., Fritz D. and Schneider W. (1979). The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feeding stuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. J. Agric. Sci. 93, 217-222.
Menke K.H., Raab L., Salewski A., Steingass H., Fritz D., Schneider W. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 28, 7-55.
Mertens D.R., Strawnand T.I. and Cardoza R.S. (1994). Modeling ruminal particle size reduction: Its relationship to particle size description. Pp. 184 in Proc. Techniq. Part. Size Anal. Feed Digesta Rumin. Canadian Social Anim. Sci. Occasion. Edmonton, Canada.
Nadeau E.M., Buxton D.R., Russell J.R., Alliso M.J. and Young J.W. (2000). Enzyme, bacterial inoculant and formic acid effects on silage composition of orchardgrass and alfalfa. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 1487-1502.
Neilsen J.E., Rowe B.A. and Lane P.A. (2008). Vegetative growth and development of irrigated forage turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa). Grass Forage Sci. 63(4), 438-446.
Playne M.J. and McDonald P. (1966). The buffering constituents of herbage and of silage. J. Sci. Food Agric. 17, 264-268.
Polan C.E., Stieve D.E. and Garrett J.L. (1998). Protein preservation and ruminal degradation of ensiled forage treated with heat, formic acid, ammonia or microbial inoculant. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 765-776.
Robinson P.H., Burgess P.L. and McQueen R.E. (1990). Influence of moisture content of mixed rations on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 73, 2916-2926.
Rondahl T., Bertilsson J. and Martinsson K. (2011). Effects of maturity stage, wilting and acid treatment on crude protein fractions and chemical composition of whole crop pea silages (Pisum sativum). Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 163, 11-19.
Seglar W.J. (2003). Fermentation analysis and silage quality testing. Pp. 119-135 in Proc. Minnesota Dairy Health. Conf. Minnesota, USA.
Sibanda S., Jingura R.M. and Topps J.H. (1997). The effect of level of inclusion of the legume desmodium uncinatum and the use of molasses or ground maize as additives on the chemical composition of grass and maize legume silages. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 68, 295-305.
Singh R., Kamra D.N. and Jakhmola R.C. (1985). Ensiling of leguminous green forages in combination with different dry roughages and molasses. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 12, 133-139.
Slottner D. and Bertilsson J. (2006). Effect of ensiling technology on protein degradation during ensilage. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 127, 101-111.
SPSS Inc. (2011). Statistical Package for Social Sciences Study. SPSS for Windows, Version 20. Chicago SPSS Inc., USA.
Steen R.W.J., Gordon F.J., Dawson L.E.R., Park R.S., Mayne C.S., Agnew R.E., Kilpatrick D.J. and Porter M.G. (1998) Factors affecting the intake of grass silage by cattle and prediction of silage intake. Anim. Sci. 66, 115-127.
Suzuki M. and Lund C.W. (1980). Improved gas liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of volatile fatty acids and lactic acid in silage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28, 1040-1041.
Van Es A.J. and Van der Meer J.M. (1980). Methods of Analysis for Predicting the Energy and Protein Value of Feeds for Farm Animals. Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.
Verite R. and Journet M. (1970). Effect of thewater content of grass and dehydration at low temperature upon its feeding value for dairy cows. Ann. Zootech. 19, 255-261.
Weinberg Z.G., Ashbell G., Hen Y. and Azrieli A. (1993). The effect of applying lactic acid bacteria at ensiling on the aerobic stability of silages. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 75, 512-518.
Wheaton H.N., Martz F.A., Meinershagen F.H. and Sewell H.B. (1993). Corn Silage. University of Missouri Press, Missouri, USA.
Whittenbury R., McDonald P. and Bryan‐Jones D.G. (1967). A short review of some biochemical and microbiological aspects of ensilage. J. Sci. Food Agric. 18, 441-444.
Wilkins R.J., Hutchinson K.J., Wilson R.F. and Harris C.E. (1971). The voluntary intake of silage by sheep: i. interrelationships between silage composition and intake. J. Agric. Sci. 77, 531-537.
Wilkinson J.M. and Davies D.R. (2012). The aerobic stability of silage: key findings and recent developments. Grass Forage Sci. 68, 1-19.
Woolford M.K. (1978). The aerobic deterioration of silage. ARC Res. Rev. 4, 8-12.
Woolford M.K. (1990). The detrimental effects of air on silage. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 68, 101-116.
