Effect of Late Gestational Betaine Supplementation on Intermediate Metabolites, Homocysteine and Lipid Peroxidation in Pregnant Ewes and Their Offspring
الموضوعات :
ح.ر. صحرائی
1
(Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran)
ع. کیانی
2
(Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran)
آ. آذرفر
3
(Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran)
ح. خمیس آبادی
4
(Department of Animal Science, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Homocysteine, Sheep, blood metabolites, betaine,
ملخص المقالة :
Betaine (trimethylglycine) is a methyl group donor involved in important physiological processes including homocysteine synthesis, alleviating the oxidative stress, and reducing the lipid peroxidation. In the present study, the effect of dietary betaine supplementation on blood concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), homocysteine, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum concentrations of glucose, urea, total protein in pregnant ewes were evaluated. Furthermore, the influence of prepartum supplementation of ewes with betaine on serum concentrations of glucose, urea, and insulin in their lambs was investigated. During the last month of gestation, 20 multiparous pregnant Sanjabi ewes were fed either a basal diet (control: 71.2±3.6 kg BW) or a basal diet supplemented with 5 g betaine hydrochloride per day per head (betaine: 71.6±3.8 kg BW). Blood samples were taken from ewes at parturition, and from lambs at birth, 14 and 28 days of age. Betaine supplemented ewes had lower BHB (0.55±0.18 vs. 1.88±0.37 mmol/L) and MDA (8.1±0.51 vs. 9.1±0.61 µmol/L) than the control ewes, while blood concentrations of homocysteine, antioxidant enzymes, glucose, urea, and total protein remained unchanged. Lambs of betaine ewes tended to be heavier at birth compared to those born from control ewes (4.41±0.18 vs. 3.95±0.18 kg; P=0.06). However, all lambs had similar growth performance until day 60 of age. Late gestational betaine supplementation did not affect circulating glucose, insulin, and urea in lambs. In conclusion, betaine supplementation reduced circulating BHB most likely via suppressing lipid oxidation in pregnant ewes leading to greater birth weight of lambs.
Alirezaei M., Jelodar G., Niknam P., Ghayemi Z. and Nazifi S. (2011). Betaine prevents ethanol-induced oxidative stress and reduces total homocysteine in the rat cerebellum. J. Physiol. Biochem. 67, 605-612.
Alison M.R. (1986). Regulation of hepatic growth. Physiol. Rev. 66, 499-541.
Andersen J.B., Larsen T., Nielsen M.O. and Ingvartsen K.L. (2002). Effect of energy density in the diet and milking frequency on hepatic long-chain fatty acid oxidation in early lactating dairy cows. J. Vet. Med. A Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med. 49, 177-183.
AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Aurousseau B., Gruffat D. and Durand D. (2006). Gestation linked radical oxygen species fluxes and vitamins and trace mineral deficiencies in the ruminant. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 46, 601-620.
Barak A., Beckenhauer H. and Tuma D. (1996). Betaine effects on hepatic methionine metabolism elicited by short-term ethanol feeding. Alcohol. 13, 483-486.
Deminice R., da Silva R.P., Lamarre S.G., Kelly K.B., Jacobs R.L., Brosnan M.E. and Brosnan J.T. (2015a). Betaine supplementation prevents fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet: Effects on one-carbon metabolism. Amino Acids. 47, 839-846.
Deminice R., Silva T.C. and de Oliveira V.H. (2015b). Elevated homocysteine levels in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients under antiretroviral therapy: A meta-analysis. World. J. Virol. 4, 147-155.
DiGiacomo K., Simpson S., Leury B.J. and Dunshea F.R. (2016). Dietary betaine impacts the physiological responses to moderate heat conditions in a dose-dependent manner in sheep. Animals. 6, 1-13.
Drackley J.K., Veenhuizen J.J., Richard M.J. and Young J.W. (1991). Metabolic changes in blood and liver of dairy cows during either feed restriction or administration of 1,3-butanediol. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 4254-4264.
Eklund M., Bauer E., Wamatu J. and Mosenthin R. (2005). Potential nutritional and physiological functions of betaine in livestock. Nutr. Res. Rev. 18, 31-48.
Emmanuel B. (1980). Oxidation of butyrate to ketone bodies and CO2 in the rumen epithelium, liver, kidney, heart, and lung of camel (Camelus dromedarius), sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Carpa hircus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 65, 699-704.
Feng Q., Kalari K., Fridley B.L., Jenkins G., Ji Y., Abo R., Hebbring S., Zhang J., Nye M.D., Leeder J.S. and Weinshilboum R.M. (2011). Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase: Human liver genotype-phenotype correlation. Mol. Genet. Metab. 102, 126-133.
Fernández C., Gallego L. and Lopez-Bote C.J. (1998). Effect of betaine on fat content in growing lambs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 73, 329-338.
Fernández C., Sanchez-Seiquer P.S.A., Contreras A. and de la Fuente J.M. (2004). Influence of betaine on milk yield and composition in primiparous lactating dairy goats. Small Rumin. Res. 52, 37-43.
Garrel C., Fowler P.A. and Al-Gubory K.H. (2010). Developmental changes in antioxidant enzymatic defences against oxidative stress in sheep placentomes. J. Endocrinol. 205, 107-116.
Haddad J.J. (2002). Antioxidant and prooxidant mechanisms in the regulation of redox(y)-sensitive transcription factors. Cell. Signal. 14, 879-897.
Hall L.W., Dunshea F.R., Allen J.D., Rungruang S., Long N.M. and Collier R.J. (2016). Evaluation of dietary betaine in lactating Holstein cows subjected to heat stress. J. Dairy Sci. 99, 1-9.
Halliwell B. and Chirico S. (1993). Lipid peroxidation: Its mechanism, measurement, and significance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 57, 715-724.
Hogeveen M., den Heijer M., Semmekrot B.A., Sporken J.M., Ueland P.M. and Blom H.J. (2013). Umbilical choline and related methylamines betaine and dimethylglycine in relation to birth weight. Pediatr. Res. 73, 783-787.
King J.H., Kwan S.T., Yan J., Klatt K.C., Jiang X., Roberson M.S. and Caudill M.A. (2017). Maternal choline supplementation alters fetal growth patterns in a mouse model of placental insufficiency. Nutrition. 9, 1-16.
Lever M. and Slow S. (2010). The clinical significance of betaine, an osmolyte with a key role in methyl group metabolism. Clin. Biochem. 43, 732-744.
Li S., Wang H., Wang X., Wang Y. and Feng J. (2017). Betaine affects muscle lipid metabolism via regulating the fatty acid uptake and oxidation in finishing pig. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 8, 1-9.
Littell R.C., Pendergast J. and Natarajan R. (2000). Tutorial in biostatistics: Modeling covariance structure in the analysis of repeated measures data. Stat. Med. 19, 1793-1819.
Lu S.C. (2009). Regulation of glutathione synthesis. Mol. Asp. Med. 30, 42-59.
Mutinati M., Piccinno M., Roncetti M., Campanile D., Rizzo A. and Sciorsci R. (2013). Oxidative stress during pregnancy in the sheep. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 48, 353-357.
NRC. (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Sheep. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
Obeid R. (2013). The metabolic burden of methyl donor deficie-ncy with focus on the betaine homocysteine methyltransferase pathway. Nutrition. 5, 3481-3495.
Paglia D.E. and Valentine W.N. (1967). Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 70, 158-169.
Peterson S.E., Rezamand P., Williams J.E., Price W., Chahine M. and McGuire M.A. (2012). Effects of dietary betaine on milk yield and milk composition of mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95, 6557-6562.
Placer Z.A., Cushman L.L. and Johnson B.C. (1966). Estimation of product of lipid peroxidation (malonyl dialdehyde) in biochemical systems. Anal. Biochem. 16, 359-364.
Puchala R., Sahlu T., Herselman M.J. and Davis J.J. (1995). Influence of betaine on blood metabolites of Alpine and Angora kids. Small Rumin. Res. 18, 137-143.
SAS Institute. (2004). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.4. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Sies H. (1997). Oxidative stress: Oxidants and antioxidants. Exp. Physiol. 82, 291-295.
Ueland P.M. (2011). Choline and betaine in health and disease. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 34, 3-15.
Ueland P.M., Holm P.I. and Hustad S. (2005). Betaine: A key modulator of one-carbon metabolism and homocysteine status. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 43, 1069-1075.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.
Zhang B., Denomme M.M., White C.R., Leung K.Y., Lee M.B., Greene N.D., Mann M.R., Trasler J.M. and Baltz J.M. (2015). Both the folate cycle and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase contribute methyl groups for DNA methylation in mouse blastocysts. FASEB J. 29, 1069-1079.
